Browsing by Author "A. Ahmadi"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) C. Abbafati; D.B. Machado; B. Cislaghi; O.M. Salman; M. Karanikolos; M. McKee; K.M. Abbas; O.J. Brady; H.J. Larson; S. Trias-Llimós; S. Cummins; S.M. Langan; B. Sartorius; A. Hafiz; E. Jenabi; N. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; S. Borzouei; G. Azarian; S. Khazaei; M. Abbasi; B. Asghari; S. Masoumi; H. Komaki; A. Taherkhani; M. Adabi; M. Abbasifard; G. Bazmandegan; Z. Kamiab; A. Vakilian; M. Anjomshoa; A. Mokari; S. Sabour; M. Shahbaz; R. Saeedi; H. Ahmadieh; T. Yousefinezhadi; A. Haj-Mirzaian; R. Nikbakhsh; S. Safi; S. Asgari; S.N. Irvani; N. Jahanmehr; K. Ramezanzadeh; M. Abbasi-Kangevari; M. Khayamzadeh; H. Abbastabar; R. Shirkoohi; M. Fazlzadeh; H. Janjani; M. Hosseini; M. Mansournia; H. Tohidinik; A. Bakhtiari; A. Fazaeli; S. Mousavi; A. Hasanzadeh; B. Nabavizadeh; R. Malekzadeh; M. Hashemian; A. Pourshams; H. Salimzadeh; S.G. Sepanlou; M. Afarideh; A. Esteghamati; S. Esteghamati; A. Ghajar; B. Heidari; N. Rezaei; E. Mohamadi; A. Rahimi-Movaghar; F. Rahim; S. Eskandarieh; M. Sahraian; F. Mohebi; A. Aminorroaya; H. Ebrahimi; F. Farzadfar; B. Mohajer; F. Pishgar; S. Saeedi Moghaddam; M. Shabani; H. Zarafshan; H. Abolhassani; N. Hafezi-Nejad; R. Heidari-Soureshjani; M. Abdollahi; M. Farahmand; P. Salamati; E. Mehrabi Nasab; M. Tajdini; S. Aghamir; R. Mirzaei; Z. Dibaji Forooshani; M.M. Khater; F. Abd-Allah; A. Abdelalim; A. Abualhasan; S.I. El-Jaafary; A. Hassan; A. Elsharkawy; A.M. Khater; H.R. Elhabashy; M.R.R. Salem; H. Salem; M. Sadeghi; M. Jafarinia; M. Amini-Rarani; N. Mohammadifard; N. Sarrafzadegan; I. Abdollahpour; A. Sarveazad; A. Tehrani-Banihashemi; J. Yoosefi Lebni; N. Manafi; H. Pazoki Toroudi; F. Dorostkar; V. Alipour; A. Sheikhtaheri; J. Arabloo; S. Azari; A. Ghashghaee; A. Rezapour; M. Naserbakht; A. Kabir; F. Mehri; M. Yousefifard; M. Asadi-Aliabadi; E. Babaee; B. Eshrati; S. Goharinezhad; M. Moradi-Lakeh; P. Abedi; V. Rashedi; V. Kumar; I.Y. Elgendy; S. Basu; J. Park; A. Pereira; O.F. Norheim; A.W. Eagan; L.E. Cahill; A. Sheikh; A.I. Abushouk; M.U.G. Kraemer; B. Thakur; T.W. Bärnighausen; M.G. Shrime; A. Abedi; C.P. Doshi; K.H. Abegaz; B.S. Geberemariyam; Y.A. Aynalem; W.S. Shiferaw; A.E. Abosetugn; V. Aboyans; E.M. Abrams; M. Gitimoghaddam; N. Kissoon; J.L. Stubbs; M. Brauer; I.O. Iyamu; J.A. Kopec; F. Pourmalek; A.P. Ribeiro; D.C. Malta; R.S. Gomez; L.G. Abreu; M.R.M. Abrigo; A.M. Almulhim; S.M.A. Dahlawi; F.H. Pottoo; R.G. Menezes; T.M. Alanzi; A.K. Alumran; A.K. Abu Haimed; M. Madadin; F.M. Alanezi; E. Abu-Gharbieh; B. Saddik; L.J. Abu-Raddad; A.M. Samy; N. El Nahas; A.S. Shalash; A.F. Nabhan; A.M. Kamath; N.J. Kassebaum; A.Y. Aravkin; S. Kochhar; R.J.D. Sorensen; A. Afshin; K. Burkart; E.A. Cromwell; L. Dandona; S.D. Dharmaratne; E. Gakidou; S.I. Hay; H.H. Kyu; A.D. Lopez; R. Lozano; A.T. Misganaw; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; D.M. Pigott; R.C. Reiner; G.A. Roth; J.D. Stanaway; S. Vollset; T. Vos; H. Wang; S.S. Lim; C.J.L. Murray; R. Kalani; K.S. Ikuta; D.Y. Cho; C.J. Kneib; C.S. Crowe; B.B. Massenburg; S.D. Morrison; A. Acebedo; J.D. Adelson; K.M. Agesa; T. Alam; S.B. Albertson; J.A. Anderson; C.M. Antony; C. Ashbaugh; M. Assmus; G. Azhar; S. Balassyano; M.S. Bannick; C.M. Barthelemy; R.G. Bender; F.B. Bennitt; G.J. Bertolacci; M.H. Biehl; C. Bisignano; A.S. Boon-Dooley; P.S. Briant; D. Bryazka; B.R. Bumgarner; C.S. Callender; J. Cao; C.D. Castle; E. Castro; K. Causey; K.M. Cercy; J. Chalek; F.J. Charlson; A.J. Cohen; H. Comfort; K. Compton; A.J. Croneberger; J.A. Cruz; M. Cunningham; R. Dandona; W.J. Dangel; F.E. Dean; N.K. DeCleene; A. Deen; L. Degenhardt; Z.V. Dingels; I.N. Dippenaar; M.A. Dirac; A.J. Dolgert; S. Emmons-Bell; K. Estep; T. Farag; V.L. Feigin; R. Feldman; G. Ferrara; A.J. Ferrari; R. Fitzgerald; L.M. Force; J.T. Fox; T.D. Frank; W. Fu; K. Fukutaki; J.E. Fuller; N. Fullman; N.C. Galles; W.M. Gardner; A. Gershberg Hayoon; E. Goren; T.M. Gorman; H.C. Gottlich; G. Guo; B. Haddock; H. Hagins; L.M. Haile; E.B. Hamilton; C. Han; H. Han; J.D. Harvey; K. Henny; H.J. Henrikson; N.J. Henry; M.E. Herbert; T. Hsiao; C.K. Huynh; V.C. Iannucci; H. Ippolito; C.M.S. Irvine; H. Jafari; D. Jahagirdar; S.L. James; C.O. Johnson; S.C. Johnson; C. Keller; L. Kemmer; P.J. Kendrick; M. Knight; J.M. Kocarnik; K.J. Krohn; S.L. Larson; K.M. Lau; J.R. Ledesma; A.T. Leever; K.E. LeGrand; H. Lescinsky; C. Lin; H. Liu; Z. Liu; J. Lo; A. Lu; J. Ma; E.R. Maddison; H. Manguerra; A. Marks; I. Martopullo; C.I. Mastrogiacomo; E.A. May; M.D. Mooney; J.F. Mosser; E.C. Mullany; J. Mumford; S.B. Munro; V. Nandakumar; J. Nguyen; M. Nguyen; E. Nichols; M.R. Nixon; C.M. Odell; K.L. Ong; A.U. Orji; S.M. Ostroff; M. Pasovic; K.R. Paulson; S.A. Pease; A. Pennini; M. Pierce; T.M. Pilz; M. Pletcher; P.C. Rao; C. Razo; S.B. Redford; N. Reinig; M.B. Reitsma; P. Rhinehart; T. Robalik; S. Roberts; N.L.S. Roberts; S. Rolfe; A.N. Sbarra; L.E. Schaeffer; K.A. Shackelford; J. Shadid; F. Sharara; D.H. Shaw; B.S. Sheena; K.E. Simpson; A. Smith; C.N. Spencer; E.E. Spurlock; B.A. Stark; C. Steiner; K.M. Steuben; D.O. Sylte; M. Tang; H.J. Taylor; S. Terrason; A.M. Thomson; A.E. Torre; R. Travillian; C.E. Troeger; A. Vongpradith; M.K. Walters; J. Wang; A. Watson; S. Watson; J.L. Whisnant; H.A. Whiteford; K.E. Wiens; L.B. Wilner; S. Wilson; E.E. Wool; S.S. Wozniak; J. Wu; S. Wulf Hanson; H. Wunrow; R. Xu; S. Yadgir; J.A. Yearwood; H.W. York; C. Yuan; J.T. Zhao; P. Zheng; S.R.M. Zimsen; B.S. Zlavog; A.Y. Chang; E. Oren; R. Buchbinder; K.L. Chin; Y. Guo; K.R. Polkinghorne; A.G. Thrift; S.W.H. Lee; I.N. Ackerman; F.M. Cicuttini; S. Li; S. Zaman; H. Suleria; J. Zhang; B.C. Cowie; T. Wijeratne; G.C. Patton; S.M. Sawyer; T. Adair; A. Meretoja; O.O. Adetokunboh; A.A. Adamu; C.J. Iwu; C.D.H. Parry; S. Seedat; D.E. Ndwandwe; P.W. Mahasha; D.J. Stein; C.A. Nnaji; E.Z. Sambala; C.S. Wiysonge; O.M. Adebayo; O.S. Ilesanmi; M.O. Owolabi; A.M. Adeoye; I.A. Adedeji; V. Adekanmbi; S.E. Ibitoye; Y.O. John-Akinola; M.M. Oluwasanu; O.B. Oghenetega; R.O. Akinyemi; H. Zandian; D. Adham; T. Zahirian Moghadam; S.M. Advani; W.L. Teagle; D. Braithwaite; P. Agasthi; S. Saadatagah; M. Afshari; E.E. Agardh; P. Allebeck; A. Danielsson; K. Deuba; J.J. Carrero; D.K. Mohammad; S. Fereshtehnejad; J. Ärnlöv; C. Nowak; C.R. Cederroth; A. Ahmadi; A. Pathak; E.J. Mills; O.P. Kurmi; A.T. Olagunju; G. Agarwal; T. Sathish; M. Aghaali; A. Mohammadbeigi; A. Agrawal; T. Ahmad; K. Ahmadi; S. Maleki; M. Naderi; M.R. Salahshoor; R. Pourmirza Kalhori; A. Almasi; Y. Salimi; S. Siabani; A. Ziapour; A. Barzegar; H. Khazaie; N. Kianipour; F. Amiri; S. Salehi Zahabi; M. Mirzaei; M. Shamsi; F. Najafi; A. Jalali; K. Ghadiri; F. Heydarpour; N. Fattahi; B. Karami Matin; A. Kazemi Karyani; M. Pirsaheb; F. Rajati; E. Sadeghi; Y. Safari; K. Sharafi; S. Soltani; Y. Vasseghian; Z. Atafar; F. Jalilian; M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh; S. Saeidi; M. Soofi; A. Zangeneh; B. Mansouri; M. Ahmadi; M.A. Khafaie; S. Safiri; M. Moghadaszadeh; M. Asghari Jafarabadi; L. Doshmangir; F. Jadidi-Niaragh; M. Ghafourifard; A. Spotin; M. Khodayari; H. Samadi Kafil; L.R. Kalankesh; E. Ahmadpour; B. Yousefi; F. Ansari; H. Hassankhani; S. Karimi; H. Haririan; S. Mereta; M.B. Ahmed; G.T. Feyissa; L.G. Ciobanu; B. Aji; G.L. Aynalem; B. Gebresillassie; Y.G. Tefera; T.Y. Akalu; A.G. Baraki; G.A. Tesema; Z.T. Tessema; A.T. Tamiru; Z.N. Azene; H.B. Netsere; Y. Yano; T. Akinyemiju; C. Wu; S. Zadey; Z. Samad; J.S. Ji; P.P. Doshi; O. John; V. Jha; P.K. Maulik; K. Pesudovs; S. Resnikoff; P.B. Mitchell; P.S. Sachdev; B. Akombi; M.A. Godinho; R.Q. Ivers; A.E. Peden; R. Biswas; S. Boufous; C.J. Akunna; F. Alahdab; M.S. Hammer; A. van Donkelaar; Z. Al-Aly; R.P. Dellavalle; S. Alam; R.V. Martin; N. Alam; D. De Leo; S.K. Tadakamadla; K. Alam; J.E. Alcalde-Rabanal; L. Avila-Burgos; E. Serván-Mori; E. Denova-Gutiérrez; S. Rodríguez-Ramírez; L. Morales; A. Poznańska; B. Wojtyniak; J.A. Rivera; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J. Campuzano Rincon; T.G. Sánchez-Pimienta; M.B. Mengesha; F.T. Welay; N.M. Alema; D.G. Demsie; H. Teame; B.F. Teklehaimanot; B.W. Alemu; T. Gultie; A.B. Bante; Y.G. Yeshitila; Y.C.D. Geramo; M. Glagn; M.B. Sorrie; F.G. W/hawariat; A. Amare; A. Kasa; Y. Alemu; K.M. Mihretie; D.D. Atnafu; F.M. Demeke; A. Melese; S.A. Bante; G.A. Dessie; E.W. Mengesha; D. Nigatu; M.A.H. Almadi; K.F. Alhabib; Y. Mohammad; K.A. Altirkawi; M. Temsah; N. Kugbey; M.A. Ayanore; R.K. Alhassan; M. Ali; S. Ali; G. Alicandro; R. Kalhor; M. Alijanzadeh; C. Alinia; H. Yusefzadeh; A. Didarloo; H. Alizade; A. Nikpoor; S.M. Aljunid; F. Alla; L.F. Leal; A. Almasi-Hashiani; R. Moradzadeh; M. Zamanian; J. Nazari; S. Amini; F. Ghamari; N.A. Almasri; M. Khan; H.M. Al-Mekhlafi; N. Bedi; J. Alonso; E.S.P. Ciber; R.M. Al-Raddadi; J. Zakzuk; N. Alvis-Guzman; N.J. Alvis-Zakzuk; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; J.N. Malagón-Rojas; K. Gezae; H.A. Gesesew; S. Muthupandian; G.G. Gebremeskel; K. Berhe; B. Amare; M.A. Ayza; L.G. Gebremeskel; A.A.A. Gebreslassie; H. Bitew; K.A. Zewdie; F.G.G. Tela; T.K. Gill; J. Noubiap; Z.S. Lassi; D. Bhandari; A.L. Amit; C.T. Antonio; E.A. Faraon; J.F. Lopez; S.R. Atre; S.H. Ballew; K. Matsushita; A.T. Khoja; P. Daneshpajouhnejad; M. Ghadimi; O. Shafaat; J. Fanzo; D.A. Amugsi; G.H. Amul; D.S.Q. Koh; N. Venketasubramanian; E.W. Anbesu; J.A. Mohammed; T.G. Wondmeneh; C. Andrei; R.I. Negoi; D.V. Davitoiu; A. Manda; I. Negoi; L. Preotescu; M. Hostiuc; S. Hostiuc; R. Ancuceanu; M. Hasan; J. Leung; D. Anderlini; A.A. Mamun; J.C. Maravilla; J.J. McGrath; R. Lalloo; R. Uddin; H.E. Erskine; L.D. Knibbs; A.M. Mantilla Herrera; D.F. Santomauro; A. Mirica; M. Ausloos; C. Herteliu; A. Oţoiu; A. Pana; T. Andrei; S. Ştefan; S. Androudi; C. Angus; I. Ansari; H. Pourjafar; M. Shams-Beyranvand; A. Ansari-Moghaddam; M. Khammarnia; I. Antonazzo; P. Ferrara; S. Conti; P.A. Cortesi; C. Fornari; P.H. Lee; E. Antriyandarti; Z. Yousefi; A. Rafiei; J. Javidnia; R. Faridnia; D. Anvari; A. Goudarzian; M. Moosazadeh; M. Rezai; A. Daryani; M. Fareed; R. Anwer; S. Appiah; D. Paudel; M. Dichgans; S. Riahi; A. Rajabpour-Sanati; M. Arab-Zozani; A.A.K. Arba; O. Aremu; F. Ariani; T. Aripov; B. Armoon; M.M. Mahdavi; O.O. Arowosegbe; F. Tediosi; K.K. Aryal; A. Mosapour; M. Yaminfirooz; A. Arzani; A. Bijani; M.A. Jahani; S. Mouodi; M. Zamani; M. Asaad; M. Dianatinasab; M. Bahrami; K. Pakshir; A.A. Asadi-Pooya; M. Bayati; S. Shahabi; S. Athari; M.M.W. Atout; M.S. Atteraya; T. Brugha; F. Ausloos; E.F.G. Avokpaho; R. Room; M. Islam; D. Edvardsson; M. Rahman; B. Ayala Quintanilla; P.W. Gething; A.M. Briggs; G. Ayano; D. Hendrie; T.R. Miller; P.S. Azzopardi; P. Hoogar; D.B. B; V. Kulkarni; N. Kumar; P. Mithra; R.S. Shetty; R. Thapar; J. Padubidri; S.M. Bakkannavar; V.C. Nayak; P. Rastogi; B.K. Shetty; R. Bhageerathy; N. Gudi; A. Boloor; R. Holla; P. Rathi; B. Unnikrishnan; M.D. Janodia; J.J. Lang; A. Badawi; H.M. Orpana; Z.A. Bhutta; K.D. Shield; V. Chattu; A.D. Badiye; N. Kapoor; M. Bagherzadeh; N. Rabiee; E. Bagli; A.A. Baig; M. Bairwa; R. Lodha; R. Sagar; G.K. Rath; P. Bhardwaj; J. Charan; T. Kanchan; A. Joshi; A.P. Pakhare; M. Bakhshaei; B. Naghshtabrizi; A. Balachandran; H.W. Hoek; M.J. Postma; A. Geremew; A.M. Gebrehiwot; S. Balakrishnan; A. Desalew; H.A. Bojia; A.S. Mohammed; L.D. Regassa; P.G.K. Parmar; S. Balalla; S. Roberts; A. Baldasseroni; M.A. Stokes; K. Ball; S. Islam; R. Maddison; D. Balzi; M. Levi; M. Banach; S.K. Banerjee; P.C. Banik; L. Barua; M. Faruque; M.A. Barboza; S.L. Barker-Collo; J.B. Jonas; S. Panda-Jonas; J. De Neve; S. Kohler; B. Moazen; Shafiu Mohammed; L.H. Barrero; H. Basaleem; Q. Bassat; J.M. Haro; A. Koyanagi; J. Car; F. Greaves; A. Majeed; A.C. Davis; T.J. Steiner; D. Kusuma; R. Palladino; S. Rawaf; S. Saxena; D.L. Rawaf; B.T. Baune; A. Karch; B.A. Baye; J. Darega Gela; T. Kolola; J.S. Becker; M. DeLang; J. West; M.M. Gad; M.L. Serre; S. Gallus; A. Lugo; E. Beghi; E. Pupillo; C. Bosetti; G. Giussani; B. Bikbov; N. Perico; G. Remuzzi; M. Imani-Nasab; S. Nouraei Motlagh; Z. Sharafi; M. Behzadifar; Y. Béjot; T.T. Bekuma; M.T. Yilma; M.L. Bell; A.K. Bello; A. Rafiee; S.H. Keddie; T.C.D. Lucas; C. Dolecek; S.J. Dunachie; S.F. Rumisha; D.J. Weiss; S. Lewington; E.L. Collins; A.K. Nandi; Y. Zhao; D.A. Bennett; M.A. Karim; B. Lacey; R. Khundkar; S. Yaya; A.C. Goulart; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; M.R. Tovani-Palone; J. Castaldelli-Maia; Y. Wang; J.M. Furtado; C.P. Benziger; A.E. Berman; M. Mazidi; E. Bernabe; P.I. Dargan; M. Molokhia; K. Shibuya; A. Douiri; C.D.A. Wolfe; R.J. Hay; C. Flohr; P.S. Suchdev; P. Ram; R.S. Bernstein; Y. Liu; A.S. Bhagavathula; G. Khan; M. Grivna; N. Bhala; J.S. Chandan; A.M. Gaidhane; Z. Quazi Syed; D. Saxena; M. Khatib; A.G. Bhat; K. Bhattacharyya; S. Bhattarai; J.K. Das; S. Bibi; V. Bilano; M. Bin Sayeed; N. Cherbuin; E. D'Amico; G. Grosso; A.M. Borzì; A. Biondi; M. Vacante; A. Valli; B.M. Birihane; D. Bisanzio; S. Hassan; T. Bjørge; S. Øverland; M.J. Bockarie; G.A. Mensah; K. Sliwa; A. Gholamian; S. Bohlouli; S. Esmaeilnejad; M. Bohluli; S.R. Bolla; G. Borges; D. Bose; R. Bourne; C. Brayne; N.J.K. Breitborde; J.L. Fisher; S. Breitner; H. Brenner; A.V. Breusov; I. Rakovac; N.I. Briko; P.D. Lopukhov; E.V. Glushkova; V.A. Korshunov; R.V. Polibin; M. Jakovljevic; A.N. Briko; G.B. Britton; F. Castro; I. Moreno Velásquez; R.T. Burnett; S. Burugina Nagaraja; R. Busse; Z.A. Butt; F. Caetano dos Santos; T. Cai; B.J. Hall; L. Cahuana-Hurtado; L.A. Cámera; P.R. Valdez; L. Tudor Car; R. Cárdenas; G. Gorini; G. Carreras; E. Fernandes; M. Freitas; D.M. Pereira; J.V. Santos; D. Ribeiro; M. Pinheiro; J. Massano; J. das Neves; D. Dias da Silva; F. Carvalho; V.M. Costa; J.P. Silva; J. Morgado-da-Costa; G. Castelpietra; F. Catalá-López; S. Pakhale; E. Cerin; P. Yip; H. Ho; J. Chang; A.R. Chang; K. Chang; O.R. Cooper; S. Chaturvedi; O. Chimed-Ochir; J.L. Chirinos-Caceres; J.J. Choi; H. Christensen; T.C. Truelsen; D. Chu; M. Kivimäki; S. Chung; M. Kumar; J.L. Ward; M.T. Chung; M. Cirillo; I. Iavicoli; T.K.D. Classen; P. Lauriola; B. Corso; F.N. Hugo; C. Kieling; E. Cousin; B.B. Duncan; B.N.G. Goulart; M.I. Schmidt; C. Stein; R.G. Cowden; J.H. MacLachlan; J. Leigh; M. Cross; M.L. Ferreira; E.U.R. Smith; T.R. Driscoll; T.M. Huda; D.G. Hoy; N. Horita; D.H. Cross; H. Dai; G. Hu; A.A.M. Damasceno; G. Damiani; C. La Vecchia; J. Sanabria; A. Pandey; M.R. Mathur; S. Zodpey; G. Kumar; D.K. Lal; K. Hamagharib Abdullah; M. Hosseinzadeh; A.M. Darwesh; A. Faraj; A. Omar Bali; R. Das Gupta; A.P. Dash; G. Davey; K. Deribe; K.B. Gebremedhin; A.B. Wondmieneh; N.D. Dereje; C.A. Dávila-Cervantes; K. Davletov; A. Mereke; B. Serdar; T.G. Haile; D.B. Tadesse; G.T. Weldesamuel; G.T. Demoz; G. Woldu; D. Handiso; N. Dervenis; F. Topouzis; R. Desai; G.P. Dhungana; M. Emamian; D. Diaz; S. Djalalinia; T.H. Nguyen; G.T. Vu; H.T. Do; K. Dokova; D.T. Doku; S. Neupane; J.S. Takala; M.C. Doxey; K.E. Doyle; A.M.N. Renzaho; F.A. Ogbo; S.R. Robinson; A. Vukovic; I.M. Ilic; M.M. Santric-Milicevic; I.S. Vujcic; E. Dubljanin; R. Vukovic; D. Rasella; A.R. Duraes; M. Ebrahimi Kalan; A. Effiong; C.D. Pond; J.R. Ehrlich; X. Liu; M.Y.W. Wei; I. El Sayed; M. El Tantawi; M. El Sayed Zaki; I. Elbarazi; A.C. Tsai; I.R. Elyazar; V. Yazdi-Feyzabadi; K. Eskandari; H. Sharifi; I. Halvaei; F. Ghaffarifar; L. Zaki; E. Hasanpoor; F. Esmaeilzadeh; A. Etemadi; Q. Lan; T.Y. Yeheyis; A.E. Etisso; O. Ezekannagha; C.S. e Farinha; A. Farioli; F.S. Violante; P.S. Faris; A. Faro; J.O. Lam; I. Filip; F. Fischer; L.S. Flor
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) C. Abbafati; D.B. Machado; B. Cislaghi; O.M. Salman; M. Karanikolos; M. McKee; K.M. Abbas; O.J. Brady; H.J. Larson; S. Trias-Llimós; S. Cummins; S.M. Langan; B. Sartorius; A. Hafiz; E. Jenabi; N. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; S. Borzouei; G. Azarian; S. Khazaei; M. Abbasi; B. Asghari; S. Masoumi; H. Komaki; A. Taherkhani; M. Adabi; M. Abbasifard; G. Bazmandegan; Z. Kamiab; A. Vakilian; M. Anjomshoa; A. Mokari; S. Sabour; M. Shahbaz; R. Saeedi; H. Ahmadieh; T. Yousefinezhadi; A. Haj-Mirzaian; R. Nikbakhsh; S. Safi; S. Asgari; S.N. Irvani; N. Jahanmehr; K. Ramezanzadeh; M. Abbasi-Kangevari; M. Khayamzadeh; H. Abbastabar; R. Shirkoohi; M. Fazlzadeh; H. Janjani; M. Hosseini; M. Mansournia; H. Tohidinik; A. Bakhtiari; A. Fazaeli; S. Mousavi; A. Hasanzadeh; B. Nabavizadeh; R. Malekzadeh; M. Hashemian; A. Pourshams; H. Salimzadeh; S.G. Sepanlou; M. Afarideh; A. Esteghamati; S. Esteghamati; A. Ghajar; B. Heidari; N. Rezaei; E. Mohamadi; A. Rahimi-Movaghar; F. Rahim; S. Eskandarieh; M. Sahraian; F. Mohebi; A. Aminorroaya; H. Ebrahimi; F. Farzadfar; B. Mohajer; F. Pishgar; S. Saeedi Moghaddam; M. Shabani; H. Zarafshan; H. Abolhassani; N. Hafezi-Nejad; R. Heidari-Soureshjani; M. Abdollahi; M. Farahmand; P. Salamati; E. Mehrabi Nasab; M. Tajdini; S. Aghamir; R. Mirzaei; Z. Dibaji Forooshani; M.M. Khater; F. Abd-Allah; A. Abdelalim; A. Abualhasan; S.I. El-Jaafary; A. Hassan; A. Elsharkawy; A.M. Khater; H.R. Elhabashy; M.R.R. Salem; H. Salem; M. Sadeghi; M. Jafarinia; M. Amini-Rarani; N. Mohammadifard; N. Sarrafzadegan; I. Abdollahpour; A. Sarveazad; A. Tehrani-Banihashemi; J. Yoosefi Lebni; N. Manafi; H. Pazoki Toroudi; F. Dorostkar; V. Alipour; A. Sheikhtaheri; J. Arabloo; S. Azari; A. Ghashghaee; A. Rezapour; M. Naserbakht; A. Kabir; F. Mehri; M. Yousefifard; M. Asadi-Aliabadi; E. Babaee; B. Eshrati; S. Goharinezhad; M. Moradi-Lakeh; P. Abedi; V. Rashedi; V. Kumar; I.Y. Elgendy; S. Basu; J. Park; A. Pereira; O.F. Norheim; A.W. Eagan; L.E. Cahill; A. Sheikh; A.I. Abushouk; M.U.G. Kraemer; B. Thakur; T.W. Bärnighausen; M.G. Shrime; A. Abedi; C.P. Doshi; K.H. Abegaz; B.S. Geberemariyam; Y.A. Aynalem; W.S. Shiferaw; A.E. Abosetugn; V. Aboyans; E.M. Abrams; M. Gitimoghaddam; N. Kissoon; J.L. Stubbs; M. Brauer; I.O. Iyamu; J.A. Kopec; F. Pourmalek; A.P. Ribeiro; D.C. Malta; R.S. Gomez; L.G. Abreu; M.R.M. Abrigo; A.M. Almulhim; S.M.A. Dahlawi; F.H. Pottoo; R.G. Menezes; T.M. Alanzi; A.K. Alumran; A.K. Abu Haimed; M. Madadin; F.M. Alanezi; E. Abu-Gharbieh; B. Saddik; L.J. Abu-Raddad; A.M. Samy; N. El Nahas; A.S. Shalash; A.F. Nabhan; A.M. Kamath; N.J. Kassebaum; A.Y. Aravkin; S. Kochhar; R.J.D. Sorensen; A. Afshin; K. Burkart; E.A. Cromwell; L. Dandona; S.D. Dharmaratne; E. Gakidou; S.I. Hay; H.H. Kyu; A.D. Lopez; R. Lozano; A.T. Misganaw; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; D.M. Pigott; R.C. Reiner; G.A. Roth; J.D. Stanaway; S. Vollset; T. Vos; H. Wang; S.S. Lim; C.J.L. Murray; R. Kalani; K.S. Ikuta; D.Y. Cho; C.J. Kneib; C.S. Crowe; B.B. Massenburg; S.D. Morrison; A. Acebedo; J.D. Adelson; K.M. Agesa; T. Alam; S.B. Albertson; J.A. Anderson; C.M. Antony; C. Ashbaugh; M. Assmus; G. Azhar; S. Balassyano; M.S. Bannick; C.M. Barthelemy; R.G. Bender; F.B. Bennitt; G.J. Bertolacci; M.H. Biehl; C. Bisignano; A.S. Boon-Dooley; P.S. Briant; D. Bryazka; B.R. Bumgarner; C.S. Callender; J. Cao; C.D. Castle; E. Castro; K. Causey; K.M. Cercy; J. Chalek; F.J. Charlson; A.J. Cohen; H. Comfort; K. Compton; A.J. Croneberger; J.A. Cruz; M. Cunningham; R. Dandona; W.J. Dangel; F.E. Dean; N.K. DeCleene; A. Deen; L. Degenhardt; Z.V. Dingels; I.N. Dippenaar; M.A. Dirac; A.J. Dolgert; S. Emmons-Bell; K. Estep; T. Farag; V.L. Feigin; R. Feldman; G. Ferrara; A.J. Ferrari; R. Fitzgerald; L.M. Force; J.T. Fox; T.D. Frank; W. Fu; K. Fukutaki; J.E. Fuller; N. Fullman; N.C. Galles; W.M. Gardner; A. Gershberg Hayoon; E. Goren; T.M. Gorman; H.C. Gottlich; G. Guo; B. Haddock; H. Hagins; L.M. Haile; E.B. Hamilton; C. Han; H. Han; J.D. Harvey; K. Henny; H.J. Henrikson; N.J. Henry; M.E. Herbert; T. Hsiao; C.K. Huynh; V.C. Iannucci; H. Ippolito; C.M.S. Irvine; H. Jafari; D. Jahagirdar; S.L. James; C.O. Johnson; S.C. Johnson; C. Keller; L. Kemmer; P.J. Kendrick; M. Knight; J.M. Kocarnik; K.J. Krohn; S.L. Larson; K.M. Lau; J.R. Ledesma; A.T. Leever; K.E. LeGrand; H. Lescinsky; C. Lin; H. Liu; Z. Liu; J. Lo; A. Lu; J. Ma; E.R. Maddison; H. Manguerra; A. Marks; I. Martopullo; C.I. Mastrogiacomo; E.A. May; M.D. Mooney; J.F. Mosser; E.C. Mullany; J. Mumford; S.B. Munro; V. Nandakumar; J. Nguyen; M. Nguyen; E. Nichols; M.R. Nixon; C.M. Odell; K.L. Ong; A.U. Orji; S.M. Ostroff; M. Pasovic; K.R. Paulson; S.A. Pease; A. Pennini; M. Pierce; T.M. Pilz; M. Pletcher; P.C. Rao; C. Razo; S.B. Redford; N. Reinig; M.B. Reitsma; P. Rhinehart; T. Robalik; S. Roberts; N.L.S. Roberts; S. Rolfe; A.N. Sbarra; L.E. Schaeffer; K.A. Shackelford; J. Shadid; F. Sharara; D.H. Shaw; B.S. Sheena; K.E. Simpson; A. Smith; C.N. Spencer; E.E. Spurlock; B.A. Stark; C. Steiner; K.M. Steuben; D.O. Sylte; M. Tang; H.J. Taylor; S. Terrason; A.M. Thomson; A.E. Torre; R. Travillian; C.E. Troeger; A. Vongpradith; M.K. Walters; J. Wang; A. Watson; S. Watson; J.L. Whisnant; H.A. Whiteford; K.E. Wiens; L.B. Wilner; S. Wilson; E.E. Wool; S.S. Wozniak; J. Wu; S. Wulf Hanson; H. Wunrow; R. Xu; S. Yadgir; J.A. Yearwood; H.W. York; C. Yuan; J.T. Zhao; P. Zheng; S.R.M. Zimsen; B.S. Zlavog; A.Y. Chang; E. Oren; R. Buchbinder; K.L. Chin; Y. Guo; K.R. Polkinghorne; A.G. Thrift; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; I.N. Ackerman; F.M. Cicuttini; S. Li; S. Zaman; H. Suleria; J. Zhang; B.C. Cowie; T. Wijeratne; G.C. Patton; S.M. Sawyer; T. Adair; A. Meretoja; O.O. Adetokunboh; A.A. Adamu; C.J. Iwu; C.D.H. Parry; S. Seedat; D.E. Ndwandwe; P.W. Mahasha; D.J. Stein; C.A. Nnaji; E.Z. Sambala; C.S. Wiysonge; O.M. Adebayo; O.S. Ilesanmi; M.O. Owolabi; A.M. Adeoye; I.A. Adedeji; V. Adekanmbi; S.E. Ibitoye; Y.O. John-Akinola; M.M. Oluwasanu; O.B. Oghenetega; R.O. Akinyemi; H. Zandian; D. Adham; T. Zahirian Moghadam; S.M. Advani; W.L. Teagle; D. Braithwaite; P. Agasthi; S. Saadatagah; M. Afshari; E.E. Agardh; P. Allebeck; A. Danielsson; K. Deuba; J.J. Carrero; D.K. Mohammad; S. Fereshtehnejad; J. Ärnlöv; C. Nowak; C.R. Cederroth; A. Ahmadi; A. Pathak; E.J. Mills; O.P. Kurmi; A.T. Olagunju; G. Agarwal; T. Sathish; M. Aghaali; A. Mohammadbeigi; A. Agrawal; T. Ahmad; K. Ahmadi; S. Maleki; M. Naderi; M.R. Salahshoor; R. Pourmirza Kalhori; A. Almasi; Y. Salimi; S. Siabani; A. Ziapour; A. Barzegar; H. Khazaie; N. Kianipour; F. Amiri; S. Salehi Zahabi; M. Mirzaei; M. Shamsi; F. Najafi; A. Jalali; K. Ghadiri; F. Heydarpour; N. Fattahi; B. Karami Matin; A. Kazemi Karyani; M. Pirsaheb; F. Rajati; E. Sadeghi; Y. Safari; K. Sharafi; S. Soltani; Y. Vasseghian; Z. Atafar; F. Jalilian; M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh; S. Saeidi; M. Soofi; A. Zangeneh; B. Mansouri; M. Ahmadi; M.A. Khafaie; S. Safiri; M. Moghadaszadeh; M. Asghari Jafarabadi; L. Doshmangir; F. Jadidi-Niaragh; M. Ghafourifard; A. Spotin; M. Khodayari; H. Samadi Kafil; L.R. Kalankesh; E. Ahmadpour; B. Yousefi; F. Ansari; H. Hassankhani; S. Karimi; H. Haririan; S. Mereta; M.B. Ahmed; G.T. Feyissa; L.G. Ciobanu; B. Aji; G.L. Aynalem; B. Gebresillassie; Y.G. Tefera; T.Y. Akalu; A.G. Baraki; G.A. Tesema; Z.T. Tessema; A.T. Tamiru; Z.N. Azene; H.B. Netsere; Y. Yano; T. Akinyemiju; C. Wu; S. Zadey; Z. Samad; J.S. Ji; P.P. Doshi; O. John; V. Jha; P.K. Maulik; K. Pesudovs; S. Resnikoff; P.B. Mitchell; P.S. Sachdev; B. Akombi; M.A. Godinho; R.Q. Ivers; A.E. Peden; R. Biswas; S. Boufous; C.J. Akunna; F. Alahdab; M.S. Hammer; A. van Donkelaar; Z. Al-Aly; R.P. Dellavalle; S. Alam; R.V. Martin; N. Alam; D. De Leo; S.K. Tadakamadla; K. Alam; J.E. Alcalde-Rabanal; L. Avila-Burgos; E. Serván-Mori; E. Denova-Gutiérrez; S. Rodríguez-Ramírez; L. Morales; A. Poznańska; B. Wojtyniak; J.A. Rivera; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J. Campuzano Rincon; T.G. Sánchez-Pimienta; M.B. Mengesha; F.T. Welay; N.M. Alema; D.G. Demsie; H. Teame; B.F. Teklehaimanot; B.W. Alemu; T. Gultie; A.B. Bante; Y.G. Yeshitila; Y.C.D. Geramo; M. Glagn; M.B. Sorrie; F.G. W/hawariat; A. Amare; A. Kasa; Y. Alemu; K.M. Mihretie; D.D. Atnafu; F.M. Demeke; A. Melese; S.A. Bante; G.A. Dessie; E.W. Mengesha; D. Nigatu; M.A.H. Almadi; K.F. Alhabib; Y. Mohammad; K.A. Altirkawi; M. Temsah; N. Kugbey; M.A. Ayanore; R.K. Alhassan; M. Ali; S. Ali; G. Alicandro; R. Kalhor; M. Alijanzadeh; C. Alinia; H. Yusefzadeh; A. Didarloo; H. Alizade; A. Nikpoor; S.M. Aljunid; F. Alla; L.F. Leal; A. Almasi-Hashiani; R. Moradzadeh; M. Zamanian; J. Nazari; S. Amini; F. Ghamari; N.A. Almasri; M. Khan; H.M. Al-Mekhlafi; N. Bedi; J. Alonso; E.S.P. Ciber; R.M. Al-Raddadi; J. Zakzuk; N. Alvis-Guzman; N.J. Alvis-Zakzuk; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; J.N. Malagón-Rojas; K. Gezae; H.A. Gesesew; S. Muthupandian; G.G. Gebremeskel; K. Berhe; B. Amare; M.A. Ayza; L.G. Gebremeskel; A.A.A. Gebreslassie; H. Bitew; K.A. Zewdie; F.G.G. Tela; T.K. Gill; J. Noubiap; Z.S. Lassi; D. Bhandari; A.L. Amit; C.T. Antonio; E.A. Faraon; J.F. Lopez; S.R. Atre; S.H. Ballew; K. Matsushita; A.T. Khoja; P. Daneshpajouhnejad; M. Ghadimi; O. Shafaat; J. Fanzo; D.A. Amugsi; G.H. Amul; D.S.Q. Koh; N. Venketasubramanian; E.W. Anbesu; J.A. Mohammed; T.G. Wondmeneh; C. Andrei; R.I. Negoi; D.V. Davitoiu; A. Manda; I. Negoi; L. Preotescu; M. Hostiuc; S. Hostiuc; R. Ancuceanu; M. Hasan; J. Leung; D. Anderlini; A.A. Mamun; J.C. Maravilla; J.J. McGrath; R. Lalloo; R. Uddin; H.E. Erskine; L.D. Knibbs; A.M. Mantilla Herrera; D.F. Santomauro; A. Mirica; M. Ausloos; C. Herteliu; A. Oţoiu; A. Pana; T. Andrei; S. Ştefan; S. Androudi; C. Angus; I. Ansari; H. Pourjafar; M. Shams-Beyranvand; A. Ansari-Moghaddam; M. Khammarnia; I. Antonazzo; P. Ferrara; S. Conti; P.A. Cortesi; C. Fornari; P.H. Lee; E. Antriyandarti; Z. Yousefi; A. Rafiei; J. Javidnia; R. Faridnia; D. Anvari; A. Goudarzian; M. Moosazadeh; M. Rezai; A. Daryani; M. Fareed; R. Anwer; S. Appiah; D. Paudel; M. Dichgans; S. Riahi; A. Rajabpour-Sanati; M. Arab-Zozani; A.A.K. Arba; O. Aremu; F. Ariani; T. Aripov; B. Armoon; M.M. Mahdavi; O.O. Arowosegbe; F. Tediosi; K.K. Aryal; A. Mosapour; M. Yaminfirooz; A. Arzani; A. Bijani; M.A. Jahani; S. Mouodi; M. Zamani; M. Asaad; M. Dianatinasab; M. Bahrami; K. Pakshir; A.A. Asadi-Pooya; M. Bayati; S. Shahabi; S. Athari; M.M.W. Atout; M.S. Atteraya; T. Brugha; F. Ausloos; E.F.G. Avokpaho; R. Room; M. Islam; D. Edvardsson; M. Rahman; B. Ayala Quintanilla; P.W. Gething; A.M. Briggs; G. Ayano; D. Hendrie; T.R. Miller; P.S. Azzopardi; P. Hoogar; D.B. B; V. Kulkarni; N. Kumar; P. Mithra; R.S. Shetty; R. Thapar; J. Padubidri; S.M. Bakkannavar; V.C. Nayak; P. Rastogi; B.K. Shetty; R. Bhageerathy; N. Gudi; A. Boloor; R. Holla; P. Rathi; B. Unnikrishnan; M.D. Janodia; J.J. Lang; A. Badawi; H.M. Orpana; Z.A. Bhutta; K.D. Shield; V. Chattu; A.D. Badiye; N. Kapoor; M. Bagherzadeh; N. Rabiee; E. Bagli; A.A. Baig; M. Bairwa; R. Lodha; R. Sagar; G.K. Rath; P. Bhardwaj; J. Charan; T. Kanchan; A. Joshi; A.P. Pakhare; M. Bakhshaei; B. Naghshtabrizi; A. Balachandran; H.W. Hoek; M.J. Postma; A. Geremew; A.M. Gebrehiwot; S. Balakrishnan; A. Desalew; H.A. Bojia; A.S. Mohammed; L.D. Regassa; P.G.K. Parmar; S. Balalla; S. Roberts; A. Baldasseroni; M.A. Stokes; K. Ball; S. Islam; R. Maddison; D. Balzi; M. Levi; M. Banach; S.K. Banerjee; P.C. Banik; L. Barua; M. Faruque; M.A. Barboza; S.L. Barker-Collo; J.B. Jonas; S. Panda-Jonas; J. De Neve; S. Kohler; B. Moazen; Shafiu Mohammed; L.H. Barrero; H. Basaleem; Q. Bassat; J.M. Haro; A. Koyanagi; J. Car; F. Greaves; A. Majeed; A.C. Davis; T.J. Steiner; D. Kusuma; R. Palladino; S. Rawaf; S. Saxena; D.L. Rawaf; B.T. Baune; A. Karch; B.A. Baye; J. Darega Gela; T. Kolola; J.S. Becker; M. DeLang; J. West; M.M. Gad; M.L. Serre; S. Gallus; A. Lugo; E. Beghi; E. Pupillo; C. Bosetti; G. Giussani; B. Bikbov; N. Perico; G. Remuzzi; M. Imani-Nasab; S. Nouraei Motlagh; Z. Sharafi; M. Behzadifar; Y. Béjot; T.T. Bekuma; M.T. Yilma; M.L. Bell; A.K. Bello; A. Rafiee; S.H. Keddie; T.C.D. Lucas; C. Dolecek; S.J. Dunachie; S.F. Rumisha; D.J. Weiss; S. Lewington; E.L. Collins; A.K. Nandi; Y. Zhao; D.A. Bennett; M.A. Karim; B. Lacey; R. Khundkar; S. Yaya; A.C. Goulart; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; M.R. Tovani-Palone; J. Castaldelli-Maia; Y. Wang; J.M. Furtado; C.P. Benziger; A.E. Berman; M. Mazidi; E. Bernabe; P.I. Dargan; M. Molokhia; K. Shibuya; A. Douiri; C.D.A. Wolfe; R.J. Hay; C. Flohr; P.S. Suchdev; P. Ram; R.S. Bernstein; Y. Liu; A.S. Bhagavathula; G. Khan; M. Grivna; N. Bhala; J.S. Chandan; A.M. Gaidhane; Z. Quazi Syed; D. Saxena; M. Khatib; A.G. Bhat; K. Bhattacharyya; S. Bhattarai; J.K. Das; S. Bibi; V. Bilano; M. Bin Sayeed; N. Cherbuin; E. D'Amico; G. Grosso; A.M. Borzì; A. Biondi; M. Vacante; A. Valli; B.M. Birihane; D. Bisanzio; S. Hassan; T. Bjørge; S. Øverland; M.J. Bockarie; G.A. Mensah; K. Sliwa; A. Gholamian; S. Bohlouli; S. Esmaeilnejad; M. Bohluli; S.R. Bolla; G. Borges; D. Bose; R. Bourne; C. Brayne; N.J.K. Breitborde; J.L. Fisher; S. Breitner; H. Brenner; A.V. Breusov; I. Rakovac; N.I. Briko; P.D. Lopukhov; E.V. Glushkova; V.A. Korshunov; R.V. Polibin; M. Jakovljevic; A.N. Briko; G.B. Britton; F. Castro; I. Moreno Velásquez; R.T. Burnett; S. Burugina Nagaraja; R. Busse; Z.A. Butt; F. Caetano dos Santos; T. Cai; B.J. Hall; L. Cahuana-Hurtado; L.A. Cámera; P.R. Valdez; L. Tudor Car; R. Cárdenas; G. Gorini; G. Carreras; E. Fernandes; M. Freitas; D.M. Pereira; J.V. Santos; D. Ribeiro; M. Pinheiro; J. Massano; J. das Neves; D. Dias da Silva; F. Carvalho; V.M. Costa; J.P. Silva; J. Morgado-da-Costa; G. Castelpietra; F. Catalá-López; S. Pakhale; E. Cerin; P. Yip; H. Ho; J. Chang; A.R. Chang; K. Chang; O.R. Cooper; S. Chaturvedi; O. Chimed-Ochir; J.L. Chirinos-Caceres; J.J. Choi; H. Christensen; T.C. Truelsen; D. Chu; M. Kivimäki; S. Chung; M. Kumar; J.L. Ward; M.T. Chung; M. Cirillo; R. Virclo; T.K.D. Classen; P. Lauriola; B. Corso; F.N. Hugo; C. Kieling; E. Cousin; B.B. Duncan; B.N.G. Goulart; M.I. Schmidt; C. Stein; R.G. Cowden; J.H. MacLachlan; J. Leigh; M. Cross; M.L. Ferreira; E.U.R. Smith; T.R. Driscoll; T.M. Huda; D.G. Hoy; N. Horita; D.H. Cross; H. Dai; G. Hu; A.A.M. Damasceno; G. Damiani; C. La Vecchia; J. Sanabria; A. Pandey; M.R. Mathur; S. Zodpey; G. Kumar; D.K. Lal; K. Hamagharib Abdullah; M. Hosseinzadeh; A.M. Darwesh; A. Faraj; A. Omar Bali; R. Das Gupta; A.P. Dash; G. Davey; K. Deribe; K.B. Gebremedhin; A.B. Wondmieneh; N.D. Dereje; C.A. Dávila-Cervantes; K. Davletov; A. Mereke; B. Serdar; T.G. Haile; D.B. Tadesse; G.T. Weldesamuel; G.T. Demoz; G. Woldu; D. Handiso; N. Dervenis; F. Topouzis; R. Desai; G.P. Dhungana; M. Emamian; D. Diaz; S. Djalalinia; T.H. Nguyen; G.T. Vu; H.T. Do; K. Dokova; D.T. Doku; S. Neupane; J.S. Takala; M.C. Doxey; K.E. Doyle; A.M.N. Renzaho; F.A. Ogbo; S.R. Robinson; A. Vukovic; I.M. Ilic; M.M. Santric-Milicevic; I.S. Vujcic; E. Dubljanin; R. Vukovic; D. Rasella; A.R. Duraes; M. Ebrahimi Kalan; A. Effiong; C.D. Pond; J.R. Ehrlich; X. Liu; M.Y.W. Wei; I. El Sayed; M. El Tantawi; M. El Sayed Zaki; I. Elbarazi; A.C. Tsai; I.R. Elyazar; V. Yazdi-Feyzabadi; K. Eskandari; H. Sharifi; I. Halvaei; F. Ghaffarifar; L. Zaki; E. Hasanpoor; F. Esmaeilzadeh; A. Etemadi; Q. Lan; T.Y. Yeheyis; A.E. Etisso; O. Ezekannagha; C.S. e Farinha; A. Farioli; F.S. Violante; P.S. Faris; A. Faro; J.O. Lam; I. Filip; F. Fischer; L.S. Flor
Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2019) S.L. James; M.S. Bannick; W.C. Montjoy-Venning; L.R. Lucchesi; L. Dandona; R. Dandona; C. Hawley; S.I. Hay; M. Jakovljevic; I. Khalil; K.J. Krohn; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; E. Nichols; R.C. Reiner; M. Smith; V.L. Feigin; T. Vos; C.J.L. Murray; J.E. Sunshine; M.G. Yost; R.G. Ellenbogen; R. Kalani; S.D. Morrison; C.S. Crowe; B.B. Massenburg; A. Theadom; B.J. Te Ao; S. Balalla; K.M. Jones; R. Ofori-Asenso; S. Li; S. Sobhani; S.M. Hosseini; M.A. Mansournia; M. Yaseri; M. Anjomshoa; S.M. Mousavi; Arv Haj-Mirzaian; Ary Haj-Mirzaian; R. Malekzadeh; H. Poustchi; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; M. Afarideh; A. Esteghamati; S. Esteghamati; M. Ganji; A. Kasaeian; A. Rahimi-Movaghar; S. Eskandarieh; M.A. Sahraian; M. Shams-Beyranvand; N. Abbasi; F. Farzadfar; S.N. Irvani; V. Rahimi-Movaghar; P. Salamati; M. Sharif-Alhoseini; S.-M. Fereshtehnejad; K.K.V. Mate; R. Abdulkader; H.N. Abraha; T.D. Kassa; Y.L. Nirayo; K.G. Weldegwergs; K.E. Gezae; Z.M. Zenebe; M.G. Degefa; A. Kahsay; S.W. Asgedom; A.K. Gebre; E.M. Yimer; A.B. Belachew; H. Meles; J.C. Adsuar; S. Zodpey; S. Agrawal; A. Awasthi; G.A. Kumar; A. Ahmadi; F. Najafi; F. Rajati; H. Khazaie; M.H. Farzaei; M. Moradi; S. Rezaei; M. Soofi; S. Siabani; S. Rezaeian; M.B. Ahmed; T.T. Gebrehiwot; G.T. Feyissa; M.A. Hussen; A. Aichour; I. Aichour; M.T.E. Aichour; R.O. Akinyemi; M.O. Owolabi; N. Akseer; Z.A. Bhutta; A. Badawi; F. Alahdab; G.M. Kassa; A. Alebel; F.W.S. Wagnew; Y.A. Belay; C.T. Leshargie; S.A. Alghnam; B.A. Ali; U. Alsharif; M.-H. Temsah; K. Altirkawi; D.V. Davitoiu; S. Hostiuc; M. Beuran; I. Negoi; C.L. Andrei; H. Ansari; M.G. Ansha; C.A.T. Antonio; S.C.Y. Appiah; M. Levi; F. Ariani; M. Biffino; N.G. Asefa; S. Atique; M.A. Rahman; T. Wijeratne; B.P. Ayala Quintanilla; T.B. Ayuk; P.S. Azzopardi; A. Rafiei; H. Badali; M. Mohammadi; M. Moosazadeh; A. Daryani; A. Banstola; K.B. Tran; S.L. Barker-Collo; T.W. Bärnighausen; N. Bedi; A. Tehrani-Banihashemi; H. Shabaninejad; Ma. Behzadifar; A. Kabir; M. Yousefifard; M. Moradi-Lakeh; Me. Behzadifar; B. Bekele; H.Y. Hassen; A. Henok; B. Biadgo; D.A. Bennett; A.C. Goulart; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; Y.P. Wang; E. Yisma; A. Berhane; K. Deribe; Y.J. Yasin; G.T. Demoz; A. Bhalla; S. Bhaumik; A. Bijani; M. Zamani; N. Bililign; M. Kumar; C. Birungi; S. Boufous; A. Brazinova; A.W. Brown; M. Car; A. Majeed; S. Rawaf; D.L. Rawaf; H. Shoman; R. Cárdenas; J.J. Carrero; Z. El-Khatib; N. Roy; F. Carvalho; J.V. Santos; E. Fernandes; J.P. Silva; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; H.J. Hoffman; F. Catalá-López; Y. Chaiah; O. Temsah; A.P. Champs; J.-C. Chang; J.-Y.J. Choi; D.J. Christopher; C. Cooper; S. Djalalinia; H.P. Do; T.H. Nguyen; D.T. Doku; T.M. Drake; A. Sheikh; I.N. Soyiri; M. Dubey; M.M.M. Santric Milicevic; E. Dubljanin; A. Faro; I. Filip; A. Radfar; F. Fischer; T. Fukumoto; F.G. Gankpe; G. Gopalkrishna; J.A. Haagsma; S. Polinder; A.T. Khoja; G.D. Pinilla-Monsalve; R.R. Hamadeh; S. Hamidi; J.M. Haro; H. Hassankhani; R. Havmoeller; M.I. Hegazy; D. Hendrie; T.R. Miller; D.T. Hibstu; Z.Y. Kassa; M.K. Hole; E. Homaie Rad; G. Hu; O.S. Ilesanmi; S. Jayaraman; R.P. Jha; J.B. Jonas; B. Moazen; Z. Jorjoran Shushtari; J.J. Jozwiak; M. Jürisson; M. Kahssay; M.L. Liben; A. Karch; A.P. Kengne; Y.S. Khader; H. Safari; M.A. Khafaie; N. Khalid; E.A. Khan; M.S. Khan; M.S. Usman; T.J. Siddiqi; Y.-H. Khang; J. Khubchandani; A.A. Kiadaliri; D. Kim; Y.-E. Kim; S.-J. Yoon; A. Kisa; A.S. Winkler; A. Koyanagi; B. Kuate Defo; B. Kucuk Bicer; R. Lalloo; M. Moradinazar; F.H. Lami; V.C. Lansingh; D.O. Laryea; A. Latifi; S. Safiri; R. Lunevicius; N.B. Mahotra; M. Majdan; A.-L. Manda; M.M. Mehndiratta; V. Mehta; A. Melese; P.T.N. Memiah; W. Mendoza; G. Mengistu; M.S. Shiferaw; M.G. Tekle; T.J. Meretoja; A. Meretoja; C.E.I. Szoeke; T. Mestrovich; T. Miazgowski; G.K. Mini; A. Mirica; E.M. Mirrakhimov; M. Molokhia; L. Monast; L. Ronfani; S. Mondello; G. Moradi; M.M. Moschos; S. Murthy; K.I. Musa; G. Mustafa; G. Naik; D.C. Schwebel; V. Nangia; B.R. Nascimento; D.N.A. Ningrum; P.S. Nyasulu; A.M.N. Renzaho; F.A. Ogbo; I.-H. Oh; A. Okoro; A.T. Olagunju; T.O. Olagunju; P.R. Olivares; S.S. Otstavnov; M.P.A. Dnb; S. Pakhale; A.R. Pandey; K. Pesudovs; S. Prakash; M. Qorbani; A. Rafay; M. Rahman; M.A. Stokes; S.M. Shariful Islam; R.K. Rai; U. Ram; C. Reis; S. Resnikoff; L. Roever; B.F. Sunguy; G.M. Ruhago; B. Saddik; R.D.F. Saldanha; A.M. Samy; J. Sanabria; B. Sartorius; M. Satpathy; I.J.C. Schneider; M.A.A. Shaikh; M. Sharif; J. She; J. Shen; K.N. Sheth; K. Shibuya; M. Shigematsu; R. Shiri; I. Shiue; D.A. Silveira; A.M. Soares Filho; D.N. Sinha; J.B. Soriano; D.J. Stein; M.B. Sufiyan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; M. Tortajada-Girbés; R. Topor-Madry; B.X. Tran; L. Tudor Car; K.N. Ukwaja; I. Ullah; O.A. Uthman; P.R. Valdez; T.J. Vasankari; N. Venketasubramanian; F.S. Violante; Y. Waheed; A. Werdecker; G.M.A. Wyper; Y. Yano; P. Ye; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; S.B. Zaman
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 million (53.40-57.62 million) and of SCI was 27.04 million (24.98-30.15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the agestandardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8.4% (95% UI 7.7 to 9.2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0.2% [-2.1 to 2.7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3.6% (1.8 to 5.5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3.6% [-7.4 to 4.0]). TBI caused 8.1 million (95% UI 6.0-10.4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9.5 million (6.7-12.4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. © 2018 The Author(s).