Browsing by Author "A.K. Jaiswal"

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Antidepressant activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum Linn in rodents
(1999) Vikas Kumar; P.N. Singh; A.K. Jaiswal; S.K. Bhattacharya
A standardised 50% aqueous ethanolic extract of Indian Hypericum perforatum (IHp) was investigated for its antidepressant activity on various experimental paradigms of depression, viz. behavioural despair (BD), learned helplessness (LH), tail suspension (TS) and reserpine-induced hypothermia (RIH) tests in rats and mice. Pilot studies indicated that single dose administration of IHp had very little or no acute behavioural effects, hence the IHp was administered orally at two dose levels (100 and 200 mg/kg, po) once daily for three consecutive days, while imipramine (15 mg/kg, ip), a clinically used antidepressant agent, was administered acutely to rats (CF strain, 150±10 g) and mice (Wistar strain, 23±2 g) of either sex as the standard drug. Controls animals were treated similarly with equal volume of vehicle (0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose). Indian Hypericum perforatum extract showed significant antidepressant activity on all the paradigms of depression used. Thus IHp and imipramine treatments significantly reduced the immobility time in BD and TS tests. Significant reduction in escape failures was also observed in LH test. In RIH test IHp and imipramine inhibited reserpine induced hypothermia in a dose dependent manner. The observed antidepressant activity of IHp was qualitatively comparable to that induced by imipramine.
Anxiogenic potential of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in rats
(2007) S. Sen; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Yanpallewar; S.B. Acharya
Introduction: The possible anxiogenic effects of fluoroquinolones, namely ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, were investigated in adult Charles Foster albino rats of either sex, weighing 150-200 g. Methods: The drugs were given orally, in doses of 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days and the experiments were performed on the fifth day. The tests included open-field exploratory behaviour, elevated plus maze and elevated zero maze, social interaction and novelty-suppressed feeding latency behaviour. Results: The results indicate that ciprofloxacin- and norfloxacin-treated rats showed anxious behaviour in comparison to control rats in all the parameters studied. However, ciprofloxacin- and norfloxacin-treated rats did not differ significantly from each other in various behavioural parameters. Conclusion: The present experimental findings substantiate the clinically observed anxiogenic potential of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin.
Anxiolytic activity of ginkgolic acid conjugates from Indian Ginkgo biloba
(1998) K.S. Satyan; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Ghosal; S.K. Bhattacharya
Ginkgolic acid conjugates (GAC) (6-alkyl-salicylates, namely n- tridecyl-, n-pentadecyl-, n-heptadecyl-, n-pentadecenyl- and n- heptadecenylsalicylates) isolated from the leaves of Indian Ginkgo biloba Linn., (IGb) were tested for their putative role in anxiety in rats. Elevated plus maze, open-field behaviour, novelty-induced feeding latency and social interaction were the rodent behavioural models used in this study. GAC (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, each, PO) on single acute administration, showed dose-related changes in the behaviour. GAC (0.6 mg/kg) and DZ augmented open arm entries, the open arm/closed arm entries ratio and increased time spent in the open arm on the elevated plus maze. In the open field, GAC (0.6 mg/kg) and DZ significantly increased ambulation and reduced the immobility time. EGb 761 showed a similar profile. GAC (0.6 mg/kg) and DZ significantly attenuated the increased latency to feed in novel environment. By contrast, EGb 761 and Ginkocer further augmented feeding latency. None of the drugs tested showed any significant effect in the social interaction test. GAC showed consistent and significant anxiolytic activity in all the variables investigated. By contrast, EGb 761 and Ginkocer, which are devoid of GAC, did not evoke significant activity. However, increased rearing and decreased immobility time only in open field behaviour shown by EGb 761 may be due to some antianxiety activity of a lesser degree. Our observations suggest that GAC may be the active constituents of Ginkgo biloba responsible for the anxiolytic activity.
Anxiolytic activity of Indian Abies pindrow Royle leaves in rodents: An experimental study
(2000) V. Kumar; R.K. Singh; A.K. Jaiswal; S.K. Bhattacharya; S.B. Acharya
Putative anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of Indian A. pindrow Royle leaf was investigated in rats using various experimental paradigms of anxiety viz. open field exploratory behaviour, elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated zero maze (EZM) tests. Pilot studies indicated that single dose administration of extract had little to no acute behavioural effects, hence the extract was administered orally at different dose levels once daily for three consecutive days, while lorazepam (LR) (0.5 mg/kg, ip) was administered acutely. Ethanolic extract of A. pindrow (AP) leaves (50 and 100 mg/kg, po) showed significant anxiolytic effects on all the paradigms of anxiety. The results indicate that AP and LR induced a significant increase in open field ambulation and slight increase in rearings and activity in center, whereas grooming and faecal droppings remain unchanged. In EPM, significant augmentation of open arm entries, and time spent on open arms was noted in AP treated rats. In EZM test, significant increase in time spent on open arms and entries in open arms was observed, whereas slight increase in head dips and stretched attend postures was also observed. The AP extract showed consistent and significant anxiolytic activity in all the tests. The effects induced by ethanolic extract of AP were less marked than those of lorazepam were.
Anxiolytic activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum Linn: An experimental study
(2000) V. Kumar; A.K. Jaiswal; P.N. Singh; S.K. Bhattacharya
The putative anxiolytic activity of 50 % ethanolic extract of Indian Hypericum perforatum (IHp) was investigated in rats using various experimental paradigms of anxiety viz. open field exploratory behaviour (OFB), elevated plus maze (EPM), elevated zero maze (EZM), novelty induced suppressed feeding latency (FL) and social interaction (SI) tests. Pilot studies indicated that single dose administration of IHp had little to no acute behavioural effects, hence the extract of IHp was administered orally at different dose levels once daily for three consecutive days, while lorazepam (LR) (0.5 mg/kg, ip) was administered acutely. IHp extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, po) showed significant anxiolytic effects on all the paradigms of anxiety. The results indicate that IHp and LR induced a significant increase in open field ambulation and slight increase in rearings and activity in centre, whereas grooming and fecal droppings remain unchanged. In EPM, significant augmentation of open arm entries, open arm/closed arm entries ratio and time spent on open arms was noted in IHp treated rats. In EZM test, significant increase in time spent on open arms and entries in open arms were observed, whereas slight increase in head dips and stretched attend postures were also observed. IHp and LR significantly attenuated the novelty induced increase in feeding latency. IHp treated rats also showed significant increase in social interaction in the novel environment. The IHp extracts showed consistent and significant anxiolytic activity in all the tests. The effects induced by 50 % ethanolic extract of IHp were less marked than those of lorazepam were.
Anxiolytic activity of piracetam, a nootropic agent, following subchronic administration in rodents
(1993) S.K. Bhattacharya; A.P. Sen; S.N. Upadhyay; A.K. Jaiswal
Piracetam (PIR), a cyclic GABA derivative without GABA-mimetic activity, is classified as a nootropic agent, a new class of psychotropic drugs which augment learning acquisition and retention of memory. The present study indicates that PIR has significant anxiolytic activity in rodents following subchronic, but not acute administration, when tested against several paradigms of experimental anxiety. Thus, PIR (250 and 500 mg/kg), administered orally for 7 and 14 days, exhibited anxiolytic activity in the open-field, elevated plus-maze and footshock-induced fighting in paired mice paradigms, as well as in the Vogel's conflict test in rats. In addition, PIR induced significant reduction in rat brain tribulin levels, a putative endocoid marker for anxiety, produced by pentylenetetrazole, an anxiogenic agent. On the contrary, single acute administration of PIR failed to induce any anxiolytic effect. The present study, thus, confirms clinical reports that PIR can induce a delayed antianxiety effect in psychogeriatric individuals and in chronic alcoholism.
Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Guillain‐Barré syndrome and its prognostic implications
(1987) N.K. Singh; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Misra; P.K. Srivastava
ABSTRACT— Twenty‐four patients with Guillain‐Barré syndrome were prospectively evaluated for evidence of autonomic dysfunction. It occurred in 16 (66.7%) patients, usually during the peak period of paralysis, in the form of either excess or inadequate activity of sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nervous systems. Its clinical manifestations comprised of sinus tachycardia (33.3%), bradycardia (8.3%), hypertension (33.3%), postural hypotension (35%), urinary sphincteric disturbances (20.8%) and anhydrosis of lower limbs (12.5%). Assessment of cardiovascular responses to autonomic function tests revealed impaired alterations in heart rate during deep breathing (31.6%), Valsalva's manoeuvre (28.6%), sustained handgrip (25%), cold‐pressor test (36.4%), postural change (35%) and atropine test (20%); and impaired rise in blood pressure during firm handgrip (25%) and cold‐pressor test (36.6%). ECG abnormalities were noticed in 8 (33.3%) patients. They comprised of depressed ST segment in 5, inverted T wave in 3, tall T wave in 2 and prolonged QTc in 2 patients. Two patients died of respiratory failure. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain‐Barré syndrome did not appear to have any prognostic significance as there was no significant difference in autonomic dysfunction between good—and bad—outcome groups of patients. Copyright © 1987, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Behavioural alterations in rats induced by single prenatal exposure of haloperidol
(1998) K.P. Singh; A.K. Jaiswal; M. Singh; S.K. Bhattacharya
Haloperidol (50 mg/kg, ip) treatment was given once to two different groups of pregnant Charles Foster rats on gestational day 9 and 14, these being respectively the critical periods of neural morphogenesis and rapid neural cell proliferation in this species. Pregnant control rats were similarly treated with equal volume of vehicle. The pups born were subjected to open- field exploratory behaviour and elevated plus-maze behaviour tests of anxiety and learned helplessness test of depression at 9 weeks of age. The results indicate that prenatal haloperidol treatment on gestational day 14 induces a significant increase in open-field ambulation and faecal droppings whereas haloperidol treatment on gestational day 9 caused significantly decreased rearing and unaltered ambulation in rat offsprings. Rat offsprings treated with haloperidol on gestational day 9 and 14 also displayed significant anxiogenic behaviour pattern on elevated plus-maze. Significantly increased number of escape failures were observed in learned helplessness tests indicating presence of depression in haloperidol treated rat offsprings. These behavioural alterations were found to be more marked in rat offsprings treated with haloperidol on gestational day 14. The results suggest that prenatal single exposure of high dose of haloperidol during critical period of neural cell proliferation leaves a lasting imprint on offsprings resulting in abnormal emotional state.
Effect of dihydroergotoxine, a cerebral vasodilator, on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition and environmental impoverishment in young rats
(1991) A.K. Jaiswal; S.N. Upadhyay; S.K. Bhattacharya
[No abstract available]
Effect of environmental deprivation on anxiety in rats
(2001) A.K. Jaiswal
Environmental deprivation (ED) induced a significant increase in open-field ambulation, rears, self-groomings, faecal pellets and decrease in activity in centre in Charles Foster albino rats of 30, 45 and 60 days age groups. In elevated plus maze, significant attenuation of open arm time / entries and augmentation of enclosed arm time / entries were noted in ED rats of all the three age groups. Similarly ED rats also showed significant decrease in time spent on open arms, entries, head dips and stretched attend postures in comparison to age matched rats reared under normal environmental conditions. The results indicate that imposition of environmental deprivation in rats' life consistently resulted in significant anxiogenic behaviour on all the tests. However, the anxiogenic effect of ED was less marked when it was imposed at 60th day of life in rats.
Effect of gestational undernutrition and chlordiazepoxide treatment on black/white discrimination learning and retention in young rats
(1994) A.K. Jaiswal; S.K. Bhattacharya
Effects of prenatal undernutrition and chlordiazepoxide treatment on learning acquisition, and subsequent retention, of a black/white discrimination task, was assessed in the offspring. Undernutrition of the dams was induced by restricting food intake to half, throughout the period of gestation, whereas chlordiazepoxide (2.5 mg/kg, ip) treatment was given from day 13 to 20 of gestation, this being the critical period for neural development in this species. The pups born were subjected to brightness discrimination learning, and retention of the learning acquisition after an interval of one week, in a single unit black/white T-maze, at 8-9 weeks of age. The results indicate that prenatal undernutrition induces significant learning and retention deficits in the offspring. Prenatally administered chlordiazepoxide induced significant deficits in learning acquisition and subsequent retention of the discrimination problem. Chlordiazepoxide induced similar learning and retention deficits in the normal and undernourished rats, and exaggerated the learning and retention deficits induced by undernutrition. The results indicate that the prenatal insults in the form of undernourishment and anxiolytic benzodiazepine compounds, leave a lasting imprint on cognitive behaviour of the offspring.
Effect of Ginkgolic acid conjugates on the brain monoamines and metabolites in rodents
(1997) K.S. Satyan; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Ghosal; S.K. Bhattacharya
The effect of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract of Indian origin (lGb) mainly constituting ginkgolic acid conjugates (1a-e). (and their equivalents) have been evaluated on the concentrations of catecholamines, serotonin and their major metabolites in five different regions of the rodent brain namely, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, ponsmedulla and frontal cortex. lGb extract in the doses 50 and 100 mg/kg., p.o (equivalent to 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg ginkgolic acid conjugates) significantly decreased the levels of serotonin (5HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) in all the regions of the brain assayed except the pons medulla. The treatments also augmented the levels of norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolite methylhydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), dose dependently in various regions of the brain. Concomitantly, the levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) were augmented significantly in the striatum. However, the turnover rate of the monoamines was not influenced by the drug treatment except that of 5HIAA/5HT in frontal cortex. The neurochemical effects of the ginkgolic acid conjugates can explain some of the behavioural actions induced by them, namely, anxiolytic, antidepressant and cognition facilitatory effects.
Effect of Mentat®, a herbal formulation, on experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and central cholinergic markers in rats
(1995) S.K. Bhattacharya; A. Kumar; A.K. Jaiswal
Mentat, an Ayurvedic herbal formulation, was effective in reversing cognitive deficits in two animal models of Alzheimer's disease, following subchronic treatment; its efficacy was related to conservation of cholinergic function adversely affected by colchicine.
Effect of phenobarbitone administration to pregnant rats on anxiety in offsprings
(1999) K.P. Singh; M. Singh; A.K. Jaiswal
Adults Charles-Foster rats were prenatally treated to phenobarbitone (10 mg/kg, ip) from day 13 to 21 of gestation, this being the critical period of neural development. Pregnant control rats were similarly treated with equal volume of vehicle. Adult rat offsprings at 8-9 weeks of age were subjected to open-field exploratory behaviour, elevated plus-maze and elevated zero-maze tests. The rat offsprings displayed significantly increased ambulation and rearings in an open-field arena when compared to control offsprings whereas self-grooming and faecal droppings remain unchanged. On elevated plus-maze test these prenatally treated rat offsprings spent significantly less time on open arms and more time and more number of entries in enclosed arms as compared to controls. Prenatally exposed rats also showed significant less time on open arms, less number of head dips and stretched attend postures on elevated zero-maze test indicating increased anxiogenic behavioural pattern in these animals. The results suggest that prenatal exposure to phenobarbitone leaves a lasting effect on the anxiety state of the offsprings.
Effect of piracetam on electroshock induced amnesia and decrease in brain acetylcholine in rats
(1993) S.K. Bhattacharya; S.N. Upadhyay; A.K. Jaiswal
Piracetam, a prototype of a new class of psychotropic agents, the nootropic agents, which improve learning ability and memory retention, was found to induce a dose-related prevention of disruption of acquisition of a passive avoidance response produced by electroshock application. The amnesia attenuating effect of piracetam was accompanied by prevention of the decrease in acetylcholine concentrations of rat brain induced by electroshock. The study indicates that the cognition enhancing effect of piracetam may be due to a facilitatory effect on cholinergic transmission.
Effect of piracetam, a nootropic agent, on discrimination learning deficits induced by parental undernutrition and environmental impoverishment in young rats
(1989) A.K. Jaiswal; S.N. Upadhyay; S.K. Bhattacharya
[No abstract available]
Effect of piracetam, a nootropic agent, on rat brain monoamines and prostaglandins
(1989) S.K. Bhattacharya; S.N. Upadhyay; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Bhattacharya
[No abstract available]
Effect of pyritinol, a cerebral protector, on learning and memory deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition and environmental impoverishment in young rats
(1990) A.K. Jaiswal; S.N. Upadhyay; S.K. Bhattacharya
[No abstract available]
Effect of Wrightia tinctoria on the brain monoamines and metabolites in rats
(1998) A.V. Muruganandam; A.K. Jaiswal; S. Ghosal; S.K. Bhattacharya
The effect of acute administration of Wrightia tinctoria (Wt) (leaves) methanolic extractives, constituting indigotin (HPTLC, relative abundance 21.97%), indirubin (27.13%), tryptanthrin (21%), isatin (2.70%) and rutin (14.24%), was studied on the rat brain concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in five different brain regions, viz. hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, pons medulla and frontal cortex. Wt extract was administered at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p. and the brain monoamines were assayed after 30 minutes of the treatment. Wt treatment significantly and dose dependently decreased the levels of serotonin (5-HT), its metabolite 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and their turnover in all the brain regions assayed. On the other hand, Wt treatment significantly and dose dependently augmented the levels of norepinephrine (NE), its metabolite methyl hydroxy phenyl glycol (MHPG) and also the turnover in all the brain regions studied. Similarly, the levels of dopamine (DA) was also significantly augmented in the hypothalamus, striatum and frontal cortex. Likewise, the levels of dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of DA, was also increased in hypothalamus and frontal cortex. However, the treatment produced a significant decrease in the DOPAC in striatum. This differential modulation of the neurotransmitters and their metabolites can explain the behavioural effects of Wt, namely anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.
Effects of gestational undernutrition, stress and diazepam treatment on spatial discrimination learning and retention in young rats
(1993) A.K. Jaiswal; S.K. Bhattacharya
Effects of prenatal undernutrition, stress and diazepam treatment on learning acquisition, and subsequent retention, of a spatial discrimination task was assessed in the offsprings. Undernutrition of the dams was induced by restricting food intake to half, throughout the period of gestation, whereas footshock stress and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, ip) treatment was given from day 13 to 20 of gestation, this being the critical period for neural development in this species. The pups borne were subjected to spatial discrimination learning, and retention of the learning acquisition after an interval of one week, in a single unit black/white T-maze, at 8-9 weeks of age. The results indicate that prenatal undernutrition induces significant learning and retention deficits in the offspring, whereas the effect of prenatal stress was limited to only deficit in learning acquisition. Prenatally administered diazepam induced significant deficits in learning acquisition and subsequent retention of the discrimination task in pups culled from normally nourished dams. However, offsprings from diazepam administered undernourished dams exhibited less marked cognitive deficits, which may be attributable to the altered emotional reactivity of pups born to undernourished mothers. Prenatally administered diazepam also induced differential effects in stressed and non-stressed dam offsprings, though the effects were statistically insignificant. The results suggest that prenatal insults, in the form of undernourishment, stress and anxiolytic drugs, leaving a lasting imprint on cognitive behaviour of the offspring. The final effect on this behaviour may be determined by the co-existence of these prenatal factors, particularly at a time when the foetus is vulnerable because of neural development and differentiation.