Browsing by Author "Akansha Gupta"

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Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Pradeep Kumar; Akansha Gupta; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Shikha Pandhi; Arun Kumar Pandey; Raveena Kargwal; Sadhna Mishra; Rajat Suhag; Nitya Sharma; Vivek Saurabh; Veena Paul; Manoj Kumar; Raman Selvakumar; Shirani Gamlath; Madhu Kamle; Hesham Ali El Enshasy; Jawahir A. Mokhtar; Steve Harakeh
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security. © 2022 by the authors.
Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Madhu Kamle; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Nitya Sharma; Bharti Sharma; Sadhna Mishra; Shalini Arora; Raman Selvakumar; Vivek Saurabh; Jyoti Dhakane-Lad; Manoj Kumar; Sreejani Barua; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Pradeep Kumar
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed. © 2022 by the authors. icensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Deoxynivalenol: An Overview on Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Health Effects and Its Detection, Management, and Control Strategies in Food and Feed
(Page Press Publications, 2022) Madhu Kamle; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Bharti Sharma; Kajal Dhawan; Vasundhara; Sadhna Mishra; Manoj Kumar; Abhishek Dutt Tripathi; Prasad Rasane; Raman Selvakumar; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Pradeep Kumar
Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Detection and Management Strategies for Deoxynivalenol in Food and Feed: An Overview
(CRC Press, 2022) Raman Selvakumar; Dalasanuru Chandregowda Manjunathagowda; Arun Kumar Pandey; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Raveena Kargwal; Madhu Kamle; Pradeep Kumar
Mycotoxin contamination is a global issue, but it is aggravated in warm, humid environments that encourage fungus growth and the creation of mycotoxins. Microbial contamination in agricultural and food production has a negative economic effect on the industry. Natural foods and feeds include toxins that are a significant source of worry for human and animal health. Cereals such as wheat, maize, barley, rice, and oats, as well as their products such as breakfast cereals, infant cereals, meals, feed, and baby mix, are the most often contaminated foodstuffs. DON contamination is caused by fungicide use and FHB-resistant genotypes. Important contamination in food and feed has been observed since DON is found in toxicologically significant amounts in food and feed all over the globe. Humans and animals also face significant health risks from DON-contaminated agricultural food and feed. Consumption of DON-contaminated food and feed may jeopardize human and animal health. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Ethnopharmacological properties and Nutraceutical potential of Moringa oleifera
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Raveena Kargwal; Madhu Kamle; Bharti Sharma; Shikha Pandhi; Sadhna Mishra; Akansha Gupta; M.M. Chayan Mahmud; Maneesh Kumar Gupta; Lal Bihari Singha; Pradeep Kumar
Background: Moringa oleifera Lam (family Moringaceae) is a plant innate to India and has now been cultivated in various other regions of the world. It is extensively grown for its highly nutritious plant parts as a source of various nutrients like proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients like carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, etc. It has been widely stimulated in the regions of chronic as a nutritional supplement for infants and children. Methods: The search tools like Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were used for a thorough literature search till 2021. Results: In this review, the diversified phytochemical profile and high therapeutically potential have been documented. The current review intends to present an updated comprehensive overview of this versatile plant's nutritional value, therapeutic components, and ethnopharmacological properties. Conclusion: This plant has gained immense potential and increasing exploration as a nutraceutical. The ethnopharmacological properties of various compounds, along with their mode of action, are discussed briefly. Also, relevant pre-clinical and clinical trials are highlighted, which are in great demand and need further in-depth investigation in the future. © 2021 The Author(s)
Functionality Test Methods for Biodegradable Polymers
(Springer Nature, 2022) Bharti Sharma; Arvind Kumar; Akansha Gupta
Petroleum-based materials are being used for packaging of the food products for a long time. However, their resistance to biodegradation has a harmful impact on the environment, and therefore, the trend is shifting towards the use of biodegradable polymers. Besides their ability to degrade naturally, it is also important that they possess similar quality like conventional plastic-based packaging in terms of its stability towards light, oxygen, water and strength which are recognized by ISO (International Organization for Standardization), OECD and ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) so as to promote usage at commercial level. It is essential to understand the properties of the film not only to check for the biodegradability but also for their application in long-term packaging, protection of the contained product from environmental obstacles and transportation and properties of food itself. Besides, the use of active packaging involves incorporation of certain bioactive agent which add to the functionality of the packaging material. There are various methods that are used to test the properties of the polymer. In this chapter, an overview of different methods to test for the functionality of the polymers will be discussed, in consideration to their degradation, strength and barrier properties against various environmental factor. In addition to this, international standards for biodegradation test for the material and for sample preparation are also described. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies
(MDPI, 2022) Pradeep Kumar; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Surabhi Pandey; Veena Paul; Vivek Saurabh; Arun Kumar Pandey; Raman Selvakumar; Sreejani Barua; Mandira Kapri; Manoj Kumar; Charanjit Kaur; Abhishek Dutt Tripathi; Shirani Gamlath; Madhu Kamle; Theodoros Varzakas; Sofia Agriopoulou
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security. © 2022 by the authors.
Roquefortines in Food and Feed: Detection and Management Strategies
(CRC Press, 2022) Saloni Anand; Dinesh Chandra Rai; Himanshu Kumar Rai; Arvind Kumar; Urvashi Vikranta; Shikha Pandhi; Akansha Gupta
The term "secondary metabolite" comes from the fact that its synthesis is required for organism growth and reproduction; for example, antibiotics, anticancer and antiviral drugs, alkaloids, differentiation effectors, and so on are produced by filamentous fungi, making them an intriguing research matter. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced mostly by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Mycotoxins, like toxic metabolic substances, are generally produced by certain molds and can be added to milk or milk products from two sources: indirect contamination, which takes place when dairy cows eat mycotoxin-containing feed, and direct contamination, which takes place when molds grow by purpose or by accident. Molds that can lead to contamination and other dairy products appear in a variety of genera and species, and they are extensively utilized in feed and food processing. Secondary metabolite genes and/or groups were regularly passed from one organism to another during evolution. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Technological advancement in food additives and preservatives
(wiley, 2021) Shikha Pandhi; Arvind Kumar; Akansha Gupta
Food additives and preservatives are purposefully added to food in minute quantity to perform a defined technological or sensory function like enhancing shelf-life, imparting, and restoring color, to maintain palatability and wholesomeness, to enhance or preserve nutritive value, or to enhance flavor. Apart from the advantages offered by these substances during processing and storage, certain safety and health issues hinder their proficient use for food application. This has caused a leaning trend towards the utilization of compounds from a natural source such as phyto-chemicals and plant essential oils as natural antioxidants and food preservatives. The utilization of metallic nanoparticles as an effective antimicrobial agent has also been a rising trend in the research field. Novel techniques such as nanoencapsulation have further encouraged the development of these novel food ingredients for promising food applications. This chapter provides a succinct overview of various conventional food additives and preservatives with a major emphasis on their types, functionality, mode of action, and significance for food applications. Further, it tends to discuss various novel alternative ingredients together with discussing the opportunities shaped by the advent of technologies like nanoencapsulation. It also provides a concise review of different techniques employed for the determination of food additives. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC.
Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Shikha Pandhi; Madhu Kamle; Akansha Gupta; Bharti Sharma; Brajesh Kumar Panda; Shubhangi Srivastava; Manoj Kumar; Raman Selvakumar; Arun Kumar Pandey; Priyanka Suthar; Shalini Arora; Arvind Kumar; Shirani Gamlath; Ajay Bharti; Pradeep Kumar
Trichothecenes (TCNs) are the mycotoxins produced by many fungal species such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys and pose a considerable health risk. Based on their characteristic functional moieties, they are divided into four categories: Type A (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), harzianum A, neosolaniol (NEO) and trichodermin), Type B (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), trichothecin and fusarenon X), Type C (crotocin) and Type D (satratoxin G & H, roridin A and verrucarin A) with types A and B being the most substantial. TCNs cause growth retardation in eukaryotes, suppress seedling growth or regeneration in plants and could be a reason for animal reproductive failure. Due to the increased frequency of occurrence and widespread distribution of TCNs in food and feed, knowledge of their sources of occurrence is essential to strategise their control and management. Hence, this review provides an overview of various types and sources of TCNs, the associated biosynthetic pathways and genes responsible for production in food and feed. Further, various processing and environmental effects on TCNs production, detection techniques and management strategies are also briefly outlined. © 2022
Use of essential oils and phytochemicals against the mycotoxins producing fungi for shelf-life enhancement and food preservation
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Pradeep Kumar; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Akansha Gupta; Shikha Pandhi; Sadhna Mishra; Sreejani Barua; Vidhi Tyagi; Arvind Kumar; Manoj Kumar; Madhu Kamle
Mycotoxin-producing fungi are a significant source of crop and food contamination, posing a significant threat to global food safety and security. Essential oils, plant extracts and phytochemicals have emerged as green preservatives to extend the shelf-life of foods due to their unique antimicrobial properties. Unlike conventional synthetic preservatives, they are a sustainable and safe way to preserve food with no or little harmful effects on the environment. Use of nanoformulations containing essential oils and phytochemicals offer enormous potential as a mitigation strategy to lower mycotoxin contamination incidences in food and crop with enhanced release behaviour to efficiently transport them to the target location for a rapid reaction without much impact from environmental variables. Hence, this review overviews various essential oils and phytochemicals utilized through nanoformulations to control the mycotoxigenic fungi, probable mechanism of actions involved as well as emerging mycotoxins and associated safety concerns to ensure food sustainability. © 2022 Institute of Food, Science and Technology (IFSTTF).
Zearalenone in Food and Feed: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Management Strategies
(CRC Press, 2022) Shikha Pandhi; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Vidhi Tyagi; S. Saloni; Akansha Gupta; Surabhi Pandey; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Pradeep Kumar; Arun Kumar Pandey; Arvind Kumar
This chapter provides information on the many sources of zearalenone (ZEN), its presence in food and feed, and its biosynthesis mechanism, with an emphasis on the effect of processing on ZEN concentration, as well as detection and management strategies. Mycotoxins are widely found in a wide variety of plant-based agricultural commodities, including grains, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and forage. ZEN is a xenoestrogen, which are exogenous chemical compounds with a structure similar to naturally occurring estrogens. ZEN is produced via the acetate-polymalonate process, which results in a nonaketide precursor that is subsequently subjected to various cyclization and modifications. ZEN can be developed in maize when it is in the field, as well as during the time of storage, especially if stored with higher moisture content and if properly dried before storage. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are common molds that are responsible for zearalenone mycotoxin contamination in major cereals. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.