Browsing by Author "Abhai Kumar"

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A Eu3+doped functional core-shell nanophosphor as fluorescent biosensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of dsDNA
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Arpita Dwivedi; Monika Srivastava; Amit Srivastava; Abhai Kumar; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia; S.K. Srivastava
Lanthanide-doped core-shell nanomaterials have illustrated budding potential as luminescent materials, but their biological applications have still been very limited due to their aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. Here, we report a simple and cost-effective approach to construct a water-stable chitosan-functionalized lanthanoid-based core shell (Ca-Eu:Y2O3@SiO2) nanophosphor. The as-synthesized Ca-Eu:Y2O3@SiO2-chitosan (CEY@SiO2-CH) nanophosphor has been characterized for its structural, morphological, and optical properties, by employing different analytical tools. This sensing platform is suitable for dsDNA probing by tracing the “turn on” fluorescence signal generated by CEY@SiO2-CH nanophosphor with the addition of dsDNA. The ratio of fluorescence intensity enhancement is proportional to the concentration of dsDNA in the range 0.1–90 nM, with the limit of detection at ⁓16.1 pM under optimal experimental conditions. The enhancement in fluorescence response of functionalized core-shell phosphor with dsDNA is due to the antenna effect. Additionally, response of probe has been studied for the real samples displaying percent recovery in between 101 and 105, maximum RSD% upto 5.23 (n = 3). This outcome can be applied to the selective sensing of dsDNA through optical response. These findings establish the CEY@SiO2-CH a simple, portable, and potential candidate as a sensor for rapid and analytical detection of dsDNA. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
An elaborative NMR based plasma metabolomics study revealed metabolic derangements in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a study on north Indian population
(Springer, 2021) Umesh Kumar; Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Payal Arya; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia; Anup Singh; Dinesh Kumar
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is transition phase between cognitive decline and dementia. The current study aims to investigate altered metabolic pattern in plasma of MCI for potential biomarkers. MCI (N = 50) and healthy controls (HC, N = 50) age group 55–75 years were screened based on Mini Mental State Examination Test (MMSE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI imaging). The MMSE score of MCI was significantly lower (25.74 ± 1.83) compared to healthy control subjects (29 ± 1). The MCI patients exhibit significant changes in white matter integrity in the right frontal lobe, right temporal lobe, left frontal lobe, forcep major, fornix, corpus callosum. Further, the plasma samples of twenty seven MCI patients (N = 27) and twenty HC subjects (N = 20; having no significant differences in any demographics) were analyzed using 1H NMR based metabolomics approach. Consistent with many previous reports, the levels of several plasma metabolites were found to be elevated in MCI patients compared to healthy controls. Further univariate and multivariate ROC curve analyses provided three plasma metabolites as a diagnostic panel of biomarker for MCI; which are lysine, glycine, and glutamine. Overall, the results of this study will help to improve the diagnostic and prognostic strategies of MCI in addition to improving our understanding about disease pathogenesis. We believe that the over-nutritional metabolic phenotype of MCI needs to be targeted for developing future dietary interventions so that the progression of MCI can be limited. Graphical abstract: Metabolic derangements associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
Antioxidants and functional foods for neurodegenerative disorders: Uses in prevention and therapy
(CRC Press, 2021) Abhai Kumar; Debasis Bagchi
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are a growing problem across the world's aging population. Oxidative stress in the brain plays a central role in a common pathophysiology of these diseases. This book presents scientific research on the potential of antioxidant therapy in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This book outlines the roles of oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus in neurodegeneration, describes the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders including the roles of environmental pollutants and inflammatory responses, and explores mitochondrial dysfunction. It then describes the protective abilities of antioxidants - including vitamin D, tocotrienol and coenzyme Q10 - against neurodegeneration. The book demonstrates the therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets, and highlights the roles of medicinal plants, phytopharmaceuticals, traditional medicines and food nutrients in neuroprotection. Key Features: Explains damage caused by numerous neurodegenerative disorders and the possible protection offered by antioxidants and functional foods. Describes molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration by oxidative stress, advancing age, diabetes and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Demonstrates protection offered by nutraceuticals, antioxidants, botanical extracts and functional foods. The book contains twenty-three chapters divided into six sections written by leading researchers. This book is essential reading for health professionals, dietitians, food and nutrition scientists and anyone wanting to improve their knowledge of etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Candidemia-induced pediatric sepsis and its association with free radicals, nitric oxide, and cytokine level in host
(W.B. Saunders, 2015) Dharmendra Kumar; Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Ragini Tilak
Candida species has become the seventh most frequent causal microorganisms of nosocomial sepsis. Prematurity and low birth weights are strongly associated with the development of neonatal nosocomial bloodstream infections. Candida albicans has been the species most often associated with neonatal infections, but recently, there has been a changing pattern in the isolates recovered from neonates with invasive candidiasis, which poses resistance to the existing class of azoles such as fluconazole antifungals along with cross resistance to newer triazoles, which results in a therapeutic challenge in invasive fungal infections causing high incidence of mortality. Candida species was isolated from blood of neonates and children younger than 15 years admitted to hospital and susceptible for Candida-induced sepsis. Polymerase chain reaction-based identification and confirmation of individual Candida species were done using DNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility assay and resistance pattern for fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin were done for all the isolates. Furthermore, the change in free radical, cytokine release, and nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from control and pediatric sepsis cases were also performed.The present study probably for the first time reports the change in increasing incidence of nonalbicans Candida-induced sepsis in neonates and children admitted to the intensive care unit of hospital, and current antibiotics load posing resistance for antifungal treatment strategy and provide serious threats in future treatment. The increase in free radicals in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and increase in expression of nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide release in Candida-infected pediatric sepsis cases underlie the role of host factor in dissemination and invasiveness of infection from exogenous sources and pathogenesis of systemic inflammation during sepsis. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
Commentary: A treatise on neurodegenerative disorders and protection by structurally diverse antioxidants and functional foods
(CRC Press, 2021) Abhai Kumar; Debasis Bagchi
The etiology of neurodegenerative disorders and its consequences has been demonstrated due to continuous and progressive loss of brain cells, preceding to the dysfunctions and degeneration of the neuronal functions and nervous system. In global scenario, World Health Organization reports that diverse neurological disorders and brain injuries, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, neuronal infections, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, affect about one billion people worldwide. The proceeding of advancing age-induced neurodegeneration is a progressive deterioration of neuronal cells, its structural integrity, and functions, which eventually steer to cognitive disability and dysfunctions, and dementia. Generally, neurodegenerative disorders and dysfunctions strike primarily in the middle and advancing age populations, and this prevalence is growing up remarkably in aged population. Selected structurally diverse antioxidants, standardized botanical extracts, and nutraceuticals enriched in phytonutrients and antioxidants have been extensively demonstrated to inhibit these critical inflammatory elements and rectify the vital oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in humans suffering from diverse neurodegenerative disorders. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Diffusion tensor imaging based white matter changes and antioxidant enzymes status for early identification of mild cognitive impairment
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2019) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Anup Singh; Ashish Verma; Vijay Nath Mishra
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an early stage of dementia. The changes in white matter integrity and antioxidant enzymes levels are crucial in onset and progression to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To elucidate the changes in cognitive performance, white matter integrity, oxidative stress marker, for early detection of prodromal state of AD. Fifty cases of MCI and controls (55-75 years) were subjected to Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) followed by estimation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in serum of MCI and control population. The MMSE scores of MCI subjects were (28±2 - 22.6±1) as compared with controls (28±1- 29±1). DTI metrics fractional anisotropy (FA) values in right and left frontal lobe, fornix, corpus callosum, while apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in right temporal lobe, hippocampus head, corpus callosum right, and forcep major were significantly altered in MCI as compared with controls. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase level were lower while lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in patients with MCI as compared with controls. The study emphasized that changes in neuro-psychological performance, white matter integrity and antioxidant enzymes level provide early signature for diagnosis of MCI. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis.
Epidemiology and management of neurocysticercosis: An update
(Elsevier, 2022) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Varun Kumar Singh; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
The invasion of tape worm Taenia solium in human from contaminated food, water, and uncooked meat leads to neurocysticercosis (NCC). The NCC is the neglected disease of central nervous system prevalent in lower income countries and disseminate in high-income countries due to migration, which is major cause of morbidity/mortality. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging brain imaging, and other immunological and serological tests, although these test have their own limitations and not specific to differentiate the different form of NCC pathogenesis. The worldwide prevalence of NCC is lacking, and proper studies are needed to estimate the global presence of NCC. The current chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and socioeconomic challenges in eradication of the disease. The role of chronic inflammation in host defense, cyst degeneration, and reabsorption is discussed. The update on current research in development of new screening tools based on immunological and molecular test for diagnosis of NCC, treatment, and randomized control trial for parenchymal and extraparenchymal NCC is emphasized. NCC is believed as main cause of acquired epilepsy, among clinical and social workers, differentiation in seizures on the basis on proper diagnostic methods and international guidelines could decrease stigmatization among public. Further, the role of national and international agencies and socioeconomic factors involved in the eradication of disease are reviewed. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Frontotemporal dementia: an unusual cause
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2020) Abhishek Pathak; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia; Abhai Kumar; Vijay Nath Mishra; Deepika Joshi
Intracerebral pneumocephalus is commonly associated with head and facial trauma, ear infection, tumors and surgical interventions. Osteomas are relatively common, benign tumors that occur mainly in the paranasal sinuses, the frontal sinus in particular. Pneumocephalus has been commonly reported with frontal osteoma but isolated presentation as frontotemporal dementia is uncommon. Patient was admitted with complaints of change of behavior and forgetfulness for the last one year. He had progressively become more apathetic and presented with behavioral abnormalities. General physical examinations were within normal limits including the motor and sensory system although neuropsychiatry assessments were below the average level, with features of dementia. Further, MRI brain revealed pneumocephalus in bilateral frontal lobe. CT cisternography revealed a well defined lobulated densely sclerotic lesion of approximate size 20 × 17 × 27mm transverse and cranio-caudal axis respectively arising from right ethmoid sinus. Clinically, the association of pneumocephalus and isolated presentation as frontotemporal dementia has not been described to the best of our knowledge. A single case has been described with ethmoid osteoma. Radiological features were suggestive of osteoid osteoma. The uniqueness of the case is the development of dementia with frontotemporal involvement and resemblance with Frontotemporal Dementia. This is the only case with dementia and pneumocephalus (secondary to osteoid osteoma) to best of our knowledge. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Gut Microbiome and Functional Foods: Health Benefits and Safety Challenges
(Wiley Blackwell, 2015) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Anil Kumar Chauhan
Advances in molecular techniques comprising DNA sequencing, computational biology establishes the presence of bacterial phyla, which remains in symbiosis within human gut and is named the Gut Microbiome. The genetic composition of gut microbiome is 100 times larger than human genome. The critical involvement of gut microbiome in bioconversion of functional foods induces change in physiology, metabolism, and immunity of human. The mechanistic study on this emerging area holds key promises for novel therapeutic options beneficial for healthcare sector as compared to conventional methods. The current review focuses on gut microbiome symbiosis and role of functional food in treatment of metabolic disorders, chronic diseases onset due to imbalance in gut microbiota. Future challenges in development of functional food with potential health benefits of consumers' choices are also emphasized. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molecular Diagnostics in Pancreatic Cancer
(Springer Singapore, 2019) Shruti Mishra; Vipin Rai; Abhai Kumar; Sushil Kumar Aggarwal; Subash Chandra Gupta
[No abstract available]
Neuroprotective effect of natural products in attenuation of aging-associated
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Abhai Kumar; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
Age-associated neurodegenerative disorders are a growing cause of mortality and morbidity in the elderly population globally. The patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders pose medical, economic, and social issues. The aging- associated neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), have different clinical and neuropathological signatures, but they share a pattern of neurodegeneration in anatomical and functionally related regions. Natural products offer great potential in the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Plant-derived products protect neurons by targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotrophic factor deficit, and abnormal protein accumulation. The current chapter discusses the neuroprotective effect of natural products in the prevention of aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved.
NMR based Serum metabolomics revealed metabolic signatures associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in brain stroke
(Springer, 2024) Sachin Yadav; Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Shahnawaz Ahmad; Gurvinder Singh; Abdul Rahman Khan; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia; Dinesh Kumar
Brain stroke (BS, also known as a cerebrovascular accident), represents a serious global health crisis. It has been a leading cause of permanent disability and unfortunately, frequent fatalities due to lack of timely medical intervention. While progress has been made in prevention and management, the complexities and consequences of stroke continue to pose significant challenges, especially, its impact on patient’s quality of life and independence. During stroke, there is a substantial decrease in oxygen supply to the brain leading to alteration of cellular metabolic pathways, including those involved in mitochondrial-damage, leading to mitochondrial-dysfunction. The present proof-of-the-concept metabolomics study has been performed to gain insights into the metabolic pathways altered following a brain stroke and discover new potential targets for timely interventions to mitigate the effects of cellular and mitochondrial damage in BS. The serum metabolic profiles of 108 BS-patients were measured using 800 MHz NMR spectroscopy and compared with 60 age and sex matched normal control (NC) subjects. Compared to NC, the serum levels of glutamate, TCA-cycle intermediates (such as citrate, succinate, etc.), and membrane metabolites (betaine, choline, etc.) were found to be decreased BS patients, whereas those of methionine, mannose, mannitol, phenylalanine, urea, creatine and organic acids (such as 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) were found to be elevated in BS patients. These metabolic changes hinted towards hypoxia mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in BS-patients. Further, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) values for five metabolic features (methionine, mannitol, phenylalanine, mannose and urea) found to be more than 0.9 suggesting their high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating BS from NC subjects. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Preface
(CRC Press, 2021) Abhai Kumar; Debasis Bagchi
[No abstract available]
Proteomics based identification of differential plasma proteins and changes in white matter integrity as markers in early detection of mild cognitive impaired subjects at high risk of Alzheimer's disease
(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2018) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Ashish Verma; Vijay Nath Mishra
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate stage of cognitive decline and dementia. The absence of specific diagnostic test for identification of MCI and AD. The current study aims to find proteomics based change in plasma proteins and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based white matter changes in MCI for early detection of prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Fifty cases of mild cognitive impairment and age matched control between (55–75 yrs) were screened on basis of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Two dimensional gel electrophoresis and DTI imaging was performed in MCI and age matched control. The MMSE score of MCI were in the range of (28 ± 2–22.6 ± 1) as compared with healthy control (28 ± 2), DTI metrics apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional Anisotropy (FA) has shown significant changes in fornix, corpus callosum, hippocampus, right temporal and right frontal lobe, left frontal lobe, forcep major of MCI subjects as compared with controls. The protein expression of keratin type-2 was up regulated and albumin was down regulated in MCI subjects as compared with control. The data from present study signifies that expression of Keratin type-2 and albumin along with white matter changes provides early signatures for identification of MCI at high risk of Alzheimer's disease © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
Proteomics-based identification of plasma proteins and their association with the host-pathogen interaction in chronic typhoid carriers
(2014) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Suneel Kumar Ahirwar; Gopal Nath
Background: Current diagnostic tests are inadequate to detect typhoid cases, as well as the chronic carrier state, the sole reservoir of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The current study was conducted to find new molecular signatures of pathogen/disease to understand the mechanism behind the host-pathogen interaction in enteric fever. Methods: Proteomics-based studies were done to determine the expression of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma of controls, acute typhoid cases, and chronic typhoid carriers. Further, transcriptome-based analysis using reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was done in controls, acute typhoid cases, and chronic typhoid carriers. Results: Results showed the upregulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin, furin, haptoglobin, and albumin in the plasma of chronic typhoid carriers. The elevation in mRNA expression of four differentially expressed proteins confirms the changes at the transcriptional level. Further, the increase in albumin and haptoglobin in chronic typhoid carriers shows their role in free radical generation, inflammation, and monocyte cell signaling. Conclusion: Through proteomics techniques, this study identified four proteins in the chronic typhoid carrier host that may have a role in the disease pathogenesis of enteric fever. © 2013 The Authors.
Resveratrol modulates pyrogallol-induced changes in hepatic toxicity markers, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress
(2008) Ghanshyam Upadhyay; Anand Kumar Singh; Abhai Kumar; Om Prakash; Mahendra Pratap Singh
Previously, we reported that pyrogallol, an anti-psoriatic agent, causes hepatotoxicity in experimental animals and silymarin, an herbal antioxidant, reduces pyrogallol-induced changes [Upadhyay, G., Kumar, A., Singh, M.P., 2007. Effect of silymarin on pyrogallol- and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mouse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 565, 190-201.]. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of resveratrol against pyrogallol-induced changes in hepatic damage markers, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress. Swiss albino mice were treated intraperitoneally, daily with pyrogallol (40 mg/kg), for one to four weeks, along with respective controls. In some set of experiments, animals were pre-treated with resveratrol (10 mg/kg), 2 h prior to pyrogallol treatment, along with respective controls. Alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase and bilirubin were measured in blood plasma and mRNA expression of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-ya and GST-yc, catalytic activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, GST, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were measured in liver. Resveratrol reduced pyrogallol-mediated increase in alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, bilirubin, lipid peroxidation and mRNA expression and catalytic activity of CYP2E1 and CYP1A2. Pyrogallol-mediated decrease in GST-ya and GST-yc expressions, GST, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and GSH content was significantly attenuated in resveratrol co-treated animals. CYP1A1 expression and catalytic activity were not altered significantly in any treated groups. The results demonstrate that resveratrol modulates pyrogallol-induced changes in hepatic toxicity markers, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Association of Diabetes in the Onset of Dementia in the Elderly Population
(Elsevier, 2018) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh
The number of older people is growing rapidly worldwide and the elderly are also living longer. Dementia, the most common cause of cognitive impairment, is a huge public health problem. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and dementia in the elderly. The association of vascular disease and T2DM is well established, but recent studies have suggested the strong correlation between T2DM and Alzheimer's disease (AD). With the increase in the number of elderly individuals, the number of diabetic patients with cognitive dysfunction has been increasing. T2DM may accelerate AD-associated pathologies through insulin resistance. Vascular pathologies may also be associated with cognitive dysfunction and dementia in T2DM subjects. Nutrition plays a role in the aging process, but there is still a lack of knowledge about nutrition-related risk factors in cognitive impairment. Research in this area has been intensive during the last decade, and results indicate that subclinical deficiency in essential nutrients (antioxidants such as vitamins C, E and b-carotene, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folate) and nutrition-related disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, hypertension, and diabetes, could be some of the nutrition-related risk factors that can be present for a long time before cognitive impairment becomes evident. Studies in understanding the physiological risk factors and nutrition factor in cognitive impairment will help to develop a new preventing strategy for clinical management of the disease. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The benefit of Indian jaggery over sugar on human health
(Elsevier, 2020) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh
The noncentrifugal sugar which is prepared from sugarcane juice is called as Jaggery and is known by different name in the world such as Panela, Kokuto, and Muscovado. The nutrient value of jaggery is increased while preparing with different methods from sugarcane juice. The micronutrients which are present in Jaggery have many nutritional and medicinal aspects such as its anticarcinogenic and antitoxic activity. Jaggery has proved itself better when compared with white sugar. Jaggery is known to produce heat and give instant energy to a human body. Sugar and sweet consumption have been popular throughout the world, increasing trend of per capita sugar consumption assumes significance in view of the high tendency for individuals to develop insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, and the increasing chronic disease such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Multiple prevention strategies could be adopted to decrease the white sugar consumption from various stakeholders (government, industry, and consumers) by different methods such as increasing taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages and increasing promotion for the consumption of jaggery and related products. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The connection between diet, gut microbes, and cognitive decline
(Elsevier, 2022) Abhai Kumar; Smita Singh; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
The trillions of harmless microbes that are present in human gut are known as the gut microbiota. The consumption of food affects the composition of the gut microbiota, which leads to an imbalanced microbial population in the gut, a condition that is known as gut dysbiosis. The consumption of a diet that is high in fat and sugar can lead to development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline. The association between gut microbes and the occurrence of obesity is well established, and long-term consumption of a high-fat diet leads to cognitive decline. Obesity is strongly related to behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. The gut microbiota contains ten times the total cells present in the human body. Gut dysbiosis is related to several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty acid syndrome, and cognitive decline. Diet has a direct role in the composition of the gut microbiota, and cognitive health in childhood and adulthood is significantly determined by the food intake. This chapter emphasizes the microbiota gut-brain axis and the role of diet in determination of cognitive functions. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Traditional medicines for mental health
(CRC Press, 2021) Smita Singh; Anup Singh; Abhai Kumar; Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
Mental ill health and brain aging disorders has become a challenge worldwide; the treatments are long and include expensive synthetic drugs, with unavoidable serious side effects. Traditional medicines or complementary alternative medicines are known for their holistic view of treatment with no or minimal side effects. The branch of psycho-neuroscience in Ayurveda (Indian medicinal system) which treats brain disorders is based on immune system of an individual, balancing with medicines that are plant-based products (either single plant extract or mixture), with diverse range from herbs to perennial trees with varied plant parts, roots, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits to seeds. The chemical structure of the major compounds ranges from straight-chain fatty acids to terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, peptides, etc. There is still scope for dosage specification and mode of action for the traditional medicines in the future for better nutrition, geriatric and mental health care. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.