Browsing by Author "A. Roy"

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ATHENA detector proposal - a totally hermetic electron nucleus apparatus proposed for IP6 at the Electron-Ion Collider
(Institute of Physics, 2022) J. Adam; L. Adamczyk; N. Agrawal; C. Aidala; W. Akers; M. Alekseev; M.M. Allen; F. Ameli; A. Angerami; P. Antonioli; N.J. Apadula; A. Aprahamian; W. Armstrong; M. Arratia; J.R. Arrington; A. Asaturyan; E.C. Aschenauer; K. Augsten; S. Aune; K. Bailey; C. Baldanza; M. Bansal; F. Barbosa; L. Barion; K. Barish; M. Battaglieri; A. Bazilevsky; N.K. Behera; V. Berdnikov; J. Bernauer; C. Berriaud; A. Bhasin; D.S. Bhattacharya; J. Bielcik; J. Bielcikova; C. Bissolotti; W. Boeglin; M. Bondì; M. Borri; F. Bossù; F. Bouyjou; J.D. Brandenburg; A. Bressan; M. Brooks; S.L. Bültmann; D. Byer; H. Caines; M. Calderon De La Barca Sanchez; V. Calvelli; A. Camsonne; L. Cappelli; M. Capua; M. Castro; D. Cavazza; D. Cebra; A. Celentano; I. Chakaberia; B. Chan; W. Chang; M. Chartier; C. Chatterjee; D. Chen; J. Chen; K. Chen; Z. Chen; H. Chetri; T. Chiarusi; M. Chiosso; X. Chu; J.J. Chwastowski; G. Cicala; E. Cisbani; E. Cline; I. Cloët; D. Colella; M. Contalbrigo; G. Contin; R. Corliss; Y. Corrales-Morales; J. Crafts; C. Crawford; R. Cruz-Torres; D. D'Ago; A. D'Angelo; N. D'Hose; J. Dainton; S. Dalla Torre; S.S. Dasgupta; S. Dash; N. Dashyan; J. Datta; M. Daugherity; R. De Vita; W. Deconinck; M. Defurne; K. Dehmelt; A. Del Dotto; F. Delcarro; G. Dellacasa; Z.S. Demiroglu; G.W. Deptuch; V. Desai; A. Deshpande; K. Devereaux; R. Dhillon; R. Di Salvo; C. Dilks; D. Dixit; S. Dobbs; X. Dong; J. Drachenberg; A. Drees; R. Dupré; M. Durham; R. Dzhygadlo; L. El Fassi; D. Elia; E. Epple; R. Esha; O. Evdokimov; O. Eyser; D. Falchieri; W. Fan; A. Fantini; R. Fatemi; S. Fazio; S. Fegan; A. Filippi; H. Fox; A. Francisco; A. Freeze; S. Furletov; Y. Furletova; C. Gal; S. Gardner; P. Garg; D. Gaskell; K. Gates; M.T.W. Gericke; F. Geurts; C. Ghosh; M. Giacalone; F. Giacomini; S. Gilchrist; D. Glazier; K. Gnanvo; L. Gonella; L.C. Greiner; N. Guerrini; L. Guo; A. Gupta; R. Gupta; W. Guryn; X. He; T. Hemmick; S. Heppelmann; D. Higinbotham; M. Hoballah; A. Hoghmrtsyan; M. Hohlmann; T. Horn; D. Hornidge; H.Z. Huang; C.E. Hyde; P. Iapozzuto; M. Idzik; B.V. Jacak; M. Jadhav; S. Jain; C. Jena; A. Jentsch; Y. Ji; Z. Ji; J. Jia; P.G. Jones; R.W.I. Jones; S. Joosten; S. Joshi; L. Kabir; G. Kalicy; G. Karyan; V.K.S. Kashyap; D. Kawall; H. Ke; M. Kelsey; J. Kim; J. Kiryluk; A. Kiselev; S.R. Klein; H. Klest; V. Kochar; W. Korsch; L. Kosarzewski; A. Kotzinian; F. Krizek; A. Kumar; K.S. Kumar; L. Kumar; R. Kumar; S. Kumar; A. Kunnath; N. Kushawaha; R. Lacey; Y.S. Lai; K. Lalwani; J. Landgraf; L. Lanza; D. Lattuada; M. Lavinsky; J.H. Lee; S.H. Lee; R. Lemmon; A. Lestone; N. Lewis; H. Li; S. Li; W. Li; W. Li; X. Li; X. Li; X. Liang; T. Ligonzo; T. Lin; J. Liu; K. Liu; M. Liu; K. Livingston; N. Liyanage; T. Ljubicic; O. Long; N. Lukow; Y. Ma; J. Mammei; F. Mammoliti; K. Mamo; I. Mandjavidze; S. Maple; D. Marchand; A. Margotti; C. Markert; P. Markowitz; T. Marshall; A. Martin; H. Marukyan; A. Mastroserio; S. Mathew; S. Mayilyan; C. Mayri; M. McEneaney; Y. Mei; L. Meng; F. Méot; J. Metcalfe; Z.-E. Meziani; P. Mihir; R. Milton; A. Mirabella; M. Mirazita; A. Mkrtchyan; H. Mkrtchyan; B. Mohanty; M. Mondal; A. Morreale; A. Movsisyan; D. Muenstermann; A. Mukherjee; C. Munoz Camacho; M.J. Murray; H. Mustafa; M. Myška; B.P. Nachman; K. Nagai; R. Naik; J.P. Naim; J. Nam; B. Nandi; E. Nappi; Md. Nasim; D. Neff; D. Neiret; P.R. Newman; M. Nguyen; S. Niccolai; M. Nie; F. Noferini; J. Norman; F. Noto; A.S. Nunes; T. O'Connor; G. Odyniec; V.A. Okorokov; M. Osipenko; B. Page; C. Palatchi; D. Palmer; P. Palni; S. Pandey; D. Panzieri; S. Park; K. Paschke; C. Pastore; R.N. Patra; A. Paul; S. Paul; C. Pecar; A. Peck; I. Pegg; C. Pellegrino; C. Peng; L. Pentchev; R. Perrino; K. Piotrzkowski; T. Polakovic; M. Płoskoń; M. Posik; S. Prasad; R. Preghenella; S. Priens; E. Prifti; M. Przybycien; P. Pujahari; A. Quintero; M. Radici; S.K. Radhakrishnan; S. Rahman; S. Rathi; B. Raue; R. Reed; P. Reimer; J. Reinhold; E. Renner; L. Rignanese; M. Ripani; A. Rizzo; D. Romanov; A. Roy; N. Rubini; M. Ruspa; L. Ruan; F. Sabatié; S. Sadhukhan; N. Sahoo; P. Sahu; D. Samuel; A. Sarkar; M. Sarsour; W. Schmidke; B. Schmookler; C. Schwarz; J. Schwiening; M. Scott; I. Sedgwick; M. Segreti; S. Sekula; R. Seto; N. Shah; A. Shahinyan; D. Sharma; N. Sharma; E.P. Sichtermann; A. Signori; A. Singh; B.K. Singh; S.N. Singh; N. Smirnov; D. Sokhan; R. Soltz; W. Sondheim; S. Spinali; F. Stacchi; R. Staszewski; P. Stepanov; S. Strazzi; I.R. Stroe; X. Sun; B. Surrow; Z. Sweger; T.J. Symons; V. Tadevosyan; A. Tang; E. Tassi; L. Teodorescu; F. Tessarotto; D. Thomas; J.H. Thomas; T. Toll; L. Tomášek; F. Torales-Acosta; P. Tribedy; Triloki; V. Tripathi; R. Trotta; M. Trzebiński; B.A. Trzeciak; O. Tsai; Z. Tu; R. Turrisi; C. Tuvè; T. Ullrich; G.M. Urciuoli; A. Valentini; S. Vallarino; M. Vandenbroucke; J. Vanek; G. Vino; G. Volpe; H. Voskanyan; A. Vossen; E. Voutier; G. Wang; Y. Wang; D. Watts; N. Wickramaarachchi; F. Wilson; C.-P. Wong; X. Wu; Y. Wu; J. Xie; Q.-H. Xu; Z. Xu; Z.W. Xu; C. Yang; Q. Yang; Y. Yang; Z. Ye; Z. Ye; L. Yi; Z. Yin; M. Yurov; N. Zachariou; J. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. Zhang; Z. Zhang; Y. Zhao; Y.X. Zhao; Z. Zhao; L. Zheng; M. Żurek
ATHENA has been designed as a general purpose detector capable of delivering the full scientific scope of the Electron-Ion Collider. Careful technology choices provide fine tracking and momentum resolution, high performance electromagnetic and hadronic calorimetry, hadron identification over a wide kinematic range, and near-complete hermeticity. This article describes the detector design and its expected performance in the most relevant physics channels. It includes an evaluation of detector technology choices, the technical challenges to realizing the detector and the R&D required to meet those challenges. © 2022 The Author(s).
CBM Collaboration
(Elsevier, 2014) T. Ablyazimov; A. Abuhoza; R. Adak; J. Adamczewski-Musch; M. Adamczyk; M.M. Aggarwal; Z. Ahammed; F. Ahmad; N. Ahmad; S. Ahmad; A. Akindinov; P. Akishin; E. Akishina; T. Akishina; V. Akishina; M. Al-Turany; E. Alexandrov; I. Alexandrov; S. Amar-Youcef; M. Andelić; O. Andreeva; C. Andrei; A. Andronic; Yu. Anisimov; H. Appelshäuser; A. Arend; D. Argintaru; E. Atkin; S. Avdeev; R. Averbeck; M.D. Azmi; V. Baban; M. Bach; E. Badura; S. Baginyan; T. Balle; T. Balog; S. Bandyopadhyay; P. Banerjee; N. Baranova; T. Barczyk; D. Bartoş; S. Bashir; Z. Basrak; M. Baszczyk; O. Batenkov; V. Baublis; C. Baumann; M. Baznat; K.-H. Becker; T. Bel; S. Belogurov; J. Bendarouach; I. Berceanu; A. Bercuci; E. Berdermann; A. Berdnikov; Y. Berdnikov; R. Berendes; C. Bergmann; D. Bertini; O. Bertini; C. Beşliu; O. Bezshyyko; P.P. Bhaduri; A. Bhasin; A.K. Bhati; B. Bhattacharjee; A. Bhattacharyya; T.K. Bhattacharyya; S. Biswas; D. Blau; C. Blume; Yu. Bocharov; S. Böttger; M. Borysova; T. Breitner; U. Brüning; J. Brzychczyk; A. Bubak; H. Büsching; A. Bychkov; A. Byszuk; Xu Cai; M. Cãlin; Ping Cao; R. Čaplar; G. Caragheorgheopol; I. Carević; V. Cătănescu; A. Chakrabarti; S. Chatterji; Sanatan Chattopadhyay; Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Hongfang Chen; Jianping Cheng; V. Chepurnov; S. Chernenko; A. Chernogorov; Kyung-Eon Choi; M.I. Ciobanu; G. Claus; F. Constantin; V. Covlea; M. Csanád; N. D'Ascenzo; S. Das; K. Davkov; V. Davkov; J. de Cuveland; B. Debnath; D. Dementiev; Zhi Deng; H. Deppe; I. Deppner; O. Derenovskaya; C.A. Deveaux; M. Deveaux; K. Dey; M. Dey; P. Dillenseger; V. Dobyrn; D. Doering; A. Dorokhov; A. Drozd; A.K. Dubey; S. Dubnichka; A. Dubnichkova; M. Dürr; W. Dulinski; L. Dutka; M. Dželalija; D. Emschermann; H. Engel; V. Eremin; T. Eşanu; J. Eschke; D. Eschweiler; Jongsik Eum; Huanhuan Fan; O. Fateev; I. Filozova; D. Finogeev; P. Fischer; H. Flemming; U. Frankenfeld; V. Friese; E. Friske; I. Fröhlich; J. Frühauf; Á. Fülöp; J. Gajda; T. Galatyuk; A. Galkin; V. Galkin; G. Gangopadhyay; C. García Chávez; I. Gašparić; J. Gebelein; P. Ghosh; S.K. Ghosh; M. Goffe; L. Golinka-Bezshyyko; V. Golovatyuk; S. Golovnya; V. Golovtsov; M. Golubeva; D. Golubkov; A. Gómez Ramírez; S. Gorbunov; S. Gorokhov; D. Gottschalk; P. Gryboś; A. Grzeszczuk; F. Guber; K. Gudima; A. Gupta; Yu. Gusakov; A. Haldar; S. Haldar; H. Hartmann; J. Hehner; K. Heidel; N. Heine; E. Hellbär; A. Herghelegiu; N. Herrmann; B. Heß; J.M. Heuser; A. Himmi; C. Höhne; R. Holzmann; Guangming Huang; Xinjie Huang; J. Hutsch; D. Hutter; E. Iakovleva; A. Ierusalimov; E.-M. Ilgenfritz; M. Irfan; M. Ivanov; Valery Ivanov; Victor Ivanov; Vladimir Ivanov; A. Ivashkin; K. Jaaskelainen; H. Jahan; V. Jain; V. Jakovlev; T. Janson; A. Jipa; I. Kadenko; B. Kämpfer; S. Kalcher; V. Kalinin; K.-H. Kampert; Tae Im Kang; E. Kaptur; R. Karabowicz; O. Karavichev; T. Karavicheva; D. Karmanov; V. Karnaukhov; E. Karpechev; K. Kasiński; G. Kasprowicz; M. Kaur; A. Kazantsev; U. Kebschull; G. Kekelidze; M.M. Khan; S.A. Khan; A. Khanzadeev; F. Khasanov; A. Khvorostukhin; V. Kirakosyan; M. Kirejczyk; A. Kiryakov; M. Kiš; I. Kisel; P. Kisel; S. Kiselev; A. Kiss; T. Kiss; P. Klaus; R. Kłeczek; Ch. Klein-Bösing; V. Kleipa; P. Kmon; K. Koch; L. Kochenda; P. Koczoń; W. König; M. Kohn; B.W. Kolb; A. Kolosova; B. Komkov; J.M. Kopfer; M. Korolev; I. Korolko; R. Kotte; A. Kotynia; A. Kovalchuk; S. Kowalski; M. Koziel; G. Kozlov; P. Kravtsov; E. Krebs; C. Kreidl; D. Kresan; G. Kretschmar; M. Kretz; M. Krieger; E. Kryshen; W. Kucewicz; L. Kudin; A. Kugler; I. Kulakov; J. Kunkel; A. Kurepin; P. Kurilkin; V. Kushpil; V. Kyva; V. Ladygin; C. Lara; P. Larionov; A. Laso Garcia; E. Lavrik; I. Lazanu; A. Lebedev; S. Lebedev; E. Lebedeva; J. Lehnert; J. Lehrbach; F. Lemke; Cheng Li; Jin Li; Qiyan Li; Yuanjing Li; Yulan Li; V. Lindenstruth; S. Linev; B. Linnik; E. Litvinenko; Feng Liu; I. Lobanov; E. Lobanova; S. Löchner; P.-A. Loizeau; J.A. Lucio Martínez; A. Lymanets; A. Maevskaya; S. Mahajan; D.P. Mahapatra; T. Mahmoud; P. Maj; Z. Majka; A. Malakhov; E. Malankin; D. Malkevich; O. Malyatina; H. Malygina; S. Mandal; V. Manko; S. Manz; V. Marin; A.M. Marin Garcia; J. Markert; S. Masciocchi; T. Matulewicz; M. Merkin; V. Mialkovski; J. Michel; N. Miftakhov; K. Mikhailov; V. Mikhaylov; B. Milanović; V. Militsija; M.F. Mir; D. Miskowiec; T. Morhardt; W.F.J. Müller; C. Müntz; Yu. Murin; R. Najman; L. Naumann; T. Nayak; A. Nedosekin; B. Neumann; W. Niebur; V. Nikulin; D. Normanov; M. Nüssle; A. Oancea; Kunsu Oh; Y. Onishchuk; D. Osipov; G. Ososkov; D. Ossetski; P. Otfinowski; E. Ovcharenko; S. Pal; I. Panasenko; N.R. Panda; S. Parzhitskiy; C. Pauly; Haiping Peng; I. Peric; D. Peshekhonov; V. Peshekhonov; V. Petráček; M. Petriş; A. Petrovici; M. Petrovici; A. Petrovskiy; O. Petukhov; K. Piasecki; J. Pieper; J. Pietraszko; R. Płaneta; E. Plekhanov; V. Plotnikov; V. Plujko; J. Pluta; V. Poliakov; P. Polozov; A. Pop; V. Popov; V. Pospisil; B.V.K.S. Potukuchi; J. Pouryamout; K. Poźniak; A. Prakash; M. Prokudin; I. Pshenichnov; M. Pugach; V. Pugatch; S. Querchfeld; L. Radulescu; S. Raha; W. Raja; F. Rami; R. Raniwala; S. Raniwala; A. Raportirenko; J. Rautenberg; J. Rauza; R. Ray; S. Razin; P. Reichelt; S. Reinecke; A. Reshetin; C. Ristea; O. Ristea; F. Roether; R. Romaniuk; A. Rost; E. Rostchin; I. Rostovtseva; A. Roy; J. Rozynek; Yu. Ryabov; V. Rykalin; A. Sadovsky; S. Sadovsky; R. Sahoo; P.K. Sahu; J. Saini; S. Samanta; S.S. Sambyal; V. Samsonov; J. Sánchez Rosado; S. Sau; V. Saveliev; S. Schatral; C. Schiaua; C.J. Schmidt; H.R. Schmidt; K. Schmidt; K. Schweda; A. Scurtu; F. Seck; S. Seddiki; I. Selyuzhenkov; A. Semennikov; A. Senger; P. Senger; A. Shabunov; Ming Shao; M.K. Sharma; N. Shumeiko; V. Shumikhin; B. Sikora; A. Simakov; C. Simon; C. Simons; R.N. Singaraju; A.K. Singh; B.K. Singh; C.P. Singh; V. Singhal; K. Siwek-Wilczyńska; L. Škoda; I. Skwira-Chalot; I. Som; Jihye Song; I. Sorokin; Z. Sosin; D. Soyk; P. Staszel; A. Stavinskiy; E. Stephan; D. Storozhyk; M. Strikhanov; S. Strohauer; J. Stroth; C. Sturm; R. Sultanov; Yongjie Sun; O. Svoboda; R. Szczygieł; R. Talukdar; Zebo Tang; M. Tanha; J. Tarasiuk; O. Tarassenkova; M.-G. Târzilă; V. Tiflov; T. Tischler; P. Tlustý; A. Toia; T. Tolyhi; N. Topil'skaya; C. Trageser; P. Trivedy; I. Tsakov; Yu. Tsyupa; A. Turowiecki; F. Uhlig; E. Usenko; I. Valin; T. Vasiliev; I. Vassiliev; E. Verbitskaya; W. Verhoeven; A. Veshikov; R. Visinka; Y.P. Viyogi; S. Volkov; Yu. Volkov; A. Vorobiev; A. Voronin; V. Vovchenko; E. Vznuzdaev; M. Vznuzdaev; Dong Wang; Yaping Wang; Wang Yi; C. Wendisch; J.P. Wessels; M. Wiebusch; J. Wiechula; B. Wiedemann; D. Wielanek; A. Wieloch; N. Winckler; M. Winter; K. Wiśniewski; D. Wohlfeld; Gy. Wolf; Won Sanguk; J. Wüstenfeld; Changzhou Xiang; Xu Nu; Jun-Gyu Yi; Zhongbao Yin; In-Kwon Yoo; Qian Yue; B. Yuldashev; I. Yushmanov; W. Zabołotny; Yu. Zaitsev; Yu. Zanevsky; M. Zhalov; Ya Peng Zhang; Yifei Zhang; Daicui Zhou; Xianglei Zhu; A. Zinchenko; W. Zipper; M. Zoładź; P. Zrelov; V. Zryuev; P. Zumbruch; M. Zyzak
[No abstract available]
Computer Simulation of Long-Term Vegetation Status in Landslide-Prone Areas in the Himalayan Region
(2004) S.K. Basu; A. Roy
The long-term vegetation pattern in landslide-prone regions is studied using simulation and modeling. A simulator is developed to study the impact of landslides on vegetation status. The first part of the model deals with simulation of the effects of rainfall, earthquakes, and deforestation in the creation of landslides and the concomitant damage to vegetation. The second part is a deterministic model of vegetation regeneration. The authors assume that the interarrival time of earthquakes, the intensity of these earthquakes, and rainfall intensity are stochastic in nature and that the earthquake frequency is independent of earthquake intensity. An estimate is made of the damage to vegetation due to the occurrence of landslides under the combined influence of earthquakes, rainfall, and deforestation. After the ecosystem parameters get modified due to the damage, the vegetation status is recalculated for the annual change according to the vegetation regeneration model. © 2004, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Distribution and ethnic variation of â-thalassemia mutations in Nepal.
(2012) A. Mishra; A. Mukherjee; A. Roy; G. Singh; P. Shrestha; R.R. Singh; V. Rohil; N. Baral; S. Majhi; D. Dash
This is the first study characterizing spectrum of beta-thalassemia mutations in Nepalese population. Mutations were analyzed in 22 patients using 10 sets of allele-specific primers. Five of the mutations, namely F.S 41/42 (--TCTT), IVS1 nt5 (G-->C), IVS1 nt1 (G-->T), 619 bp deletion and F.S 8/9 (+G), were found to constitute 87.82% of total alleles studied. F.S 41/42 (--TCTT) was the commonest mutation. -88 (C-->T), Codon 16 (--C) and Codon 15 (G-->A), had a combined frequency of 12.18%. Distribution of mutations causing beta-thalassemia in different ethnic Nepalese groups was analyzed. The mutational profile in Nepal share several similarities with that from the two neighboring countries, India and China. Detection of more than one mutation in three cases of thalassemia trait raises the likelihood of existence of multiple mutations in cis in Nepalese thalassemic carriers. Such possibility has to be carefully considered while developing prenatal screening program for Nepalese population.
Dynamics of microbial biomass and nitrogen supply during primary succession on blastfurnace slag dumps in dry tropics
(Elsevier Ltd, 2003) A. Roy; K.P. Singh
This paper reports the role of microbial biomass in the establishment of N pools in the substratum during primary succession (till 40-year age) in Blastfurnace Slag Dumps, an anthropogenically created land form in the tropics. Initially in the depressions in the slag dumps fine soil particles (silt + clay) accumulate, retaining moisture therein, and providing microsites for the accumulation of microbial biomass. In all sites microbial biomass showed distinct seasonality, with summer-peak and rainy season-low standing crops. During the summer season microbial biomass C ranged from 18.6 μg g-1 in the 1-year old site to ca. 235 μg g-1 in the 40-year old site; correspondingly, microbial biomass N ranged from 1.22 to 40 μg g-1. On sites 2.5-years of age and younger, the microbial biomass N content accounted for more than 50% of the organic N in the soil, whereas the proportion of microbial biomass N was ca. 7% of organic N in 40-year old site. The strong correlation between microbial biomass and total N in soil indicated a significant role of microbes in the build-up of nitrogen during the initial stages of succession in the slag dumps. Though the organic N pool in the soil was low (594 mg kg-1) even after 40 years of succession, the available N (NH4-N and NO3-N) contents in the soil were generally high through the entire age series (ca. 16-32 μg g-1) during the rainy season (which supports active growth of the herbaceous community). The high mineral-N status on the slag dump was related with high N-mineralization rates, particularly in the young sites (20.6 and 13.9 μg g-1 month-1 at 1 and 2.5-year age). We suggest that along with the abiotic factors having strong effect on ecosystem functioning, the microbial biomass, an important biotic factor, shows considerable influence on soil nutrient build-up during early stages of primary succession on the slag dumps. The microbial biomass dynamics initiates biotic control in developing slag dumps ecosystem through its effect on nitrogen pools and availability. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of dopant (Li+, Mg2+ and Bi3+) on the photoluminescence emission intensity of Eu3+ doped CaAl2O4 phosphor: Application to white LEDs
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) A.K. Choudhary; A. Roy; P.K. Yadav; S.B. Rai
In this work, we have investigated the photoluminescence (PL) emission properties of Eu3+ doped CaAl2O4 in the presence of singly, doubly and triply ionized dopant ions i.e., Li+, Mg2+ and Bi3+ ions. The phosphor samples were synthesized by the high-temperature solid-state reaction process at 1473 K. The crystalline phase, crystallinity and surface morphology of Li+, Mg2+ and Bi3+ ions doped 0.01Eu3+:CaAl2O4 phosphor were examined and confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. The different vibrational groups and their corresponding vibrational frequencies were measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique. The 0.01Eu3+:CaAl2O4 phosphor emits intense red emission at 616 nm on excitations with 393 nm (Eu3+ line) and by the charge transfer band (Eu3+-O2-) at 262 nm. The overall PL emission intensity of 0.01Eu3+:CaAl2O4 phosphor on excitation with 393 nm is found to increase almost 2.8 times in the presence of Li+ than other dopants. The emission intensity are increased in case of Li+ and Mg2+ doping due to crystallinity, charge compensation and the asymmetry created around the Eu3+ ions in the phosphors matrix. However, in case of Bi3+ ion, the emission intensity decreases on 393 nm excitation. In the presence of Bi3+ ion the intense red emission is observed due to energy transfer from Bi3+ (3P1→1S0) to Eu3+ ion on λexc = 294 nm. The lifetime study were carried in each case which are in accordance with the PL emission behaviour of Li+, Mg2+ and Bi3+ ions doped 0.01Eu3+:CaAl2O4 phosphor. The CIE color coordinates, correlated color temperature (CCT) and color purity have been calculated, which shows highly pure red color in the warm light region. The 0.01Eu3+:0.10Li+:CaAl2O4 phosphor may be used in displays devices, photonic devices, solid state lighting as red light emitting source. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Erratum: Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (The Lancet (2016) 388(10053) (1775–1812)(S0140673616314702)(10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2))
(Elsevier B.V., 2017) N.J. Kassebaum; R.M. Barber; L. Dandona; S.I. Hay; H.J. Larson; S.S. Lim; A.D. Lopez; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; C. Pinho; C. Steiner; T. Vos; H. Wang; T. Achoki; G.M. Anderson; M. Arora; S. Biryukov; J.D. Blore; A. Carter; D.C. Casey; M.M. Coates; M. Coggeshall; D.J. Dicker; E. Dossou; T. Fleming; M.S. Fraser; J. Friedman; N. Fullman; N. Graetz; J. Hancock; C. Huynh; M. Iannarone; L. Kemmer; X.R. Kulikoff; M.J. Kutz; P.Y. Liu; N. Marquez; A. Misganaw; M.D. Mooney; M. Moradi-Lakeh; M. Ng; G. Nguyen; A. Pain; K.A. Shackelford; N. Silpakit; A. Sligar; J.M. Smith; R.J.D. Sorensen; S.E. Vollset; J.A. Wagner; T. Wolock; Y. Zhao; M. Zhou; C.J.L. Murray; B.E. Ebel; N.D. Futran; K.M. Harun; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; N. Akseer; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; S. Goenka; G.A. Kumar; P.W. Gething; D. Bisanzio; A. Deribew; C. Cooper; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; V. Jha; K. Rahimi; Y. Kinfu; G.V.S. Murthy; Y. Li; S. Liu; L. Wang; X. Liang; S. Yu; P. Azzopardi; K.B. Gibney; A. Meretoja; C.E.I. Szoeke; K. Alam; S.M. Colquhoun; R.G. Weintraub; T. Wijeratne; R. Lozano; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J.C. Campuzano; H. Gomez-Dantes; H. Lamadrid-Figueroa; F. Mejia-Rodriguez; J.C. Montañez Hernandez; P. Montero; G.A. Mensah; J.A. Salomon; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; J.R.A. Fitchett; A.A. Abajobir; L.D. Knibbs; R. Lalloo; N.K.M. Alam; Y. Guo; K.H. Abate; T.T. Gebrehiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; K.M. Abbas; F. Abd-Allah; M.A. Abdallat; A.M. Abdulle; S.F. Abera; Y.A. Melaku; F.H. Tesfay; A.F. Aregay; T.A. Bayou; B.D. Betsu; M. Gebremedhin; A.A. Gebru; G.B. Hailu; T. Tekle; A.Z. Yalew; H.G. Yebyo; V. Aboyans; I. Abubakar; R.W. Aldridge; A. Banerjee; N.M. Aburmeileh; A.O. Adebiyi; A.L. Adelekan; F.A. Ojelabi; I.A. Adedeji; A.K. Adou; K.A. Afanvi; A. Badawi; A. Agarwal; A. Agarwal; A Ahmad Kiadaliri; T.F. Akinyemiju; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; Z. Al-Aly; K. Alam; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; D. Alasfoor; S.F. Aldhahri; A.S. Terkawi; S. Alhabib; A. Alkerwi; F. Alla; R. Al-Raddadi; U. Alsharif; E Alvarez Martin; N. Alvis-Guzman; A.T. Amare; L.G. Ciobanu; G.A. Tessema; T. Setegn; A. Amberbir; A.K. Amegah; A.A. Kudom; W. Ammar; H.L. Harb; S.M. Amrock; H.H. Andersen; R.M. Antoine; C.A.T. Antonio; E.J.A. Faraon; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; V.S. Arsic Arsenijevic; A. Barac; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; S. Atique; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; B.P. Ayala Quintanilla; U. Bacha; M.C. Bahit; K. Balakrishnan; S.L. Barker-Collo; S. Mohammed; S. Basu; Y.T. Bayou; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; J. Beardsley; N. Bedi; T. Bekele; M.L. Bell; B.J. Biroscak; J.J. Huang; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A. Berhane; C.D. Wolfe; E. Bernabé; A.S. Beyene; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; A.A. Bin Abdulhak; E. Bjertness; A.S. Htet; M. Brainin; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; J. Shen; N.J.K. Breitborde; T.S. Brugha; Z.A. Butt; R. Cárdenas; S. Fereshtehnejad; M. Kivipelto; E. Weiderpass; R. Havmoeller; S. Sindi; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; C.A. Castañedaorjuela; R.E. Castro; F. Catalá-López; F. Cavalleri; V. Colistro; H. Chang; J. Chang; L. Chavan; C.E. Chibueze; V.H. Chisumpa; C.C. Mapoma; F. Masiye; J.J. Choi; R. Chowdhury; D.J. Christopher; M. Cirillo; L.T. Cooper; T. Dahiru; A. Damasceno; H. Danawi; A.H. Refaat; J Das Neves; D. De Leo; R.P. Dellavalle; K. Deribe; A.D. Hailu; W. Tefera; A.Z. Giref; T. Jibat; G Temam Shifa; D.C. Des Jarlais; S.D. Dharmaratne; M. Dubey; M.H.U. Rahman; U. Ram; A. Singh; A.K. Yadav; C.L. Ellingsen; M. Savic; V. Skirbekk; I. Elyazar; S.P. Ermakov; S. Soshnikov; B. Eshrati; F. Farzadfar; A. Kasaeian; F. Pishgar; A. Esteghamati; N. Hafezi-Nejad; S. Sheikhbahaei; A. Khosravi; R. Malekzadeh; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; V. Rahimi-Movaghar; T.A. Farid; A.R. Khan; C.S.E.S. Farinha; A. Faro; J.C. Fernandes; F. Fischer; N. Foigt; E.B. Franca; R.C. Franklin; T. Fürst; A. Majeed; K. Gambashidze; K. Kazanjan; M. Kereselidze; I. Khonelidze; M. Shakh-Nazarova; L. Sturua; A. Gamkrelidze; T. Gebre; J.M. Geleijnse; M. Giroud; M.D. Gishu; A.K. Tura; E. Glaser; P. Gona; A. Goodridge; S.V. Gopalani; A. Goto; H.C. Gugnani; R. Gupta; V. Gupta; O.F. Norheim; R.R. Hamadeh; S. Hamidi; A.J. Handal; G.J. Hankey; S. Harikrishnan; H.W. Hoek; M. Horino; N. Horita; H.D. Hosgood; D.G. Hoy; G. Hu; H. Huang; I. Huybrechts; K.M. Iburg; B.T. Idrisov; V.J. Iyer; K.H. Jacobsen; N. Jahanmehr; M.B. Jakovljevic; M. Javanbakht; A.U. Jayatilleke; S.H. Jee; D.K. Lal; S. Zodpey; G. Jiang; Y. Jiang; J.B. Jonas; Z. Kabir; R. Kamal; C.N. Kesavachandran; J. She; H. Kan; A. Karch; D. Karletsos; A. Kaul; N. Kawakami; K. Shibuya; J.F. Kayibanda; D.S. Kazi; P.N. Keiyoro; A.P. Kengne; C.S. Wiysonge; K. Sliwa; A. Keren; Y.S. Khader; E.A. Khan; Y.H. Khang; S. Won; J. Khubchandani; Y.J. Kim; Y. Kokubo; S. Kosen; P.A. Koul; A. Koyanagi; S. Krishnaswami; B Kuate Defo; B Kucuk Bicer; H. Lam; Q. Lan; D.O. Laryea; R. Leung; S.E. Lipshultz; J.D. Wilkinson; E.P. Simard; Y. Liu; M.R. Phillips; Q. Xiao; B.K. Lloyd; R. Lunevicius; D. Pope; S. Ma; H Magdy Abd El Razek; W. Marcenes; P.A. Meaney; D.J. Margolis; M.B. Marzan; A.J. Mason-Jones; T.T. Mazorodze; A. Mehari; M.M. Mehndiratta; S.M. Woldeyohannes; B.A. Tedla; Z.A. Memish; W. Mendoza; T.J. Meretoja; F.A. Mhimbira; T.R. Miller; E.J. Mills; N. Mohamed Ibrahim; K.A. Mohammad; A. Mohammadi; G.L.D. Mola; L. Monasta; M. Montico; L. Ronfani; J.D. Monis; A.R. Moore; M. Moradilakeh; L. Morawska; R.E. Norman; R. Mori; A. Werdecker; U.O. Mueller; R. Westerman; S. Murthy; F. Pourmalek; J.B. Nachega; A.J. Paternina Caicedo; S. Seedat; B.X. Tran; A. Naheed; L. Naldi; G. Remuzzi; D. Nand; V. Nangia; D. Nash; S. Neupane; J.N. Newton; F.N. Ngalesoni; P. Nguhiu; Q.L. Nguyen; M. Nomura; L. Nyakarahuka; C.M. Obermeyer; F.A. Ogbo; I. Oh; P.R. Olivares; B.O. Olusanya; J.O. Olusanya; J.N. Opio; E. Oren; E. Ota; A.S. Oyekale; P.A. Mahesh; N. Papantoniou; V. Stathopoulou; E. Park; H. Park; S.B. Patten; V.K. Paul; A. Roy; R. Sagar; M. Satpathy; D.M. Pereira; M. Cortinovis; N. Perico; K. Pesudovs; M. Petzold; J.D. Pillay; S. Polinder; M. Qorbani; A. Rafay; S.U. Rahman; R.K. Rai; C.L. Ranabhat; T. Rangaswamy; P.V. Rao; S. Resnikoff; D. Rojas-Rueda; G.M. Ruhago; B.F. Sunguya; M.M. Saleh; J.R. Sanabria; M.D. Sanchez-Niño; R. Sarmiento-Suarez; B. Sartorius; M. Sawhney; M.I. Saylan; I.J.C. Schneider; D.A.S. Silva; E.E. Servan-Mori; M.A. Shaikh; R. Sharma; M. Shin; S. Yoon; R. Shiri; K. Shishani; I. Shiue; I.D. Sigfusdottir; D.G.A. Silveira; J.I. Silverberg; Y. Yano; O.P. Singh; P.K. Singh; V. Singh; S. Soneji; J.B. Soriano; L.A. Sposato; C.T. Sreeramareddy; K. Stroumpoulis; S. Swaminathan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; K.M. Tabb; R.T. Talongwa; M. Tavakkoli; B. Taye; A.Y. Endries; G. Temam Shifa; A.J. Thomson; R. Tobe-Gai; R. Topor-Madry; J.A. Towbin; Z. Tsala Dimbuene; S. Tyrovolas; K.N. Ukwaja; O.A. Uthman; T. Vasankari; N. Venketasubramanian; F.S. Violante; S.K. Vladimirov; V.V. Vlassov; S. Weichenthal; M. Wubshet; G. Xu; B. Yakob; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; H. Zeeb; L.J. Zuhlke
GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1775–812—In this Article, an extra affiliation has been added for Simon I Hay. The affiliation for Monica Cortinovis has been edited. The funding statement for Simon I Hay has been added. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Jan 5, 2017. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Elsevier Ltd, 2016) H. Wang; T.M. Wolock; A. Carter; G. Nguyen; H.H. Kyu; E. Gakidou; S.I. Hay; W. Msemburi; M.M. Coates; M.D. Mooney; M.S. Fraser; A. Sligar; H.J. Larson; J. Friedman; A. Brown; L. Dandona; N. Fullman; J. Haagsma; I. Khalil; S.S. Lim; J. Mikesell; A.H. Mokdad; M. Moradi-Lakeh; K. Pearson; BS Silpakit; MPH Sorensen; A.M. Temesgen; S.E. Vollset; L. Zoeckler; C.J.L. Murray; R. Alfonso-Cristancho; K.M. Harun; D.M. Prokop; E.J. Mills; A. Trickey; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; S. Won; J.R.A. Fitchett; J. Salomon; A.A. Abajobir; D.G. Hoy; N.K.M. Alam; K.H. Abate; T.T. Ghiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; K.M. Abbas; M.M. Abd El Razek; F. Abd-Allah; A.M. Abdulle; S.F. Abera; Y.A. Melaku; F.H. Tesfay; G.Y. Abyu; T.A. Bayou; B.D. Betsu; A.A. Gebru; G.B. Hailu; T. Tekle; A.Z. Yalew; H.G. Yebyo; I. Abubakar; R.W. Aldridge; L.J. Abu-Raddad; N.M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; A.O. Adebiyi; I.A. Adedeji; A.L. Adelekan; F.A. Ojelabi; K. Adofo; A.K. Adou; T.F. Akinyemiju; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; N. Akseer; F.H. Al Lami; Z. Al-Aly; K. Alam; R.G. Weintraub; P.P. Chiang; A. Meretoja; A.D. Lopez; T. Wijeratne; T.R. Driscoll; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; C.K. Karema; D. Alasfoor; S.F.S. Aldhahri; A.S. Terkawi; M.A. Alegretti; A.V. Aleman; Z.A. Alemu; C. Cooper; A. Deribew; P.W. Gething; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; D. Bisanzio; K. Rahimi; A. Alkerwi; F. Alla; R.M.S. Al-Raddadi; M.Y. Saeedi; U. Alsharif; E. Alvarez; N. Alvis-Guzman; A.T. Amare; H.W. Hoek; A.K. Tura; L.G. Ciobanu; G.A. Tessema; A. Amberbir; A.K. Amegah; W. Ammar; H.L. Harb; S.M. Amrock; C.A.T. Antonio; P. Anwari; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; R.J. Asghar; R. Assadi; S. Atique; L.S. Atkins; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; E. Bhatia; B.P. Ayala; U. Bacha; A. Badawi; A. Barac; A. Basu; Y.T. Bayou; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; J. Beardsley; N. Bedi; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A.S. Beyene; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; S.M. Birlik; M. Brainin; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; N.J.K. Breitborde; E. Oren; M. Burch; Z.A. Butt; J.C. Campuzano; I.B. Heredia-Pi; E.E. Servan-Mori; R. Cárdenas; S. Fereshtehnejad; M. Kivipelto; E. Weiderpass; J.J. Carrero; R. Havmoeller; S. Sindi; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; J. Castillo Rivas; F. Catalá-López; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; H. Chang; J. Chang; L. Chavan; W. Chen; M. Chibalabala; V.H. Chisumpa; C.C. Mapoma; F. Masiye; P. de Jager; M. Petzold; J.J. Choi; Y. Khang; D.J. Christopher; S. Mohammed; T. Dahiru; S.A. Damtew; K. Deribe; G. Temam; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; S. Goenka; G.A. Kumar; D.K. Lal; G.V.S. Murthy; S. Zodpey; J. das Neves; D.M. Pereira; D. De Leo; L. Degenhardt; R.P. Dellavalle; D.C. Des Jarlais; S.D. Dharmaratne; P.P. Doshi; K.E. Doyle; M. Dubey; M.H.U. Rahman; U. Ram; A.K. Yadav; Y.M. Elshrek; I. Elyazar; A.Y. Endries; S.P. Ermakov; B. Eshrati; A. Esteghamati; N. Hafezi-Nejad; S. Sheikhbahaei; F. Farzadfar; A. Kasaeian; R. Malekzadeh; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; V. 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Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5–2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6–40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7–1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1–1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Formulating diversity vector for ecosystem comparison
(2004) A. Roy; S.K. Tripathi; S.K. Basu
Extensive variations in the taxonomic variety and morphology of living organisms and their spatial distribution have created a major problem for precise assessment of biodiversity. Biodiversity is fundamentally a multidimensional concept and cannot be reduced sensibly to a single number [Purvis, A., Hector, A., 2000. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature 405, 212-219]. A number of diversity indices are available but each has its own limitations, as they are not adequate for comprehensive representation of biodiversity of an ecosystem. We propose a vector for making a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative description of ecosystem diversity. This vector gives a fair idea about the physical and biological aspects of the ecosystem and can be used for modeling and comparison of intra- and inter-ecosystem diversity in the form of concise numerical information. The diversity vector has five components: environmental index, life-form index, Shannon-Weiner index, taxonomic index and functional index. The scheme takes care of species abundance, taxonomic variety and satisfies monotonicity. Moreover, these components can be easily calculated. Field data from two contrasting ecosystems are used to explain the scheme. Though we have confined to the plant kingdom, the scheme can be logically extended to incorporate the animal kingdom. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Generation of color tunable emissions from Ho3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped YTaO4 phosphors through NIR excitation under different conditions (variation of concentration, excitation pump power and the external temperature)
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) A. Roy; A. Dwivedi; H. Mishra; A.K. Rai; S.B. Rai
This work reports the color tunable emission from Ho3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped YTaO4 phosphors synthesized through high temperature solid state reaction method. Pure phase formation and the effect of concentrations of dopants on the phase have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Vibrational structure and the phonon frequencies have been monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The color tunability from green to blue regions has been studied by varying the concentration of sensitizer (Yb3+ ion) via upconversion (UC) process on excitation with 980 nm diode laser qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The variation in UC emission intensity in different regions at different concentrations of Yb3+ ion is explained using energy level diagram of Ho3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ ions. The color tunability has been also observed with pump power of excitation source. The locus of the color coordinates in CIE diagram of the YTaO4:Tm3+, Ho3+, Yb3+ show different curvatures with different pump powers at different Yb3+ concentrations. The laser induced optical heating is responsible for variation in the color on increasing pump power. The color coordinates has been also investigated by varying the external temperature. The color tunable behaviours of YTaO4:Tm3+, Ho3+, Yb3+ phosphor by varying the concentration of Yb3+ ion, pump power of diode laser and at different external temperatures in the same material makes it suitable for the applications in security and fluorescence imaging. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Elsevier B.V., 2016) T. Vos; C. Allen; M. Arora; R.M. Barber; A. Brown; A. Carter; D.C. Casey; F.J. Charlson; A.Z. Chen; M. Coggeshall; L. Cornaby; L. Dandona; D.J. Dicker; T. Dilegge; H.E. Erskine; A.J. Ferrari; C. Fitzmaurice; T. Fleming; M.H. Forouzanfar; N. Fullman; E.M. Goldberg; N. Graetz; J.A. Haagsma; S.I. Hay; C.O. Johnson; N.J. Kassebaum; T. Kawashima; L. Kemmer; I.A. Khalil; H.H. Kyu; J. Leung; S.S. Lim; A.D. Lopez; L. Marczak; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; G. Nguyen; E. Nsoesie; H. Olsen; D.M. Pigott; C. Pinho; Z. Rankin; N. Reinig; L. Sandar; A. Smith; J. Stanaway; C. Steiner; S. Teeple; B.A. Thomas; C. Troeger; J.A. Wagner; H. Wang; V. Wanga; H.A. Whiteford; L. Zoeckler; L.T. Alexander; G.M. Anderson; B. Bell; K. Bienhoff; S. Biryukov; J. Blore; J. Brown; M.M. Coates; F. Daoud; K. Estep; K. Foreman; J. Fox; J. Friedman; J. Frostad; W.W. Godwin; J. Hancock; C. Huynh; M. Iannarone; P. Kim; M. Kutz; F. Masiye; A. Millear; M. Mirarefin; M.D. Mooney; M. Moradi-Lakeh; E. Mullany; J.E. Mumford; M. Ng; P. Rao; M.B. Reitsma; A. Reynolds; G.A. Roth; K.A. Shackelford; A. Sivonda; A. Sligar; R.J.D. Sorensen; P. Sur; S.E. Vollset; R. Woodbrook; M. Zhou; C.J.L. Murray; R.G. Ellenbogen; G.A. Kotsakis; C.N. Mock; B.O. Anderson; N.D. Futran; P.N. Jensen; D.A. Watkins; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; N. Akseer; A.A. Abajobir; L.D. Knibbs; R. Lalloo; J.G. Scott; N.K.M. Alam; H.N. Gouda; Y. Guo; J.J. McGrath; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; G.A. Kumar; P.W. Gething; D. Bisanzio; A. Deribew; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; K. Rahimi; Y. Kinfu; L. Duan; Y. Li; S. Liu; Y. Jin; L. Wang; P. Ye; X. Liang; P. Azzopardi; K.B. Gibney; A. Meretoja; K. Alam; R. Borschmann; S.M. Colquhoun; G.C. Patton; R.G. Weintraub; C.E.I. Szoeke; Z. Ademi; H.R. Taylor; R. Lozano; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J.C. Campuzano; H. Gomez-Dantes; I.B. Heredia-Pi; F. Mejia-Rodriguez; J.C. Montañez Hernandez; M.J. Rios Blancas; E.E. Servan-Mori; G.A. Mensah; J.A. Salomon; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; G.R. Wagner; M. Osman; M.G. Shrime; J.R.A. Fitchett; K.H. Abate; T.T. Gebrehiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; C. Abbafati; K.M. Abbas; F. Abd-Allah; B. Abraham; I. Abubakar; A. Banerjee; H. Benzian; L.J. Abu-Raddad; N.M. Abu-Rmeileh; I.N. Ackerman; R. Buchbinder; B. Gabbe; A.G. Thrift; A.O. Adebiyi; R.O. Akinyemi; T. Fürst; A.K. Adou; K.A. Afanvi; E.E. Agardh; A. Badawi; S. Popova; A. Agarwal; A. Ahmad Kiadaliri; B. Norrving; H. Ahmadieh; M. Yaseri; N. Jahanmehr; Z. Al-Aly; T.R. Driscoll; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; S.F. Aldhahri; K.A. Altirkawi; M.A. Alegretti; Z.A. Alemu; S. Alhabib; A. Alkerwi; F. Alla; F. Guillemin; P. Allebeck; R.H.S. Rabiee; J.J. Carrero; S.M. Fereshtehnejad; E. Weiderpass; R. Havmoeller; R. Al-Raddadi; U. Alsharif; N. Alvis-Guzman; A.T. Amare; Y.A. Melaku; L.G. Ciobanu; A. Amberbir; H. Amini; C.K. Karema; W. Ammar; H.L. Harb; S.M. Amrock; H.H. Andersen; C.A.T. Antonio; A.F. Aregay; B.D. Betsu; G.B. Hailu; H.G. Yebyo; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; R. Assadi; S. Atique; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; B.P. Ayala Quintanilla; U. Bacha; K. Balakrishnan; A. Barac; S.L. Barker-Collo; S. Mohammed; L. Barregard; M. Petzold; L.H. Barrero; A. Basu; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; E. Beghi; K.N. Sheth; M.L. Bell; J.J. Huang; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A. Berhane; C.D. Wolfe; E. Bernabé; R.J. Hay; H.S. Roba; A.S. Beyene; N. Bhala; T. Fürst; F.B. Piel; T.J. Steiner; S. Bhatt; F. Greaves; A. Majeed; M. Soljak; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; E. Bjertness; A.S. Htet; S. Boufous; L. Degenhardt; S. Resnikoff; B. Calabria; P.B. Mitchell; M. Brainin; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; W.D. Lo; J. Shen; N.J.K. Breitborde; G.C. Buckle; Z.A. Butt; A. Lal; H. Carabin; R. Cárdenas; D.O. Carpenter; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; J. Castillo Rivas; F. Catalá-López; J. Chang; P.P. Chiang; C.E. Chibueze; V.H. Chisumpa; J.J. Choi; R. Chowdhury; H. Christensen; D.J. Christopher; M. Cirillo; C. Cooper; M.D. Cortinovis Biotech; G. Giussani Biol; D.N. Perico; G. Remuzzi; J.A. Crump; S. Derrett; R.G. Poulton; S.A. Damtew; K. Deribe; A.D. Hailu; A.Z. Giref; D. Haile; T. Jibat; B. Taye; P.I. Dargan; J. das Neves; J. Massano; J.V. Santos; G. Davey; A.C. Davis; J.N. Newton; N. Steel; D. De Leo; L.C. Del Gobbo; R.P. Dellavalle; D.C. Des Jarlais; S.D. Dharmaratne; P.K. Dhillon; P. Ganguly; S. Zodpey; C. Diaz-Torné; M. Dubey; M.H.U. Rahman; U. Ram; A. Singh; R.K. Verma; A.K. Yadav; B.B. Duncan; C. Kieling; M.I. Schmidt; H. Ebrahimi; F. Pishgar; F. Farzadfar; A. Kasaeian; M. Parsaeian; P. Heydarpour; R. Malekzadeh; G. Roshandel; S.G. Sepanlou; V. Rahimi-Movaghar; I. Elyazar; M. Endres; A.Y. Endries; S.P. Ermakov; B. Eshrati; T.A. Farid; A.R. Khan; C.S.E.S. Farinha; A. Faro; V.L. Feigin; B.J. Te Ao; G.F. Kwan; D.T. Felson; J.G. Fernandes; J.C. Fernandes; F. Fischer; I. Shiue; F.G.R. Fowkes; R.C. Franklin; T. Fürst; V.J. Iyer; F.G. Gankpé; T. Gebre; J.M. Geleijnse; B.D. Gessner; I.A. Ginawi; M. Giroud; M.D. Gishu; A.K. Tura; E. Glaser; Y.A. Halasa; D.S. Shepard; E.A. Undurraga; P. Gona; A. Goodridge; S.V. Gopalani; C.C. Gotay; N. Kissoon; J.A. Kopec; F. Pourmalek; A. Goto; M. Inoue; R. Grainger; R. Gupta; R. Gupta; V. Gupta; R.A. Gutiérrez; A.K. Knudsen; O.F. Norheim; R.R. Hamadeh; S. Hamidi; M. Hammami; A.J. Handal; G.J. Hankey; Y. Hao; S. Harikrishnan; J.M. Haro; H.W. Hoek; V. Skirbekk; M. Horino; N. Horita; H.D. Hosgood; D.G. Hoy; H. Huang; K.M. Iburg; K. Innos; N. Kawakami; K. Shibuya; K.H. Jacobsen; M.B. Jakovljevic; M. Javanbakht; S.P. Jayaraman; A.U. Jayatilleke; S.H. Jee; D. Prabhakaran; Y. Jiang; A. Jimenez-Corona; J.B. Jonas; Z. Kabir; Y. Kalkonde; R. Kamal; C.N. Kesavachandran; H. Kan; A. Karch; C. Karimkhani; A. Kaul; P.N. Keiyoro; R.A. Lyons; A. Keren; Y.S. Khader; E.A. Khan; Y.H. Khang; S. Won; S. Khera; M. Tavakkoli; T.A.M. Khoja; J. Khubchandani; C. Kim; D. Kim; Y.J. Kim; J.C. Skogen; M. Savic; Y. Kokubo; D. Kolte; S.T. McGarvey; S. Kosen; P.A. Koul; A. Koyanagi; M. Kravchenko; Y.Y. Varakin; B. Kuate Defo; B. Kucuk Bicer; A.A. Kudom; S. Polinder; E.J. Kuipers; T. Lallukka; R. Shiri; T.J. Meretoja; H. Lam; J.O. Lam; J.B. Nachega; B.X. Tran; S.M. Langan; M. McKee; P.M. Lavados; J.L. Leasher; R. Leung; M. Levi; Y. Li; J. Liang; Y. Liu; M.R. Phillips; B.K. Lloyd; G. Logroscino; K.J. Looker; R. Lunevicius; M.T. Mackay; M. Magdy Abd El Razek; M. Mahdavi; W. Marcenes; P.A. Meaney; D.J. Margolis; J. Martinez-Raga; B.J. McMahon; A. Mehari; B.A. Tedla; P. Memiah; Z.A. Memish; W. Mendoza; F.A. Mhimbira; T.R. Miller; E.J. Mills; A. Mohammadi; L. Monasta; M. Montico; L. Ronfani; L. Morawska; R.E. Norman; A. Werdecker; U.O. Mueller; R. Westerman; A.J. Paternina Caicedo; M.E. Murdoch; S. Seedat; C.S. Wiysonge; G. Nagel; D. Rothenbacher; A. Naheed; L. Naldi; V. Nangia; F.N. Ngalesoni; Q.L. Nguyen; P.M. Nkamedjie Pete; J.M. Nolla; B.P. Nunes; F.A. Ogbo; I. Oh; T. Ohkubo; P.R. Olivares; B.O. Olusanya; J.O. Olusanya; A. Ortiz; E. Ota; P.A. Mahesh; V.M.D.A. Passos; S.B. Patten; M. Tonelli; D.M. Pereira; R. Perez-Padilla; K. Pesudovs; J.D. Pillay; D. Plass; J.A. Platts-Mills; C.D. Pond; N.M. Prasad; M. Qorbani; A. Radfar; A. Rafay; M. Rahman; S.U. Rahman; R.K. Rai; S. Rajsic; A.H. Refaat; A.L. Ribeiro; D. Rojas-Rueda; A. Roy; R. Sagar; M. Satpathy; N. Tandon; R. Sahathevan; J.R. Sanabria; M.D. Sanchez-Niño; R. Sarmiento-Suarez; B. Sartorius; M. Sawhney; M.P. Schaub; I.J.C. Schneider; D.A.S. Silva; B. Schöttker; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; A. Shaheen; M.A. Shaikh; R. Sharma; U. Sharma; M. Shin; S. Yoon; I.D. Sigfusdottir; D.G.A. Silveira; O.P. Singh; P.K. Singh; K. Søreide; K. Sliwa; D.J. Stein; J.B. Soriano; L.A. Sposato; C.T. Sreeramareddy; V. Stathopoulou; L.J. Stovner; S. Steinke; K. Stroumpoulis; B.F. Sunguya; S. Swaminathan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; J.S. Takala; D. Tanne; A.S. Terkawi; E.M. Tuzcu; A.J. Thomson; G.D. Thurston; R. Tobe-Gai; R. Topor-Madry; F. Topouzis; T. Truelsen; Z. Tsala Dimbuene; M. Tsilimbaris; S. Tyrovolas; K.N. Ukwaja; C.J. Uneke; O.A. Uthman; C.H. van Gool; T. Vasankari; N. Venketasubramanian; F.S. Violante; S.K. Vladimirov; V.V. Vlassov; S.G. Waller; S. Weichenthal; R.A. White; H.C. Williams; M. Wubshet; D. Xavier; G. Xu; L.L. Yan; Y. Yano; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; H. Zeeb; L.J. Zuhlke
Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2016) N.J. Kassebaum; R.M. Barber; L. Dandona; S.I. Hay; H.J. Larson; S.S. Lim; A.D. Lopez; A.H. Mokdad; M. Naghavi; C. Pinho; C. Steiner; T. Vos; H. Wang; T. Achoki; G.M. Anderson; M. Arora; S. Biryukov; J.D. Blore; A. Carter; D.C. Casey; M.M. Coates; M. Coggeshall; D.J. Dicker; E. Dossou; T. Fleming; M.S. Fraser; J. Friedman; N. Fullman; N. Graetz; J. Hancock; C. Huynh; M. Iannarone; L. Kemmer; X.R. Kulikoff; M.J. Kutz; P.Y. Liu; N. Marquez; A. Misganaw; M.D. Mooney; M. Moradi-Lakeh; M. Ng; G. Nguyen; A. Pain; K.A. Shackelford; N. Silpakit; A. Sligar; J.M. Smith; R.J.D. Sorensen; S.E. Vollset; J.A. Wagner; T. Wolock; Y. Zhao; M. Zhou; C.J.L. Murray; B.E. Ebel; N.D. Futran; K.M. Harun; Z.A. Bhutta; M.I. Nisar; N. Akseer; P. Jeemon; R. Dandona; S. Goenka; G.A. Kumar; P.W. Gething; D. Bisanzio; A. Deribew; C. Cooper; R. Ali; D.A. Bennett; V. Jha; K. Rahimi; Y. Kinfu; G.V.S. Murthy; Y. Li; S. Liu; L. Wang; X. Liang; S. Yu; P. Azzopardi; K.B. Gibney; A. Meretoja; C.E.I. Szoeke; K. Alam; S.M. Colquhoun; R.G. Weintraub; T. Wijeratne; R. Lozano; I.R. Campos-Nonato; J.C. Campuzano; H. Gomez-Dantes; H. Lamadrid-Figueroa; F. Mejia-Rodriguez; J.C. Montañez Hernandez; P. Montero; G.A. Mensah; J.A. Salomon; A.L. Thorne-Lyman; O.N. Ajala; T. Bärnighausen; E.L. Ding; M.S. Farvid; J.R.A. Fitchett; A.A. Abajobir; L.D. Knibbs; R. Lalloo; N.K.M. Alam; Y. Guo; K.H. Abate; T.T. Gebrehiwot; A.T. Gebremedhin; K.M. Abbas; F. Abd-Allah; M.A. Abdallat; A.M. Abdulle; S.F. Abera; Y.A. Melaku; F.H. Tesfay; A.F. Aregay; T.A. Bayou; B.D. Betsu; M. Gebremedhin; A.A. Gebru; G.B. Hailu; T. Tekle; A.Z. Yalew; H.G. Yebyo; V. Aboyans; I. Abubakar; R.W. Aldridge; A. Banerjee; N.M. Aburmeileh; A.O. Adebiyi; A.L. Adelekan; F.A. Ojelabi; I.A. Adedeji; A.K. Adou; K.A. Afanvi; A. Badawi; A. Agarwal; A Ahmad Kiadaliri; T.F. Akinyemiju; D.C. Schwebel; J.A. Singh; Z. Al-Aly; A.H. Kemp; J. Leigh; A.B. Mekonnen; D. Alasfoor; S.F. Aldhahri; A.S. Terkawi; S. Alhabib; A. 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Yakob; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; M.Z. Younis; C. Yu; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; H. Zeeb; L.J. Zuhlke
Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10–54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91% coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78% of four antenatal care visits, 81% of in-facility delivery, and 87% of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care—including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
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Sanchez-Riera; R. Sarmiento-Suarez; M. Sawhney; M.P. Schaub; I.J.C. Schneider; D.A.S. Silva; A.E. Schutte; G. Shaddick; A. Shaheen; S. Shahraz; M.A. Shaikh; R. Sharma; B.P. Shetty; M. Shin; R. Shiri; I.D. Sigfusdottir; D.G.A. Silveira; J.I. Silverberg; Y. Yano; O.P. Singh; P.K. Singh; V. Singh; S. Soneji; K. Søreide; J.B. Soriano; L.A. Sposato; C.T. Sreeramareddy; V. Stathopoulou; M.B. Stein; S. Stranges; K. Stroumpoulis; S. Swaminathan; B.L. Sykes; R. Tabarés-Seisdedos; K.M. Tabb; J.S. Takala; R.T. Talongwa; B. Taye; M. Ten Have; E.M. Tuzcu; A.J. Thomson; A.G. Thrift; G.D. Thurston; R. Topor-Madry; F. Topouzis; J.A. Towbin; J. Traebert; T. Truelsen; U. Trujillo; U.S. Uchendu; K.N. Ukwaja; O.A. Uthman; R. Van Dingenen; A. van Donkelaar; T. Vasankari; A.M.N. Vasconcelos; N. Venketasubramanian; R. Vidavalur; F.S. Violante; V.V. Vlassov; M.T. Wallin; S. Weichenthal; R.A. White; H.C. Williams; J.Q. Wong; A.D. Woolf; D. Xavier; G. Xu; B. Yakob; L.L. Yan; P. Yip; N. Yonemoto; G. Yonga; M.Z. Younis; Z. Zaidi; M.E. Zaki; F. Zannad; D.E. Zavala; H. Zeeb; D. Zonies; L.J. Zuhlke
Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography–year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4–61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5–72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7–17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5–70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6–5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8–18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6–16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9–14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1–44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7–51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8–34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3–37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000–183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000–532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2016) S.S. Lim; K. Allen; L. Dandona; M.H. Forouzanfar; N. Fullman; E.M. Goldberg; S.I. Hay; M. Holmberg; M.J. Kutz; H.J. Larson; A.D. Lopez; C.R. McNellan; A.H. Mokdad; M.D. Mooney; M. Naghavi; H.E. Olsen; D.M. Pigott; T. Vos; H. Wang; T. Achoki; A. Afshin; C. Allen; G.M. Anderson; R. Barber; K.A. Bienhoff; J. Blore; M. Brauer; A. Carter; D. Casey; F.J. Charlson; A.Z. Chen; M.M. Coates; M. Coggeshall; A.J. Cohen; A. Deshpande; H.E. Erskine; A.J. Ferrari; C. Fitzmaurice; K. Foreman; M. Fraser; J. Friedman; J. Frostad; W. Godwin; N. Graetz; M. Griswold; J.A. Haagsma; A. Haakenstad; N.J. Kassebaum; L. Kemmer; X.R. Kulikoff; H.H. Kyu; J. Leung; M. Lind; P.Y. Liu; F. Masiye; M. Mirarefin; A. Misganaw; M. Moradi-Lakeh; G. Nguyen; C. Pinho; P.C. Rao; M.B. Reitsma; G.A. Roth; D.F. Santomauro; K. Shackelford; N. Silpakit; A. Sligar; R.J.D. Sorensen; J.D. Stanaway; C. Steiner; P. Sur; S.E. Vollset; V. Wanga; H.A. Whiteford; Y. Zhao; M. Zhou; C.J.L. Murray; G.A. 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Andersen; C.A.T. Antonio; P. Anwari; J. Ärnlöv; A. Larsson; A. Artaman; H. Asayesh; R.J. Asghar; S. Atique; E.F.G.A. Avokpaho; A. Awasthi; B.P. Ayala Quintanilla; U. Bacha; K. Balakrishnan; A. Barac; S.L. Barker-Collo; S. Mohammed; L.H. Barrero; S. Basu; L.C. Del; S. Bazargan-Hejazi; J. Beardsley; N. Bedi; E. Beghi; Y. Béjot; K.N. Sheth; M.L. Bell; A.K. Bello; I.S. Santos; I.M. Bensenor; P.A. Lotufo; A. Berhane; C.D. Wolfe; E. Bernabé; I. Wolfe; O.A. Bernal; H.S. Roba; A.S. Beyene; Y.M. Mesfin; N. Bhala; S. Bhatt; S. Biadgilign; B. Bikbov; S. Soneji; E. Bjertness; A.S. Htet; R.R.A. Bourne; M. Brainin; H. Krueger; C.C. Gotay; N. Kissoon; S. Murthy; F. Pourmalek; A. Brazinova; M. Majdan; J. Shen; N.J.K. Breitborde; D.M. Broday; T.S. Brugha; R. Buchbinder; B. Gabbe; A.G. Thrift; Z.A. Butt; A. van Donkelaar; R.V. Martin; H. Carabin; R. Cárdenas; V. Caso; C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela; J. Castillo Rivas; F. Catalá-López; F. Cavalleri; P. Cecílio; J. das Neves; J. Massano; J.M. Pedro; H. Chang; J. 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Keren; Y.S. Khader; E.A. Khan; G. Khan; Y.H. Khang; S. Won; T.A.M. Khoja; J. Khubchandani; C. Kim; D. Kim; S. Kim; Y.J. Kim; R.W. Kimokoti; Y. Kokubo; D. Kolte; S. Kosen; P.A. Koul; A. Koyanagi; M. Kravchenko; Y.Y. Varakin; B. Kuate Defo; R.S. Kuchenbecker; E.J. Kuipers; V.S. Kulkarni; A. Lal; R.M. Lucas; H. Lam; Q. Lan; D.O. Laryea; A.A. Latif; J.L. Leasher; M. Leinsalu; R. Leung; M. Levi; S. Linn; S.E. Lipshultz; J.D. Wilkinson; E.P. Simard; Y. Liu; M.R. Phillips; B.K. Lloyd; L. Lo; G. Logroscino; R. Lunevicius; M. Magdy; C. Magis-Rodriguez; M. Mahdavi; D.C. Malta; P.A. Meaney; D.J. Margolis; J. Martinez-Raga; A.J. Mason-Jones; B.A. Tedla; P. Memiah; Z.A. Memish; W. Mendoza; G.B.M. Mensink; T.J. Meretoja; F.A. Mhimbira; T.R. Miller; E.J. Mills; A. Mohammadi; L. Monasta; M. Montico; L. Ronfani; J.D. Monis; L. Morawska; J. Sun; R. Mori; A. Werdecker; U.O. Mueller; R. Westerman; M.E. Murdoch; B. Murimira; J. Murray; K.I. Musa; J.B. Nachega; S. Seedat; B.X. Tran; G. Nagel; D. 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Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59·3 (95% uncertainty interval 56·8–61·8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85·5 (84·2–86·5) in Iceland to 20·4 (15·4–24·9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r2=0·88) and the MDG index (r2=0·92), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r2=0·79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7·9 (IQR 5·0–10·4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10·0 [6·7–13·1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5·5 [2·1–8·9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Authors(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Photoluminescence behavior of rare earth doped self-activated phosphors (i.e. niobate and vanadate) and their applications
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023) A. Dwivedi; A. Roy; S.B. Rai
In the present study, the photoluminescence behaviors of rare earth doped self-activated phosphors are discussed briefly. Different techniques were used to develop these phosphor samples. We prepared pure and rare earth doped phosphor samples to look for their various applications. The structural confirmations and surface morphologies were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, respectively. The upconversion (UC) phenomenon was investigated in Tm3+/Yb3+ and Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped niobate and vanadate based phosphors, which gave intense blue/NIR and green/red emissions with a 980 nm diode laser as an excitation source. Pure niobate and vanadate phosphor materials are self-activated hosts which give broad blue emission under UV excitation. Upon UV excitation, intense broad blue emission along with sharp emissions due to Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions are observed via energy transfer between niobate/vanadate and rare earth ions. These self-activated hosts show prominent downshifting (DS) behavior. Broad band quantum cutting (QC) was observed in these self-activated hosts, in which a blue emitting photon is converted into two NIR photons by co-doping Yb3+ ions in it. The multimodal (upconversion, downshifting and quantum cutting) behaviors of these phosphors make them very promising in various applications, such as spectral converters to enhance the efficiency of a c-Si solar cell, security ink and color tunable materials. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry
Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990â€“2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Marissa B Reitsma; Parkes J Kendrick; Emad Ababneh; Cristiana Abbafati; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Amir Abdoli; Aidin Abedi; E.S. Abhilash; Derrick Bary Abila; Victor Aboyans; Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Shailesh M Advani; Mohammad Aghaali; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sohail Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Budi Aji; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Ziyad Al-Aly; Turki M Alanzi; Khalid F Alhabib; Liaqat Ali; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; FranÃ§ois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Saeed Amini; Hubert Amu; Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul; Robert Ancuceanu; Jason A Anderson; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Benny Antony; Davood Anvari; Jalal Arabloo; Nicholas D Arian; Monika Arora; Malke Asaad; Marcel Ausloos; Asma Tahir Awan; Getinet Ayano; Getie Lake Aynalem; Samad Azari; Darshan B B; Ashish D Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried BÃ¤rnighausen; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Masoud Behzadifar; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Kathleen S Sachiko Berfield; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Antonio Biondi; Setognal Birara; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Andre R Brunoni; Katrin Burkart; Zahid A Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Luis Alberto CÃ¡mera; Josip Car; Rosario CÃ¡rdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Jung-Chen Chang; Simiao Chen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Massimo Cirillo; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A S Couto; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Jiregna Darega Gela; Kairat Davletov; Meseret Derbew Molla; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Hoa Thi Do; Abdel Douiri; Bruce B Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; Kristina Edvardsson; Iffat Elbarazi; Maha El Tantawi; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Ibtihal Fadhil; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Carla Sofia e SÃ¡ Farinha; Medhat Farwati; Farshad Farzadfar; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Carlota Fernandez Prendes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Filippos Filippidis; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Mohamed M Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Silvano Gallus; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Franklin N Glozah; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Mahaveer Golechha; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C Goulart; Felix Greaves; Avirup Guha; Yuming Guo; Bhawna Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Vin Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Randah R Hamadeh; Graeme J Hankey; Arief Hargono; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Hadi Hassankhani; Simon I Hay; Golnaz Heidari; Claudiu Herteliu; Kamal Hezam; Thomas R Hird; Michael K Hole; Ramesh Holla; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Thomas Hsiao; Junjie Huang; Vincent C Iannucci; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Bulat Idrisov; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Jessica Y Islam; Rakibul M Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Hiroyasu Iso; Ramaiah Itumalla; Masao Iwagami; Jalil Jaafari; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Sung-In Jang; Hosna Janjani; Shubha Jayaram; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B Jonas; Tamas Joo; Mikk JÃ¼risson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Leila R Kalankesh; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Neeti Kapoor; Salah Eddin Karimi; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Hafte Kahsay Kebede; Bayew Kelkay; Ryan David Kennedy; Abdullah T Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Mika KivimÃ¤ki; Soewarta Kosen; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Nuworza Kugbey; G Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Ben Lacey; Jennifer O Lam; IvÃ¡n Landires; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Doo Woong Lee; Yo Han Lee; Janni Leung; Shanshan Li; Hualiang Lin; Shai Linn; Wei Liu; Alan D Lopez; Platon D Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Alessandra Lugo; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Narayana Manjunatha; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Jose Martinez-Raga; Santi Martini; Manu Raj Mathur; Carlo Eduardo Medina-SolÃs; Suresh Mehata; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G Menezes; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Bartosz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R Miller; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Sanjeev Misra; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Shane Douglas Morrison; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Sumaira Mubarik; Erin C Mullany; Christopher J L Murray; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Sanjeev Nair; Mahdi Nalini; Vinay Nangia; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Muhammad Naveed; Smitha Nayak; Vinod C Nayak; Javad Nazari; Sabina O Nduaguba; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Molly R Nixon; Chukwudi A Nnaji; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T Olagunju; Eyal Oren; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Mahesh P A; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Ashok Pandey; Utsav Parekh; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; George C Patton; Shrikant Pawar; Richard G Pestell; Marina Pinheiro; Michael A Piradov; Saeed Pirouzpanah; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Roman V Polibin; Akila Prashant; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Amir Radfar; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Azizur Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Nazanin Rajai; Pradhum Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Priya Rathi; Lal Rawal; Andre M N Renzaho; Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Mavra A Riaz; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ambuj Roy; Bedanta Roy; Simona Sacco; Basema Saddik; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sana Salehi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M Samy; Itamar S Santos; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Mete Saylan; Michael P Schaub; Maria InÃªs Schmidt; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Falk Schwendicke; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar; Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Omid Shafaat; Syed Mahboob Shah; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S Shalash; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Kawkab Shishani; K.M. Shivakumar; Siddharudha Shivalli; Roman Shrestha; Soraya Siabani; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; JoÃ£o Pedro Silva; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Freddy Sitas; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Matiwos Soboka; Joan B Soriano; Ali Soroush; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N Soyiri; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Dan J Stein; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Stefan Stortecky; Kurt Straif; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Gerhard Sulo; Johan SundstrÃ¶m; Takahiro Tabuchi; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Minale Tareke; Md Ismail Tareque; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Ales Tichopad; Musliu Adetola Tolani; Fotis Topouzis; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Nikolaos Tsilimparis; Hayley D Tymeson; Anayat Ullah; Saif Ullah; Brigid Unim; Rachel L Updike; Marco Vacante; Pascual R Valdez; Constantine Vardavas; Patricia Varona PÃ©rez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Marina V Vetrova; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Kevin Welding; Andrea Werdecker; Joanna L Whisnant; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Srikanth Yandrapalli; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Yigizie Yeshaw; Mohammed Zewdu Yimmer; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Muhammed Shahriar Zaman; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Heather J Zar; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Luis Zavala-Arciniega; Jianrong Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Yves Miel H Zuniga; Emmanuela Gakidou; J.A. Anderson; R. Feldman; V. Gupta; C.J.L. Murray; K. Burkart; R. Dandona; V. Gupta; C.J.L. Murray; E. Gakidou; E. Oren; V. Jain; S. Salehi; S. Siabani; R.G. Menezes; S.M. Alif; Y. Guo; S. Li; J. Arabloo; H. Zandian; N. Kumar; A. Ghashghaee; A. Ghashghaee; P. Allebeck; J.J. Carrero; S. Amini; R. Moradzadeh; M. Zamanian; J. Nazari; G.H. Amul; R. Ancuceanu; E.A. Faraon; B. Antony; A. Singh; D. Anvari; M. Arora; M.R. Mathur; G. Kumar; M. Arora; M. Asaad; M. Ausloos; M. Ausloos; C. Herteliu; A. Pana; G.L. Aynalem; M. Derbew Molla; Y. Yeshaw; P. Rathi; M.A. Riaz Mcom; S. Chen; S. Mohammed; S. Basu; J. Car; F. Greaves; D. Kusuma; M. Behzadifar; B. Lacey; I.S. Santos; I.S. Santos; N. Bhardwaj; S. Misra; K. Bhattacharyya; S. Bibi; S. Ullah; S. Birara; D. Braithwaite; S. Basu; D. Braithwaite; J. Car; G. Gorini; D. Chu; S. Chung; S. Chung; M. Cirillo; J.P. Silva; M. Pinheiro; A. Guha; L. Dandona; L. Dandona; G.W. Tsegaye; H.T. Do; H.T. Do; A. Douiri; D. Lee; M.I. Schmidt; A.W. Eagan; I. Fadhil; C.S.E. Farinha; M. Nalini; T. Zahirian Moghadam; H. Zandian; E.V. Gnedovskaya; I. Filip; F. Fischer; A.M. Gaidhane; A. Naqvi; M. Moghadaszadeh; S. Pirouzpanah; A. Ghajar; S. Giampaoli; S. Hostiuc; P.S. Gill; M. Golechha; S.V. Gopalani; H. Goudarzi; H. Goudarzi; F. Greaves; A. Guha; Y. Guo; B. Gupta; R. Gupta; R. Gupta; R. Gupta; T. Gupta; O. Shafaat; S. Sheikhbahaei; K. Welding; M. Haider; A. Hargono Dr; S. Martini; S.N. Irvani; G. Heidari; C. Herteliu; T.R. Hird; S. Hostiuc; J. Huang; C. Zhong; F. Islami; H. Iso; M. Iwagami; M. Iwagami; S. Shivalli; S. Jang; B. Mansouri; M. Nalini; S. Siabani; P. Jeemon; T. Joo; R.D. Kennedy; J. Khubchandani; G. Kim; E. Park; B. Naghshtabrizi; Y. Kim; S. Kosen; A. Koyanagi; O. Shafaat; A. Koyanagi; A.T. Olagunju; D. Kusuma; B. Lacey; J.O. Lam; I. Landires; I. Landires; I. Landires; S. Lasrado; Y. Lee; H. Lin; W. Liu; J. Zhang; P.D. Lopukhov; D.C. Malta; N. Manjunatha; S. Martini; M.R. Mathur; S. Mehata; W. Mendoza; S. Mohammed; A.E. Schutte; S.D. Morrison; S. Mubarik; C. Yu; S. Nair; S. Nair; S. Nair; A. Naqvi; S. Neupane Kandel; C.T. Nguyen; H.L.T. Nguyen; S.H. Nguyen; T.H. Nguyen; H.J. Zar; J. Noubiap; C. Nowak; I. Oh; E. Oren; N. Otstavnov; M P A; A. Pana; A. Pandey; A. Pandey; U. Parekh; S. Pawar; A. Rahman; M. Rahman; M. Rahman; M. Rahman; P. Ram; L. Roever; A. Roy; B. Roy; S. Sacco; M. Samaei; A.S. Shalash; M. Sawhney; M. Saylan; I.J.C. Schneider; F. Schwendicke; A. Seidu Mphil; M. Shigematsu; M. Shigematsu; D.N. Sinha; D.N. Sinha; S. Stortecky; K. Straif; K. Straif; G. Sulo; G. Sulo; J.P. Tripathy; N. Tsilimparis; C. Vardavas; M.V. Vetrova; B. Vo; Y. Waheed; A. Werdecker; S. Yandrapalli; M.S. Zaman; Y.H. Zuniga
Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
The CBM Collaboration
(Elsevier, 2009) N. Abel; J. Adamczewski; D. Adamova; M.M. Aggarwal; N. Ahmad; Z. Ahmad; A. Akindinov; P. Akishin; E. Akishina; T. Akishina; M. Al-Turany; M. Alyushin; S. Amar-Youcef; V. Ammosov; M. Andelić; C. Andrei; A. Andronic; Yu. Anisimov; K. Antipin; H. Appelshäuser; A. Arefiev; T. Armbruster; A. Artamonov; E. Atkin; M.D. Azmi; P.V.K.S. Baba; E. Badura; S. Baginyan; S. Bandyopadhyay; N. Baranova; G. Bashindzhagyan; Z. Basrak; V. Baublis; S. Belogurov; I. Berceanu; E. Berdermann; A. Berdnikov; Y. Berdnikov; R. Berendes; C. Bergmann; D. Bertini; C. Besliu; O. Bezshyyko; P. Bhaduri; A. Bhasin; A.K. Bhati; B. Bhattacharjee; A. Bhattacharya; Y. Bocharov; M. Bogolyubsky; L. Boldizsar; N. Bondar; M. Borysova; S. Böttger; P. Braun-Munzinger; U. Brüning; J. Brzychczyk; A. Bubak; R. Čaplar; Xu Cai; M. Calin; G. Caragheorgheopol; I. Carević; V. Cǎtǎnescu; A. Chakraborti; S. Chatterji; Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Sukalyan Chattopadhyay; Sanatan Chattopadhyay; A. Chaus; Hongfang Chen; Jianping Cheng; V. Chepurnov; S. Chernenko; A. Chernogorov; M. Chubarov; M. Ciobanu; G. Claus; V. Covlea; D. Cozma; M. Csanád; N. D'Ascenzo; D. Das; I. Das; V. Davkov; K. Davkov; M. De; R. De; B. Debnath; E. Denes; Zhi Deng; O. Denisova; H. Deppe; I. Deppner; A. Dermenev; M. Deveaux; M. Dey; A. Dorokhov; C. Dritsa; A. Dubey; W. Dulinski; A.K. Dutt-Mazumdar; T. Dutta; D. Dutta; M.R. DuttaMajumdar; V. Dyatchenko; M. Dželalija; H. Engel; T. Esanu; J. Eschke; H. Essel; O. Fateev; R. Ferreira Marques; P. Fischer; H. Flemming; Z. Fodor; P. Fonte; I. Fröhlich; H. Fröning; V. Friese; E. Futo; I. Gašparić; J. Gajda; T. Galatyuk; V. Galkin; A. Galkin; G. Gangopadhyay; Wenxue Gao; C. Garabatos; P. Gasik; J. Gebelein; P. Ghosh; Yu. Gilitsky; V. Golovatyuk; S. Golovnya; V. Golovtsov; M. Golubeva; D. Golubkov; A. Golutvin; D. González-Díaz; S. Gorbunov; S. Gorokhov; D. Gottschalk; Ju. Gousakov; E. Grosse; P. Gryboś; A. Grzeszczuk; F. Guber; A. Gumenuik; A. Gupta; M. Hartig; K. Heidel; N. Heine; A. Herghelegiu; N. Herrmann; J. Heuser; A. Himmi; C. Höhne; R. Holzmann; Byungsik Hong; J. Hutsch; A. Ierusalimov; S. Igolkin; I. Ilyushenko; Tae Im Kang; M. Irfan; Valery Ivanov; V. Ivanov; Victor Ivanov; A. Ivashkin; K. Jaaskelainen; V. Jakovlev; A. Jinaru; A. Jipa; M. Kachel; I. Kadenko; H. Kalita; B. Kämpfer; V. Karasev; O. Karavichev; T. Karavicheva; D. Karmanov; E. Karpechev; E.M. Kashif; K. Kasinski; Manjit Kaur; A. Kazantsev; U. Kebschull; J. Kecskemeti; G. Kekelidze; M.M. Khan; S.A. Khan; A. Khanzadeev; Yu. Kharlov; F. Khasanov; M. Kiš; Junghan Kim; M. Kirejczyk; I. Kisel; S. Kiselev; A. Kiseleva; T. Kiss; A. Kiss; Ch. Klein-Bøsing; M. Klein-Bøsing; V. Kleipa; A. Kluev; K. Koch; P. Koczoń; B. Kolb; B. Komkov; D. Konstantinov; P. Korobchuk; M. Korolev; I. Korolko; N. Korotkova; R. Kotte; A. Kotynia; A. Kovalchuk; S. Kowalski; M. Koziel; M. Krauze; C. Kreidel; D. Kresan; E. Kryshen; L. Kudin; I. Kudryashov; A. Kugel; A. Kugler; A. Kurepin; S. Løchner; V. Ladygin; C. Lara; S. Lashaev; A. Laszlo; I. Lazanu; A. Lebedev; S. Lebedev; Hayoung Lee; F. Lemke; Cheng Li; Yuanjing Li; Yulan Li; Jin Li; V. Lindenstruth; S. Linev; E. Litvinenko; I. Lobanov; E. Lobanova; P. Loizeau; V. Lucenko; A. Lymanets; A. Maevskaya; D.P. Mahapatra; V. Maiatski; P. Maj; Z. Majka; A. Malakhov; O. Malyatina; A. Mangiarotti; J. Manjavidze; V. Manko; R. Männer; S. Manz; T. Matulewicz; E. Matyushevskiy; A. Melnik; M. Merkin; V. Mialkovski; K. Mikhailov; V. Militsija; M.F. Mir; B. Mohanty; W.F.J. Müller; S. Müller-Klieser; C. Müntz; Y. Murin; G.S.N. Murthy; A. Nadtochii; L. Naumann; T. Nayak; W. Niebur; V. Nikulin; M. Nüssle; Y. Onishchuk; G. Ososkov; D. Ossetski; L. Pal; S. Pal; S. Pal; Ya. Panasenko; I. Peric; D. Peshekhonov; V. Peshekhonov; I. Peshenichnov; V. Petráček; M. Petriş; M. Petrovici; A. Petrovici; A. Petrovskiy; K. Piasecki; E. Plekhanov; V. Plujko; A. Poliakov; P. Polozov; A. Pop; V. Popov; V. Pospisil; V. Pozdniakov; A. Prakash; M. Prokudin; V. Pugatch; D. Røhrich; F. Rami; R. Raniwala; S. Raniwala; A. Raportirenko; V. Rasin; A. Reshetin; Y. Riabov; O. Rogachevsky; E. Rostchin; I. Rostovtseva; A. Roy; P. Roy; J. Rozynek; A. Ryazantsev; V. Rykalin; M. Ryzhinskiy; A. Sadovsky; S. Sadovsky; P.K. Sahu; Y. Saini; S.S. Sambyal; V. Samsonov; Min Sang Ryu; V. Saveliev; C. Schiaua; C.J. Schmidt; C. Schrader; K. Schweda; A. Scurtu; S. Seddiki; D. Seliverstov; A. Semak; A. Semennikov; P. Senger; Ming Shao; G. Sharkov; V. Shevchenko; B. Sikora; A. Silaev; Kwang-Souk Sim; A. Simakov; R.N. Singaraju; V. Singh; C.P. Singh; B.K. Singh; A.K. Singh; V. Singhal; T. Sinha; K. Siwek-Wilczynska; L. Skoda; A. Soldatov; L. Solin; H.K. Soltveit; Cs. Soos; Y. Sorokin; P. Staszel; A. Stavinskiy; C. Steinle; E. Stephan; P. Stolpovsky; D. Storozhyk; H. Ströbele; M. Strikhanov; J. Stroth; Yongjie Sun; Y. Sviridov; R. Szczygieł; Zebo Tang; O. Tarassenkova; V. Tiflov; P. Tlusty; T. Tolyhi; N. Topil'skaya; O. Torheim; P. Trivedy; Yu. Tsyupa; F. Uhlig; M. Ukhanov; K. Ullaland; G.B. Vakil; I. Valin; I. Vassiliev; S. Velica; G. Vesztergombi; V. Victorov; Y.P. Viyogi; Y. Volkov; S. Volkov; A. Vorobiev; A. Voronin; E. Vznuzdaev; Yaping Wang; Xiaolian Wang; Yi Wang; C. Wendisch; J. Wessels; A. Wilk; M. Winter; K. Wisniewski; A. Wurz; J. Wüstenfeld; Chuncheng Xu; Jun-Gyu Yi; Zhongbao Yin; In-Kwon Yoo; Qian Yue; I. Yushmanov; V. Zaets; Y. Zaitsev; Yu. Zanevsky; P. Zelnicek; M. Zhalov; Ziping Zhang; Yapeng Zhang; Daicui Zhou; Xianglei Zhu; A. Zinchenko; W. Zipper; M. Zoła̧dź; P. Zrelov; V. Zrjuev
[No abstract available]
The CBM Collaboration
(Elsevier B.V., 2013) A. Abuhoza; J. Adamczewski-Musch; M.M. Aggarwal; Z. Ahammed; F. Ahmad; N. Ahmad; S. Ahmad; A. Akindinov; P. Akishin; E. Akishina; T. Akishina; V. Akishina; M. Al-Turany; S. Amar-Youcef; M. Andelic; C. Andrei; A. Andronic; Yu. Anisimov; H. Appelshäuser; A. Arend; D. Argintaru; T. Armbruster; E. Atkin; S. Avdeyev; M.D. Azmi; V. Baban; M. Bach; E. Badura; S. Baginyan; T. Balog; S. Bandyopadhyay; P. Banerjee; N. Baranova; D. Bartos; S. Bashir; Z. Basrak; M. Baszczyk; O. Batenkov; V. Baublis; C. Baumann; K.-H. Becker; T. Bel; S. Belogurov; I. Berceanu; E. Berdermann; A. Berdnikov; Y. Berdnikov; R. Berendes; C. Bergmann; D. Bertini; C. Besliu; O. Bezshyyko; P.P. Bhaduri; A. Bhasin; A.K. Bhati; B. Bhattacharjee; A. Bhattacharyya; T.K. Bhattacharyya; S. Biswas; D. Blau; C. Blume; Yu. Bocharov; S. Böttger; M. Borysova; B. Bozsogi; T. Breitner; U. Brüning; J. Brzychczyk; A. Bubak; A. Bychkov; Xu Cai; M. Cãlin; R. Caplar; G. Caragheorgheopol; I. Carevic; V. Catanescu; A. Chakrabarti; S. Chatterji; Sanatan Chattopadhyay; Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Hongfang Chen; Jianping Cheng; V. Chepurnov; S. Chernenko; A. Chernogorov; M.I. Ciobanu; G. Claus; F. Constantin; V. Covlea; M. Csanád; N. D’ascenzo; S. Das; K. Davkov; V. Davkov; J. de Cuveland; B. Debnath; Zhi Deng; H. Deppe; I. Deppner; O. Derenovskaya; M. Deveaux; K. Dey; M. Dey; P. Dillenseger; V. Dobyrn; D. Doering; M. Domachowski; A. Dorokhov; C.A. Dritsa; A.K. Dubey; S. Dubnichka; A. Dubnichkova; W. Dulinski; M. Dželalija; D. Emschermann; H. Engel; V. Eremin; T. Esanu; J. Eschke; O. Fateev; P. Fischer; H. Flemming; U. Frankenfeld; V. Friese; I. Fröhlich; J. Frühauf; Á. Fülöp; J. Gajda; T. Galatyuk; A. Galkin; V. Galkin; G. Gangopadhyay; M.S. Ganti; C. García Chávez; I. Gašparic; J. Gebelein; P. Ghosh; S.K. Ghosh; M. Goffe; V. Golovatyuk; S. Golovnya; V. Golovtsov; M. Golubeva; D. Golubkov; S. Gorbunov; D. Gottschalk; P. Grybos; A. Grzeszczuk; F. Guber; A. Gupta; Yu. Gusakov; A. Haldar; S. Haldar; M. Hartig; J. Hehner; K. Heidel; N. Heine; A. Herghelegiu; N. Herrmann; B. Heß; J.M. Heuser; A. Himmi; C. Höhne; R. Holzmann; Guangming Huang; J. Hutsch; D. Hutter; A. Ierusalimov; E.-M. Ilgenfritz; M. Irfan; Valery Ivanov; Victor Ivanov; Vladimir Ivanov; A. Ivashkin; K. Jaaskelainen; V. Jakovlev; T. Janson; A. Jipa; I. Kadenko; B. Kämpfer; S. Kalcher; V. Kalinin; K.-H. Kampert; Tae Im Kang; E. Kaptur; R. Karabowicz; O. Karavichev; T. Karavicheva; D. Karmanov; V. Karnaukhov; E. Karpechev; K. Kasinski; M. Kaur; A. Kazantsev; U. Kebschull; G. Kekelidze; M.M. Khan; S.A. Khan; A. Khanzadeev; F. Khasanov; V. Kirakosyan; M. Kirejczyk; M. Kiš; I. Kisel; P. Kisel; S. Kiselev; A. Kiss; T. Kiss; R. Kleczek; Ch. Klein-Bösing; V. Kleipa; K. Koch; L. Kochenda; P. Koczon; B. Kolb; B. Komkov; J.M. Kopfer; M. Korolev; I. Korolko; R. Kotte; A. Kotynia; A. Kovalchuk; S. Kowalski; M. Koziel; G. Kozlov; P. Kravtsov; C. Kreidl; D. Kresan; M. Kretz; M. Krieger; E. Kryshen; W. Kucewicz; L. Kudin; A. Kugler; I. Kulakov; J. Kunkel; A. Kurepin; V. Kyva; V. Ladygin; C. Lara; P. Larionov; A. Laso Garcia; E. Lavrik; I. Lazanu; A. Lebedev; S. Lebedev; E. Lebedeva; J. Lehrbach; F. Lemke; Cheng Li; Jin Li; Qyian Li; Yuanjing Li; Yulan Li; V. Lindenstruth; S. Linev; E. Litvinenko; Feng Liu; I. Lobanov; E. Lobanova; S. Löchner; P.-A. Loizeau; A. Lymanets; A. Maevskaya; S. Mahajan; D.P. Mahapatra; T. Mahmoud; P. Maj; Z. Majka; A. Malakhov; O. Malyatina; H. Malygina; J. Manjavidze; V. Manko; S. Manz; V. Marin; T. Matulewicz; M. Merkin; V. Mialkovski; N. Miftakhov; K. Mikhailov; B. Milanovic; V. Militsija; F. Mir; W.F.J. Müller; C. Müntz; Yu. Murin; L. Naumann; T. Nayak; B. Neumann; W. Niebur; V. Nikulin; M. Nüssle; A. Oancea; Kunsu Oh; Y. Onishchuk; G. Ososkov; D. Ossetski; P. Otfinowski; E. Ovcharenko; Susanta Pal; I. Panasenko; S. Parzhitskiy; C. Pauly; Haiping Peng; I. Peric; D. Peshekhonov; V. Peshekhonov; V. Petrácek; M. Petris; A. Petrovici; M. Petrovici; A. Petrovskiy; O. Petukhov; K. Piasecki; J. Pietraszko; E. Plekhanov; V. Plujko; V. Poliakov; P. Polozov; A. Pop; V. Popov; V. Pospisil; B.V.K.S. Potukuchi; J. Pouryamout; A. Prakash; M. Prokudin; I. Pshenichnov; V. Pugatch; S. Querchfeld; S. Raha; W. Raja; F. Rami; R. Raniwala; S. Raniwala; A. Raportirenko; J. Rautenberg; R. Ray; S. Razin; P. Reichelt; S. Reinecke; A. Reshetin; C. Ristea; O. Ristea; E. Rostchin; I. Rostovtseva; A. Roy; J. Rozynek; Yu. Ryabov; V. Rykalin; A. Sadovsky; S. Sadovsky; P.K. Sahu; J. Saini; S.S. Sambyal; V. Samsonov; J. Sanchez Rosado; V. Saveliev; S. Schatral; C. Schiaua; C.J. Schmidt; H.R. Schmidt; C. Schrader; K. Schweda; A. Scurtu; S. Seddiki; A. Semennikov; A. Senger; P. Senger; A. Shabunov; Ming Shao; M.K. Sharma; V. Shumikhin; B. Sikora; A. Simakov; C. Simon; C. Simons; R.N. Singaraju; A.K. Singh; B.K. Singh; C.P. Singh; V. Singhal; M. Singla; K. Siwek-Wilczynska; L. Škoda; Jihye Song; I. Sorokin; D. Soyk; P. Staszel; A. Stavinskiy; E. Stephan; D. Storozhyk; M. Strikhanov; J. Stroth; C. Sturm; Yongjie Sun; O. Svoboda; R. Szczygiel; R. Talukdar; Zebo Tang; O. Tarassenkova; M. Târzila; V. Tiflov; T. Tischler; P. Tlustý; T. Tolyhi; N. Topil’skaya; C. Trageser; P. Trivedy; I. Tsakov; Yu. Tsyupa; F. Uhlig; E. Usenko; I. Valin; T. Vasiliev; I. Vassiliev; E. Verbitskaya; W. Verhoeven; A. Veshikov; Y. Viyogi; S. Volkov; Yu. Volkov; A. Vorobiev; A. Voronin; E. Vznuzdaev; M. Vznuzdaev; Dong Wang; Yaping Wang; Yi Wang; C. Wendisch; J.P. Wessels; J. Wiechula; B. Wiedemann; M. Winter; K. Wisniewski; D. Wohlfeld; Gy. Wolf; J. Wüstenfeld; Changzhou Xiang; Nu Xu; Jun-Gyu Yi; Zhongbao Yin; In-Kwon Yoo; Qian Yue; I. Yushmanov; Yu. Zaitsev; Yu. Zanevsky; M. Zhalov; Ya Peng Zhang; Yifei Zhang; Daicui Zhou; Xianglei Zhu; A. Zinchenko; W. Zipper; M. Zoladz; P. Zrelov; V. Zryuev; P. Zumbruch; M. Zyzak
[No abstract available]