Browsing by Author "Aishwarya Ray"

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Advances in Insect Resistance Breeding against Brown Planthopper and Gall Midge in Rice
(Springer Nature, 2022) Aishwarya Ray; G. Basana Gowda; Naveen Kumar B. Patil; Guru Pirasanna Pandi; Totan Adak; Haramohan Pradhan; Srinivasa Narayana; Prakash Chandra Rath
There is always a silent war ongoing between the plants and the insects, and during the long run, the insects emerge triumphant. Time and tide the pest management tactics such as chemical usage although manage the pest to a certain level but they also sometimes hamper the natural enemies that bring down the pest population. Indiscriminate usage of insecticides also results in developing adaptation to the particular toxic compound. Similar is the case of host plant resistance. Their adaptation is rapid, thus leading to the breakdown of resistance. Hence, there is a need to incorporate the molecular and the genetic tools that will confer resistance against inexorable pest. The molecular approach such as subduing of serotonin biosynthesis and instigating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in cereal crops such as rice affects the feeding behavior of the insects triggering a defense response. Similarly in gall midge, 11 R (Gm1 to Gm11) genes and seven distinct biotypes have been characterized in the tropics like India. Breeding programs for gall midge resistance have shown promise due to monogenic nature of resistance. These advances in rice genetics have opened new avenues for the development of genetically engineered plants a stable pest management approach. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection
(MDPI, 2022) Pratap Adinath Divekar; Srinivasa Narayana; Bhupendra Adinath Divekar; Rajeev Kumar; Basana Gowda Gadratagi; Aishwarya Ray; Achuit Kumar Singh; Vijaya Rani; Vikas Singh; Akhilesh Kumar Singh; Amit Kumar; Rudra Pratap Singh; Radhe Shyam Meena; Tusar Kanti Behera
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.