Browsing by Author "Ajay Singh"

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A descriptive study of desire for more children in Uttar Pradesh
(Institute of Medico-Legal Publications, 2014) R.K. Singhal; Hemant Kr Singh; R.D. Singh; Ajay Singh; Brijesh Singh
Introduction: In our society, children are considered as an important part of the families. Most of the couples expect children to act as their successor as well as the preserver of new generation. Most of the married couples want their own children and they proceed to bear and rear them. Objective: The objective of this paper is to study the desire for more children pertaining to demographic and socio-economic characteristics of households in Uttar Pradesh. Result: Out of total respondents 45.2% have more than two children. However, 38.4% and 19.9% of respondents have less than and exactly two children respectively. Among the respondents having less than two children 92% showed desire for another child, however around 52% among the respondents have exactly two children. Out of total sample selected, 80% of population resided in rural areas while 20% in urban areas. 37% of the couples residing in urban areas have desire for another child compared to 54% in rural areas. The education status of women can reduce the demand of additional child and in maintaining family size. The regression coefficient of no education and middle class education are 0.607 and 0.269 respectively with reference to category (Highest education of ever married women). The odds ratio corresponding to no education and middle class education are 1.836 and 1.309 respectively which indicate the desire for additional child is inversely proportional to educational level. Among the religious groups, 84% of respondents are Hindus and 16% are non- Hindus. Through NFHS-2, probability of contraceptive use is higher in Hindus than non-Hindus and the results are statistically significant. The logistic regression coefficient corresponding to the numbers of living children below 2 and above 2 are 1.534 and -1.300 respectively and are statistically significant. Number of living children exactly 2 is considered as reference category because in order to achieve the replacement level fertility the number of living children should not exceed 2. The odds ratios of below 2 and above 2 children are 4.637 and 0.273 respectively. The results indicate that women who were having less than 2 children have higher and women having more than 2 children have lower desire for additional children with respect to women having 2 children. Conclusion: The desire for additional child is more in women having no formal education, women of SC/ST category, having female children, last child died, non-Hindus, low standard living index and rural areas. Therefore, the positive impact of family planning programme and importance of smaller family norm should be included in the curriculum of education especially in the secondary level and motivational activities should be targeted to reduce these differentials. © 2014, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.
An analytical study of heat andmass transport in bénard-darcy convection with G-Jitter and variable viscosity liquids in porous media
(Begell House Inc., 2019) Alok Srivastava; B.S. Bhadauria; Ajay Singh
This research article deals with the thermorheological effect of temperature dependent viscous fluid in the presence of imposed time periodic gravity modulation. We perform weak non-linear analysis of gravity modulation with temperature dependent viscosity using the power series expansion in terms of the amplitude of gravity modulation, which is considered to be small for double-diffusive convection in porous media. Nusselt number and Sherwood number are calculated numerically through the non-autonomous equation involving amplitude of convection using Ginzburg-Landau equation. We explore the non-linear effect of solute Rayleigh number, Lewis number, Vadász number, thermorheological parameter and amplitude of gravity modulation analytically. The curve for heat and mass transfer with respect to slow time variation is depicted graphically. Furthermore we also draw streamlines, isotherms, and isohalines at different times. © 2019 by Begell House, Inc.
Antimycobacterial drugs modulate immunopathogenic matrix metalloproteinases in a cellular model of pulmonary tuberculosis
(American Society for Microbiology, 2014) Shivani Singh; Andre Kubler; Utpal K. Singh; Ajay Singh; Harriet Gardiner; Rajniti Prasad; Paul T. Elkington; Jon S. Friedland
Tuberculosis is characterized by extensive destruction and remodelling of the pulmonary extracellular matrix. Stromal cell-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in this process and may be a target for adjunctive immunotherapy. We hypothesized that MMPs are elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of tuberculosis patients and that antimycobacterial agents may have a modulatory effect on MMP secretion. Concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, and -9 were elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from tuberculosis patients compared to those in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with other pulmonary conditions. There was a positive correlation between MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-8 and a chest radiological score of cavitation and parenchymal damage. Respiratory epithelial cell-derived MMP-3 was suppressed by moxifloxacin, rifampicin, and azithromycin in a dose-dependent manner. Respiratory epithelial cell-derived MMP-1 was suppressed by moxifloxacin and azithromycin, whereas MMP-9 secretion was only decreased by moxifloxacin. In contrast, moxifloxacin and azithromycin both increased MMP-1 and -3 secretion from MRC-5 fibroblasts, demonstrating that the effects of these drugs are cell specific. Isoniazid did not affect MMP secretion. In conclusion, MMPs are elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from tuberculosis patients and correlate with parameters of tissue destruction. Antimycobacterial agents have a hitherto-undescribed immunomodulatory effect on MMP release by stromal cells. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Combined experimental and theoretical studies of diorganotin(IV) complexes of 1,2,4-triazole based Schiff base: Synthesis, spectroscopic investigation, DFT calculation, antifungal activity
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Rachana Joshi; Sandeep Pokharia; Ajay Singh; Hirdyesh Mishra; Karuna Singh
Two novel diorganotin(IV) compounds of Schiff base (HL) with a general formula of R2Sn(L)Cl (where R equals n-Bu(1) or Ph (2)) have been formed and structurally identified. The identification was made through examination of various properties including elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear NMR, 2D-HMQC, ESI-MS, and UV–vis analysis. The proposed structure for these organotin(IV) derivatives is a distorted tetrahedron surrounding tin, with the Schiff base ligand acting as a monoanionic monodentate by coordinating through the Ohydroxyl group. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation was accomplished at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)/Def2- SVP(Sn) level. The MEP map was used to recognize the reactive sites on the molecules, and atomic charges were determined at specific atoms. The global reactivity descriptors and the Frontier MO's were calculated using conceptual-DFT to understand the behavior of the structure and reactivity. We compared the experimental and simulated vibrational frequencies and found a strong correlation. A time-dependent DFT method utilizing the IEFPCM model was employed to determine the simulated UV–vis spectrum. Both of the analyzed complexes were tested for their ability to inhibit fungal growth in vitro against selected fungal strains. The significant antifungal effect of complexes could be observed against all strains. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate but not antioxidants prevents glucose hypometabolism induced neural cell death: implications in the pathogenesis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Aman Chauhan; Karanpreet Bhutani; Aritri Bir; Ajay Singh; Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti; Adesh K. Saini; Sasanka Chakrabarti; Arindam Ghosh
Cerebral glucose hypometabolism is a cardinal molecular signature of Alzheimer's disease, and its role in the pathogenesis of this disorder is under intensive study in both animal and cell-based models. In the current study, we exposed SH-SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma cell line) over a period of 48 h to DRB18, an inhibitor of multiple glucose transporters, in different concentrations to develop a state of glucose hypometabolism. Under this metabolic insult, in SH-SY5Y cells a profound dose-dependent neural cell death, an increased production of reactive oxygen radicals, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and a depletion of cellular ATP content were noted; these effects were not prevented by lipid-soluble novel antioxidants such as ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1 or by a general water-soluble antioxidant like N-acetylcysteine. However, dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate, the cell-permeable analogue of 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) which can serve as an alternative fuel during glucose hypometabolism partially prevented both mitochondrial impairments and neural cell death. Thus, dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate may be explored further as a potential neuroprotective compound for Alzheimer's disease, and its effect on amyloid beta metabolism and homeostasis should be examined under glucose hypometabolic stress. © 2025 The Authors
HIV prevalence in suspects attending Sir Sunder Lal Hospital
(Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedicine Press, 2011) Ajay Singh
Objective: To assess the sero-positivity rate of HIV infection among clinically suspected subjects of reproductive age group (15-49 years), biological and behavioral characteristics of the subjects gender specific variation of sero-positivity rate, and the differentials of the sero-positivity rate for the history of blood transfusion or blood products or other organs, history of needle exposure and symptoms of morbidity. Methods: Study is based on the retrospective data of the calendar year 2005 obtained from Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre (VCTC) (now renamed as ICTC), Department of Microbiology, I.M.S., B.H.U., Varanasi. These cases were either referred by the consultants of different OPD'S of Sir Sunderlal Hospital or came voluntarily for knowing their HIV status. About 2-3 mL of blood samples were collected in a plain vial and tested for HIV status by strategy II/III as per WHO/NACO guidelines. Results: Overall sero-positivity of HIV was 15.3% (18.1% in males and 12.2% in females) which increased 6-7 folds in the age group 35-49 years as compared to 15-24 years in both the sexes. Sero-positivity rate in male migrants was 43.1%, while in female migrants it was 18.7%. The history of multiple sexual contacts was about 3 times higher in males as compared to females; predominantly it was very high in male migrants (67.7%) as compared to male non-migrants (15.8%). History of multiple sexual contacts was not uncommon in females and it was 25.0% in female migrants and 9.7% in non-migrant females. The sero-positivity rate with the history of multiple sexual contacts was 45.4% in males and 60.3% in females, while without history of multiple sexual contacts these were only 2.8% and 5.3% respectively. Sero-positive cases had on an average 3.6±26290;1.7 various morbidity symptoms as compared to 0.7±26290;1.1 in sero-negatives. It is to be noted that sero-positivity rate was more in those females who seemed apparently healthy compared to those presenting with some of the symptoms; vice versa, in males presenting with some symptoms HIV infection was 7 times higher than those without symptoms. Conclusions: The findings indicate a high sero-positivity among both the genders. Multiple heterosexual contacts, especially, in migrants are the main root of transmission of HIV. These are causing spread of HIV to their spouses. The multiple sexual contacts in the society, especially, among non migrant females of this region are indicating the distortion of traditions and cultures which are a serious concern and may lead to HIV infection on the rise. Awareness program to the susceptible group is the need to reduce further spread of HIV. © 2011 Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedical Magazine.
Impact of socio-demographic variables on antenatal services in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Renu Bala; Ajay Singh; Vertika Singh; Priyanka Verma; Snehil Budhwar; Om Prakash Shukla; Gyan Prakash Singh; Kiran Singh
We investigated the impact of socio-demographic variables on antenatal care (ANC) utilization and the low birth weight of a child. Data were collected from 300 pregnant females. Only 22.5% of females received full antenatal care (≥4 visits). Our results showed that female’s age at marriage and education plays a significant role in improving ANC. We observed an overall decrease in the utilization of services provided during each antenatal visit. ANC visits from the first trimester decrease the risk of having a baby with low birth weight. Awareness programs and educating families about pregnancy care are recommended to improve ANC utilization. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Socio-demographic profile and risk factors of HIV/AIDS among elderly in Varanasi, India
(2010) Ajay Singh; T.B. Singh; Hemant Kr. Singh; A K Gulati; M. Bhatnagar
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus was originated in Africa during 1959-1960. The first AIDS case was detected in 1981 in USA. Now this has become a global epidemic. The first human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infected case was detected in India in 1986 in a sex worker of Chennai (Tamil Nadu). By the end of 2008, the estimated number of HIV infects were 2.5 million in India. Presence of HIV infection in each region of the country highlights the spread of infection from urban to rural i.e. from the high risk to the general population and from the permissive to conservative societies. The spread is mainly caused by the migrants, especially, of lower literacy level. Most of the transmission of disease is horizontal. This study aims to assess the sero-positivity rate of HIV infection among clinically suspected subjects of elderly people (e50 yrs) as per biological and behavioral characteristics. The differentials of the sero-positivity rate for the symptoms of morbidity are also evaluated.