Browsing by Author "Amy E. Peden"

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Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Amy E. Peden; Patricia Cullen; Kate Louise Francis; Holger Moeller; Margaret M. Peden; Pengpeng Ye; Maoyi Tian; Zhiyong Zou; Susan M. Sawyer; Amirali Aali; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Meriem Abdoun; Rami Abd-Rabu; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Ame Mehadi Abdurehman; Getachew Abebe; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abidi; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu Gharbieh; Denberu Eshetie Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Ololade Grace Adewole; Sangeet Adhikari; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Bachelor Afolabi; Saira Afzal; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Zahra Babaei Aghdam; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Jivan Qasim Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Janardhana P. Aithala; Budi Aji; Meisam Akhlaghdoust; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Astawus Alemayehu; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Shujait Ali; Liaqat Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Louay Almidani; Sami Almustanyir; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami; Sohrab Amiri; Hoda Amiri; Tadele Fentabil Anagaw; Tudorel Andrei; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Davood Anvari; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Asrat Arja; Judie Arulappan; Ashokan Arumugam; Armin Aryannejad; Saeed Asgary; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Samad Azari; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Hosein Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Ashish D. Badiye; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Atif Amin Baig; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Asaminew Birhanu Balta; MacIej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco BaroneAdesi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Abebe Ayalew Bekel; Alehegn Bekele Bekele; Salaheddine Bendak; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Nikha Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Saeid Bitaraf; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Archith Boloor; Souad Bouaoud; Julie Brown; Katrin Burkart; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Luis Alberto CÃ¡mera; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Chao Cao; Andre F. Carvalho; MÃ¡rcia Carvalho; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar; Jung-Chen Chang; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bitew Mekonnen Chekole; Abdulaal Chitheer; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Hitesh Chopra; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; NatÃ¡lia Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Gary L. Darmstadt; Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Saswati Das; Anna Dastiridou; Sisay Abebe Debela; Amin Dehghan; Getnet Makasha Demeke; Andreas K. Demetriades; Solomon Demissie; Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Nancy Diao; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Mengistie Diress; Shirin Djalalinia; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Paul Narh Doku; Deepa Dongarwar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali; Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Abbas Farmany; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Seyed Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Getahun Fetensa; Bikila Regassa Feyisa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Behzad Foroutan; Masoud Foroutan; Kayode Raphael Fowobaje; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Balasankar Ganesan; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot; Yosef Haile Gebremariam; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Urge Gerema; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Reza Ghanbari; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Ali Gholami; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Sherief Ghozy; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Iago GinÃ©-VÃ¡zquez; Zeleke Abate Girma; James C. Glasbey; Franklin N. Glozah; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Michal Grivna; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Yuming Guo; Veer Bala Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Sajid Hameed; Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Netanja I. Harlianto; Mehdi Harorani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S.M. Mahmudul Hasan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Yuta Hiraike; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Sheikh Jamal Hossain; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain; Sedighe Hosseini Shabanan; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Amir Human Hoveidaei; Alexander Kevin Hsiao; Salman Hussain; Amal Hussein; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Behzad Imani; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Mohammad Mainul Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; J. Linda Merin; Haitham Jahrami; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Umesh Jayarajah; Sudha Jayaraman; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Bedru Jemal; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk JÃ¼risson; Ali Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Dler Hussein Kadir; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Vineet Kumar Kamal; Rajesh Kamath; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Hassan Karami; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Samad Karkhah; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Joonas H. Kauppila; Gbenga A. Kayode; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Cumali Keskin; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Abbas Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Habibolah Khazaie; Jagdish Khubchandani; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Jihee Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Cameron J. Kneib; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nithin Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Lucie Laflamme; Judit LÃ¡m; IvÃ¡n Landires; Bagher Larijani; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Carlo La Vecchia; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Yo Han Lee; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei Chen Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; Shanshan Li; Stephen S. Lim; LÃ¡szlÃ³ Lorenzovici; Amana Ogeto Luke; Farzan Madadizadeh; Áurea M. Madureira-Carvalho; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Soleiman Mahjoub; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Elezebeth Mathews; Sazan Qadir Maulud; Dennis Mazingi; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Oliver Mendoza-Cano; Ritesh G. Menezes; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Atte Meretoja; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá; Ted R. Miller; Seyed Peyman Mirghaderi; Andreea Mirica; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Chaitanya Mittal; Madeline E. Moberg; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Soheil Mohammadi; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Mohammad Mohseni; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Rafael Silveira Moreira; Shane Douglas Morrison; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Haleh Mousavi Isfahani; Sumaira Mubarik; Lorenzo Muccioli; Soumyadeep Mukherjee; Francesk Mulita; Ghulam Mustafa; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Samata Nepal; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Nafise Noroozi; Virginia NuÃ±ez-Samudio; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Chimedsuren Ochir; Julius Nyerere Odhiambo; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Nikita Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mohammad Taha Pahlevan Fallahy; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Aslam Ramjan Pathan; Siddhartha Pati; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Paolo Pedersini; Mario F.P. Peres; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Michael R. Phillips; Julian David Pillay; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Ibrahim Qattea; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Pankaja Raghav Raghav; Fakher Rahim; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Firman Suryadi Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Sheetal Raj Moolambally; Sheena Ramazanu; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Mohammad Mahdi Rashidi; Prateek Rastogi; Azad Rasul; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Negar Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Aziz Rezapour; Abanoub Riad; Muhammad Riaz; Jennifer Rickard; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Bedanta Roy; S. Manjula; Aly M.A. Saad; Siamak Sabour; Leila Sabzmakan; Basema Saddik; Malihe Sadeghi; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Sher Zaman Safi; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Harihar Sahoo; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Morteza Saki; Payman Salamati; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Yaser Sarikhani; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; David C. Schwebel; Hamed Seddighi; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Hosein Shabaninejad; Melika Shafeghat; Pritik A. Shah; Saeed Shahabi; Ataollah Shahbandi; Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohd Shanawaz; Mohammed Shannawaz; Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew; Neeraj Sharma; Bereket Beyene Shashamo; Maryam Shayan; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Jiabin Shen; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Jae Il Shin; Nebiyu Aniley Shitaye; K.M. Shivakumar; Parnian Shobeiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Sunil Shrestha; Soraya Siabani; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Wudneh Simegn; Ehsan Sinaei; Paramdeep Singh; Robert Sinto; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; S.N. Chandan; Bogdan Socea; Marco Solmi; Yonatan Solomon; Yi Song; Raúl A.R.C. Sousa; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Mark A. Stokes; Muhammad Suleman; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Jing Sun; Rafael TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos; Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei; Mohammad Tabish; Ensiyeh Taheri; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Mircea Tampa; KerKan Tan; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Md Tariqujjaman; Nathan Y. Tat; Vivian Y. Tat; Arash Tavakoli; Belay Negash Tefera; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Nikhil Kenny Thomas; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Marius Belmondo Tincho; Amir Tiyuri; Munkhsaikhan Togtmol; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Sana Ullah; Saif Ullah; Irfan Ullah; Srikanth Umakanthan; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Siavash Vaziri; Massimiliano Veroux; Dominique Vervoort; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Linh Gia Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Cong Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Abay Tadesse Woday; Ai-Min Wu; Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Sanni Yaya; Arzu Yigit; Vahit Yigit; Eshetu Yisihak; Naohiro Yonemoto; Yuyi You; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Hossein Yusefi; Mazyar Zahir; Sojib Bin Zaman; Iman Zare; Kourosh Zarea; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Mohammad Zoladl; George C. Patton; Rebecca Q. Ivers
Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2020) Spencer L. James; Chris D. Castle; Zachary V. Dingels; Jack T. Fox; Erin B. Hamilton; Zichen Liu; Nicholas L. S. Roberts; Dillon O. Sylte; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Matthew Cunningham; Nathaniel J. Henry; Kate E. Legrand; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Jose C. Adsuar; Shailesh M. Advani; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Tauseef Ahmad; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Suliman A. Alghnam; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Saqib Ali; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Khalid Altirkawi; Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Davood Anvari; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Amit Arora; Malke Asaad; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Ghasem Azarian; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Ahad Bakhtiari; Arun Balachandran; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Amrit Banstola; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Akbar Barzegar; Mohsen Bayati; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Habte Belete; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Archith Boloor; Guilherme Borges; Rohan Borschmann; Antonio Maria Borzì; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Traolach Brugha; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Joht S. Chandan; Jens Robert Chapman; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Irini Chatziralli; Neha Chaudhary; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young J. Choi; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; João M. Coelho; Vera M. Costa; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Ahmad Daryani; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Diego De Leo; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Diana Dias Da Silva; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Hoa Thi Do; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Maysaa El Sayedzaki; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Oghenowede Eyawo; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Florian Fischer; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Hadush Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Leake G. Gebremeskel; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Berhe Gebremichael; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Gaurav Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Brian James Hall; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Josep Maria Haro; Amir Hasanzadeh; Shoaib Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Delia Hendrie; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Martha Híjar; Hung Chak Ho; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Sudha Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Jost B. Jonas; Kelly M. Jones; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Teshome Abegaz Kamil; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Amir Kasaeian; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Taras Kavetskyy; Gbenga A. Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Abraham Getachew Kelbore; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Maseer Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; Tripti Khanna; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Roba Khundkar; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nuworza Kugbey; Nithin Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Arman Latifi; Paolo Lauriola; Carlo La Vecchia; Janet L. Leasher; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Alan D. Lopez; Paulo A. Lotufo; Ronan A. Lyons; Daiane Borges Machado; Mohammed Madadin; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Marek Majdan; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Navid Manafi; Amir Manafi; Ana-Laura Manda; Narayana Manjunatha; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Joemer C. Maravilla; Amanda J. Mason-Jones; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik; Peter T. N. Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Hayimro Edemealem Merie; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Efat Mohamadi; Yousef Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Masoud Moradi; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Lidia Morawska; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Shane Douglas Morrison; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Atalay Goshu Muluneh; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najaf; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod Nayak; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Heather M. Orpana; Erika Ota; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; A.P. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; Kebreab Paulos; Amy E. Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Jeevan Pereira; Michael R. Phillips; Roman V. Polibin; Suzanne Polinder; Farshad Pourmalek; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Swayam Prakash; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Parul Puri; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Mohammad Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Ata Rafee; Alireza Rafei; Fakher Rahim; Siavash Rahimi; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Ivo Rakovac; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Vishnu Renjith; Serge Resnikoff; Aziz Rezapour; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Carlos Miguel Rios González; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Basema Saddik; Hamid Safarpour; Mahdi Safdarian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Payman Salamati; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Hosni Salem; Inbal Salz; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Mehdi Sayyah; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Feng Sha; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Aziz Sheikh; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Amin Soheili; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Mark A. Stokes; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Yonatal Mesfin Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Ayenew Kassie Tesema Tesema; Berhe Etsay Tesfay; Rekha Thapar; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Roman Topor-Madry; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Alexander C. Tsai; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yousefi Veisani; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Habte Woldeyes; Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Grant M. A. Wyper; Rajaram Yadav; Ali Yadollahpour; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Pengpeng Ye; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousef; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Hamed Zandian; Fatemeh Zarei; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Rakhi Dandona; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Simon I. Hay; Ali H. Mokdad; David M. Pigott; Robert C. Reiner; Theo Vos
Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Victor Aboyans; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Maryam Adabi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Filippo Ariani; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Michelle L. Bell; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Dana Bryazka; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Franz Castro; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Joht Singh Chandan; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Kelly Compton; Owen R. Cooper; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Di H. Cross; Jessica A. Cruz; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Diego De Leo; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nikolaos Dervenis; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Tim Robert Driscoll; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; David Edvardsson; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Peter W. 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Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Hannah J. Henrikson; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hans W. Hoek; Ramesh Holla; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D. Knibbs; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Jacek A. Kopec; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. Legrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Yang Liu; Justin Lo; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Alton Lu; Alessandra Lugo; Emilie R. Maddison; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Noushin Mohammadifard; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Hussen Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Meghan D. Mooney; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Erin C. Mullany; Kamarul Imran Musa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod C. Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Ming Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Christopher M. Odell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Emmanuel Wandera Okunga; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Muktar Omer Omer; Kanyin L. Ong; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Heather M. Orpana; Alberto Ortiz; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Frank B. Osei; Samuel M. Ostroff; Adrian Otoiu; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Simon Øverland; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Raffaele Palladino; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Charles D. H. Parry; Maja Pasovic; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Mona Pathak; Scott B. Patten; George C. Patton; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Amy E. Peden; Alyssa Pennini; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; David M. Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Hai Quang Pham; Michael R. Phillips; Cristiano Piccinelli; Tessa M. Pilz; Michael A. Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Dietrich Plass; Suzanne Polinder; Kevan R. Polkinghorne; Constance Dimity Pond; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Anna Poznañska; Sergio I. Prada; V. Prakash; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Elisabetta Pupillo; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Alberto Raggi; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Ivo Rakovac; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Puja C. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Ramu Rawat; Christian Razo; Sofia Boston Redford; Robert C. Reiner; Marissa Bettay Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Phoebe-Anne Rhinehart; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniel Cury Ribeiro; Daniela Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Juan A. Rivera; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Robin Room; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A. Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Perminder S. Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Reza Saeedi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Yahya Safari; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Omar Mukhtar Salman; Joshua A. Salomon; Zainab Samad; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta; Damian Francesco Santomauro; Itamar S. Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Sonia Saxena; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Silvia Schiavolin; Markus P. 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Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022
(Elsevier Inc., 2023) George A. Mensah; Valentin Fuster; Christopher J.L. Murray; Gregory A. Roth; George A. Mensah; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Foad Abd-Allah; Ashkan Abdollahi; Mohammad Abdollahi; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Tigist Demssew Adane; Nicola J. Adderley; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Bashir Aden; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Fatemeh Afrashteh; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Antonella Agodi; Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Karolina Akinosoglou; Moein Ala; Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Nazmul Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Alaa Alashi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Haileselasie Berhane Alema; Sharifullah Alemi; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Hassan Alwafi; Hany Aly; Prince M. Amegbor; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Sohrab Amiri; Enrico Ammirati; Tanu Anand; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Abhishek Anil; Golnoosh Ansari; Philip Emeka Anyanwu; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Geminn Louis Carace Apostol; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Olatunde Aremu; Benedetta Armocida; Johan Ärnlöv; Oluwaseyi Olalekan Arowosegbe; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Zahra Aryan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mahshid Ataei; Mohammad Athar; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Amdehiwot A. Aynalem; Zahra Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Feras Bader; Ashish D. Badiye; Arvind Bagga; Sara Bagherieh; Farshad Bahrami Asl; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; MacIej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Kannu Bansal; Hamid Reza Baradaran; Franca Barbic; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Sandra Barteit; Lingkan Barua; Azadeh Bashiri; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Yannick Béjot; Sefealem Assefa Belay; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Luis Belo; Salaheddine Bendak; Bright Benfor; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Azizullah Beran; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Boris Bikbov; Andras Bikov; Marina G. Birck; Bijit Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Eyob Ketema Bogale; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Archith Boloor; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Hamed Borhany; Edward J. Boyko; Dejana Braithwaite; Luisa C. Brant; Michael Brauer; Susanne Breitner; Andrey Briko; Lemma N. Bulto; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Daniela Calina; Fan Cao; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Luca Cegolon; Ester Cerin; Yaacoub Chahine; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Mei Yen Chan; Raymond N.C. Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; An-Tian Chen; Catherine S. Chen; Haowei Chen; Suma Sri Chennapragada; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Patrick R. Ching; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero; Zinhle Cindi; Iolanda Cioffi; Kaleb Coberly; Sean Coffey; Alyssa Columbus; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Barbara Corso; Sandra Cortés; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A.S. Couto; Emma Johnson Cowart; Michael H. Criqui; Jessica A. Cruz; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Zhaoli Dai; Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Saswati Das; Subasish Das; Mohsen Dashti; Mohammad Dashtkoohi; Maedeh Dastmardi; Kairat Davletov; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Shayom Debopadhaya; Nicole K. DeCleene; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Sourav Dey; Vishal R. Dhulipala; Daniel Diaz; Michael J. Diaz; Delaney D. Ding; Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Saeid Doaei; Sushil Dohare; Wanyue Dong; Mario D'Oria; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Ashel Chelsea Dsouza; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Viola Dsouza; Mi Du; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sulagna Dutta; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Alireza Ebrahimi; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mehdi Emamverdi; Theophilus I. Emeto; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tesfahun C. Eshetie; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Farshid Etaee; Natalia Fabin; Ibtihal Fadhil; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Luca Falzone; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Medhat Farwati; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Irina Filip; Laura Fleszar; David Flood; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Diogo A. Fonseca; Carla Fornari; Matteo Foschi; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Blima Fux; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Shilpa Gaidhane; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Silvano Gallus; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Rupesh K. Gautam; Miglas W.W. Gebregergis; Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Urge Gerema; Alireza Ghajar; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohammad Reza Ghasemi; Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Arun Digambarrao Ghuge; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Ali Golchin; Pouya Goleij; Giuseppe Gorini; Alessandra C. Goulart; Anmol Goyal; Kashish Goyal; Shi-Yang Guan; Giovanni Guarducci; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; David Gulisashvili; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Indarchand Ratanlal Gupta; Kartik Gupta; Mohak Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Renu Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Lami Gurmessa; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Mostafa Hadei; Helia Sadat Haeri Boroojeni; Aram Halimi; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Nadia M. Hamdy; Samer Hamidi; Chieh Han; Qiuxia Han; Graeme J. Hankey; Md. Abdul Hannan; Arief Hargono; Josep Maria Haro; Faizul Hasan; Ikramul Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Maryam Hashemian; Md Saquib Hasnain; Amr Hassan; Ikrama Hassan; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Youssef Hbid; Omar E. Hegazi; Tadele Yohannes Hegena; Mohammad Heidari; Bartosz Helfer; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Kamran Hessami; Keyvan Heydari; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Nguyen Quoc Hoan; Ramesh Holla; Md Mahbub Hossain; Md. Belal Hossain; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Junjie Huang; Michael Hultström; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Khalid S. Ibrahim; Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Muhammad Iqhrammullah; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Faisal Ismail; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; J. Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Khushleen Jaggi; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Roland Dominic G. Jamora; Nilofer Javadi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Rebuma Sorsa Jeben; Sun Ha Jee; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; Heng Jiang; Yinzi Jin; Yash B. Jobanputra; Catherine Owens Johnson; Mohammad Jokar; Tamas Joo; Abel Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Farima Kahe; Rizwan Kalani; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Farnaz Kalantar; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Sanjay Kalra; Ashwin Kamath; Sagarika Kamath; Arun Kamireddy; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Arun R. Kanmanthareddy; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Sushil Kumar Kansal; Daniel John Kapner; Sitanshu Sekhar Kar; Paschalis Karakasis; Prabin Karki; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Hengameh Kasraei; Eskeziaw Abebe Kassahun; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Neda Kaydi; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Sara Kazeminia; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Mohammad Keykhaei; Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri; Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Alireza Khalilian; Rovshan Khalilov; Asaduzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Sorour Khateri; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Khalid A. Kheirallah; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Saeid Kian; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Akshay Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Netsanet Bogale Kumsa; Kunle Rotimi Kunle; Dian Kusuma; Ilias Kyriopoulos; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Muhammad Awwal Ladan; Lucie Laflamme; Chandrakant Lahariya; Arista Lahiri; Daphne Teck Ching Lai; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Francesco Lanfranchi; Bagher Larijani; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Kaveh Latifinaibin; Jerrald Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Khuong Le; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Trang Thi Bich Le; Caterina Ledda; Munjae Lee; Paul H. Lee; Seung Won Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Mall Leinsalu; Matilde Leonardi; Temesgen L. Lerango; An Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Wei Li; Xiaopan Li; Yichong Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. Lim; Ro-Ting Lin; Megan Lindstrom; Shai Linn; Gang Liu; Simin Liu; Xiaofeng Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Katherine M. Livingstone; Erand Llanaj; Platon D. Lopukhov; Arianna Maever Loreche; László Lorenzovici; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Alessandra Lugo; Zheng Feei Ma; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ralph Maddison; Javier A. Magaña Gómez; Julien Magne; D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Mehrdad Mahalleh; Mansour Adam Mahmoud; Elham Mahmoudi; Behnaz Mahmoudvand; Omar Mohamed Makram; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Reza Malekzadeh; Kashish Malhotra; Iram Malik; Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Aseer Manilal; Yosef Manla; Yasaman Mansoori; Borhan Mansouri; Pejman Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Hamid Reza Marateb; Mirko Marino; Daniela Martini; Santi Martini; Sharmeen Maryam; Roy Rillera Marzo; Alireza Masoudi; Sahar Masoudi; Clara N. Matei; Yasith Mathangasinghe; Elezebeth Mathews; Manu Raj Mathur; Jishanth Mattumpuram; Richard James Maude; Andrea Maugeri; Mahsa Mayeli; Mohsen Mazidi; John J. McGrath; Steven M. McPhail; Enkeleint A. Mechili; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad; Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Belayneh Mengist; Sultan Ayoub Meo; Haftu Asmerom Meresa; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda; Sachith Mettananda; Laurette Mhlanga; Tianyue Mi; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Neema W. Minja; Pouya Mir Mohammad Sadeghi; Niloofar Mirdamadi; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Prasanna Mithra; Zahra Moghimi; Jama Mohamed; Mouhand F.H. Mohamed; Nouh Saad Mohamed; Soheil Mohammadi; Hussen Mohammed; Mustapha Mohammed; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Hossein Molavi Vardanjani; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Fateme Montazeri; AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf; Yousef Moradi; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Negar Morovatdar; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jakub Morze; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Amirmahdi Mostofinejad; Vincent Mougin; Parsa Mousavi; Seyed Ehsan Mousavi; Dariush Mozaffarian; Ahmed Msherghi; Lorenzo Muccioli; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Sumoni Mukherjee; Kavita Munjal; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Sathish Muthu; Julius C. Mwita; Woojae Myung; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Ganesh R. Naik; Gurudatta Naik; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Mohammad Sadeq Najafi; Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Shumaila Nargus; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Gustavo G. Nascimento; Hadis Nasoori; Zuhair S. Natto; Javaid Nauman; Muhammad Naveed; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Hadush Negash; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Reza Nejad Shahrokh Abadi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Chakib Nejjari; Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi; Samata Nepal; Nawi Ng; Dang H. Nguyen; Phat Tuan Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Shawn S. Nijjar; Muhammad A. Nizam; Efaq Ali Noman; Shuhei Nomura; Mamoona Noreen; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi; Mpiko Ntsekhe; Dieta Nurrika; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Martin James O'Donnell; Onome Bright Oghenetega; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; James Odhiambo Oguta; Sylvester Reuben Okeke; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Lawrence Okidi; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Patrick Godwin Okwute; Andrew T. Olagunju; Muideen Tunbosun Olaiya; Matifan Dereje Olana; Matthew Idowu Olatubi; Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira; Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Yinka Doris Oluwafemi; Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase; Goran Latif Omer; Mohammad Mehdi Ommati; Kanyin Liane Ong; Sokking Ong; Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe; Michal Ordak; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Alberto Ortiz; Esteban Ortiz-Prado; Wael M.S. Osman; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh Padukudru; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mahsa Pahlavikhah Varnosfaderani; Tamás Palicz; Raffaele Palladino; Feng Pan; Hai-Feng Pan; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Paraskevi Papadopoulou; Seoyeon Park; Roberto Passera; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Dimitrios Patoulias; Venkata Suresh Patthipati; Shrikant Pawar; Amy E. Peden; Paolo Pedersini; Minjin Peng; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Marcos Pereira; Maria Odete Pereira; Mario F.P. Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Norberto Perico; Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha; Hoang Tran Pham; Anil K. Philip; David M. Pigott; Thomas Pilgrim; Michael A. Piradov; Evgenii Plotnikov; Dimitri Poddighe; Roman V. Polibin; Ramesh Poluru; Ghazaleh Pourali; Akram Pourshams; Pranil Man Singh Pradhan; Manya Prasad; Elton Junio Sady Prates; Bharathi M. Purohit; Jagadeesh Puvvula; Ibrahim Qattea; Gangzhen Qian; Maryam Faiz Qureshi; Mehrdad Rabiee Rad; Amir Radfar; Seyedeh Niloufar Rafiei Alavi; Ibrar Rafique; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Md Jillur Rahim; Mehran Rahimi; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Bita Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Pramila Rai; Sathish Rajaa; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Prashant Rajput; Pradhum Ram; Prasanna Ram; Sudha Ramalingam; Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy; Sheena Ramazanu; Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh; Juwel Rana; Kritika Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Nemanja Rancic; Amey Rane; Shubham Ranjan; Annemarei Ranta; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Mithun Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Sina Rashedi; Vahid Rashedi; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Iman Razeghian-Jahromi; Christian Razo; Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Luis Felipe Reyes; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; Daniela Ribeiro; Reza Rikhtegar; Leonardo Roever; Debby Syahru Romadlon; Luca Ronfani; Himanshu Sehar Sekhar Rout; Nitai Roy; Priyanka Roy; Andrzej Rynkiewicz; Aly M.A. Saad; Zahra Saadatian; Siamak Sabour; Simona Sacco; Rajesh Sachdeva; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Fahimeh Safaeinejad; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Soumya Swaroop Sahoo; Seyed Aidin Sajedi; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Joseph W. Sakshaug; Nasir Salam; Afeez Abolarinwa Salami; Mohamed A. Saleh; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Mohammed Z.Y. Salem; Sara Samadzadeh; Saad Samargandy; Vijaya Paul Samuel; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Rama Krishna Sanjeev; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Made Ary Sarasmita; Aswini Saravanan; Yaser Sarikhani; Tanmay Sarkar; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Gargi Sachin Sarode; Sachin C. Sarode; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Anudeep Sathyanarayan; Monika Sawhney; Mehdi Sayyah; Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt
[No abstract available]
Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2020) Spencer L. James; Chris D. Castle; Zachary V. Dingels; Jack T. Fox; Erin B. Hamilton; Zichen Liu; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Dillon O. Sylte; Nathaniel J. Henry; Kate E. LeGrand; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Aidin Abedi; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Tauseef Ahmad; Rushdia Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Fares Alahdab; Genet Melak Alamene; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Animut Alebel; Niguse Meles Alema; Suliman A. Alghnam; Samar Al-Hajj; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Saqib Ali; Mahtab Alikhani; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Khalid Altirkawi; Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Amit Arora; Malke Asaad; Babak Asghari; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Eleni Bagli; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Ahad Bakhtiari; Arun Balachandran; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Amrit Banstola; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Akbar Barzegar; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Habte Belete; Corina Benjet; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Soufiane Boufous; Alexandra Brazinova; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Joht S. Chandan; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Irini Chatziralli; Neha Chaudhary; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Samantha M. Colquhoun; Maria-Magdalena Constantin; Vera M. Costa; Giovanni Damiani; Ahmad Daryani; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Afshin Derakhshani; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Aziz Eftekhari; Elham Ehsani-Chimeh; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Daniel Adane Endalew; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Yousef Fatahi; Wubalem Fekadu; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Berhe Gebremichael; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Birhanu Geta; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Asadollah Gholamian; Tiffany K. Gill; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Gaurav Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Brian James Hall; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Josep Maria Haro; Md Mehedi Hasan; Amir Hasanzadeh; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Khezar Hayat; Delia Hendrie; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Martha Híjar; Hung Chak Ho; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Endang Indriasih; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; M. Mofizul Islam; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Sudha Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Teshome Abegaz Kamil; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Amir Kasaeian; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Taras Kavetskyy; Hafte Kahsay Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Abraham Getachew Kelbore; Bayew Kelkay; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Tripti Khanna; Habibolah Khazaie; Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani; Roba Khundkar; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Young-Eun Kim; Daniel Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nuworza Kugbey; Vivek Kumar; Nithin Kumar; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Om P. Kurmi; Oluwatosin Kuti; Carlo La Vecchia; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Dennis Odai Laryea; Savita Lasrado; Arman Latifi; Paolo Lauriola; Janet L. Leasher; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo; Miriam Levi; Shanshan Li; Shai Linn; Xuefeng Liu; Alan D. Lopez; Paulo A. Lotufo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Mohammed Madadin; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Marek Majdan; Azeem Majeed; Jeadran N. Malagon-Rojas; Venkatesh Maled; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Navid Manafi; Amir Manafi; Ana-Laura Manda; Narayana Manjunatha; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Joemer C. Maravilla; Lyn M. March; Amanda J. Mason-Jones; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Addisu Melese; Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik; Peter T.N. Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Hayimro Edemealem Merie; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Efat Mohamadi; Yousef Mohammad; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Mahmood Moosazadeh; Masoud Moradi; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Farhad Moradpour; Lidia Morawska; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Naho Morisaki; Shane Douglas Morrison; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Atalay Goshu Muluneh; Srinivas Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod Nayak; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Peter S. Nyasulu; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Emmanuel Wandera Okunga; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Kwaku Oppong Asante; Heather M. Orpana; Erika Ota; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; George C. Patton; Kebreab Paulos; Amy E. Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Jeevan Pereira; Hai Quang Pham; Michael R. Phillips; Marina Pinheiro; Roman V. Polibin; Suzanne Polinder; Hossein Poustchi; Swayam Prakash; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Parul Puri; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Ata Rafiee; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Siavash Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Ivo Rakovac; Kavitha Ranganathan; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Aziz Rezapour; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Carlos Miguel Rios González; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Anas M. Saad; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Saeed Safari; Roya Safari-Faramani; Hamid Safarpour; Mahdi Safdarian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Payman Salamati; Farkhonde Salehi; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Hosni Salem; Omar Salman; Inbal Salz; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Susan M. Sawyer; Sonia Saxena; Mehdi Sayyah; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Feng Sha; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini; Hamid Sharifi; Aziz Sheikh; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache; Emma U.R. Smith; Amin Soheili; Bija Soleymani; Ali Reza Soltanian; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Dan J. Stein; Mark A. Stokes; Babale Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Degena Bahrey Tadesse; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Yonatal Mesfin Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Ayenew Kassie Tesema; Berhe Etsay Tesfay; Rekha Thapar; Asres Bedaso Tilahune; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Roman Topor-Madry; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Alexander C. Tsai; Lorainne Tudor Car; Saif Ullah; Irfan Ullah; Maida Umar; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Yasir Waheed; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Habte Woldeyes; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Rajaram Yadav; Ali Yadollahpour; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Yong Yu; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Ahmad Zarei; Fatemeh Zare; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Louisa Degenhardt; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Simon I. Hay; Ali H. Mokdad; Robert C. Reiner; Benn Sartorius; Theo Vos
Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Global, regional, and national burden of injuries, and burden attributable to injuries risk factors, 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Negar Rezaei; Sina Azadnajafabad; Javad Khanali; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Dilaram Acharya; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Saira Afzal; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Sajjad Ahmad; Aqeel Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Haroon Ahmed; Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Hossein Akbarialiabad; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Shohreh Alian Samakkhah; Yousef Alimohamadi; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Hiwot Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Sohrab Amiri; Tudorel Andrei; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Davood Anvari; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Muhammad Aqeel; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ashokan Arumugam; Umesh Raj Aryal; Malke Asaad; Saeed Asgary; Tahira Ashraf; Thomas Astell-Burt; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Atalel Fentahun F. Awedew; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Setognal Birara Aychiluhm; Alemu Degu Ayele; Hosein Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Neeraj Bedi; Alehegn Bekele; Luis Belo; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Saeid Bitaraf; Archith Boloor; Guilherme Borges; Rohan Borschmann; Soufiane Boufous; Michael Brauer; Andrew M. Briggs; Julie Brown; Dana Bryazka; Luis Alberto Cámera; Rosario Cárdenas; Márcia Carvalho; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Wai Tong Chien; Abdulaal Chitheer; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Steffan Wittrup McPhee Christensen; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Beniamino Cislaghi; Scott Richard Clark; Natalia Cruz-Martins; Patricia Cullen; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Rakhi Dandona; Gary L. Darmstadt; Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Diego De Leo; Katie de Luca; Andreas K. Demetriades; Biniyam Demisse; Fitsum Wolde Demisse; Solomon Demissie; Belay Desye; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mengistie Diress; Shirin Djalalinia; Milad Dodangeh; Deepa Dongarwar; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Habitu Birhan Eshetu; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Farshid Etaee; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Andre Faro; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Pietro Ferrara; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Leta Adugna Geleta; Motuma Erena Getachew; Mansour Ghafourifard; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Tiffany K. Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; James C. Glasbey; Laszlo Göbölös; Kimiya Gohari; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Michal Grivna; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Bhawna Gupta; Brian J. Hall; Randah R. Hamadeh; Pawan Kumar Hamal; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Mohammad Hamiduzzaman; Asif Hanif; Syed Emdadul Haque; Arief Hargono; Netanja I. Harlianto; Risky Kusuma Hartono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Yuta Hiraike; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Amir Human Hoveidaei; Guoqing Hu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Jagnoor Jagnoor; Haitham Jahrami; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Rajesh Kamath; Ashwin Kamath; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Samad Karkhah; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Joonas H. Kauppila; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Mohammad Keykhaei; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Moien A.B. Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Yun Jin Kim; Gyu Ri Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Farzad Kompani; K.M. Marulasiddaiah Kondlahalli Shivakumar; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Estie Kruger; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nithin Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Hilton Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Van Charles Lansingh; Paolo Lauriola; Long Khanh Dao Le; Janet L. Leasher; Caterina Ledda; Doo Woong Lee; Yo Han Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa Likaka; Stephen S. Lim; Shai Linn; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Mahadeshwara Prasad; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Yosef Manla; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Joemer C. Maravilla; Elezebeth Mathews; Pallab K. Maulik; Enkeleint A. Mechili; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Walter Mendoza; Dechasa Adare Mengistu; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Tomasz Miazgowski; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Soheil Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Modhurima Moitra; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Maryam Moradi; Shane Douglas Morrison; Sumaira Mubarik; Efren Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf Fawzy Nabhan; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Zuhair S. Natto; Ionut Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Evangelia Nena; Samata Nepal; Haruna Asura Nggada; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Onome Bright Oghenetega; Oh In-Hwan; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Adeolu Olufunso Oladunjoye; Andrew T. Olagunju; Diriba Dereje Olana; Ahmed Omar Bali; Adrian Otoiu; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Mahesh Padukudru P A; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Shahina Pardhan; Park Eun-Kee; Jay Patel; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Amy E. Peden; Paolo Pedersini; Marcos Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Tom Pham; Michael R. Phillips; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Suzanne Polinder; Ibrahim Qattea; Ata Rafiee; Pankaja Raghav; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Sheena Ramazanu; Usha Rani; Temam Beshir Raru; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Prateek Rastogi; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Reza Rawassizadeh; Maryam Rezaei; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Muhammad Riaz; Jennifer Rickard; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Bedanta Roy; S. Manjula; S.N. Chandan; Siamak Sabour; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Sare Safi; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Payman Salamati; Juan Sanabria; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Yaser Sarikhani; Arash Sarveazad; Davide Sattin; Ganesh Kumar Saya; David C. Schwebel; Binyam Tariku Seboka; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Allen Seylani; Pritik A. Shah; Ataollah Shahbandi; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Nigussie Tadesse Sharew; Azam Sharifi; Neeraj Sharma; Vishal Sharma; Bereket Beyene Shashamo; Ali Sheidaei; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Jiabin Shen; Adithi Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Rahman Shiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Roman Shrestha; Negussie Boti Sidamo; Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva; Wudneh Simegn; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Ambrish Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; Bogdan Socea; Yonatan Solomon; Yi Song; Houman Sotoudeh; Raul A.R. C. Sousa; Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Dan J. Stein; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mark A. Stokes; Narayan Subedi; Jing Sun; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; M.D. Tariqujjaman; Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang; Nathan Y. Tat; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Rekha Thapar; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Lorainne Tudor Car; Derara Girma Tufa; Sana Ullah; Irfan Ullah; Krishna Kishore Umapathi; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Shoban Babu Varthya; Massimiliano Veroux; Dominique Vervoort; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Gizachew Tadesse Wassie; Taweewat Wiangkham; Caroline Wilkerson; Asrat Arja Wolde; Hong Xiao; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Pengpeng Ye; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Leila Zaki; Michael Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Mohsen Naghavi; Bagher Larijani; Farshad Farzadfar
Objectives: In this study, the trends and current situation of the injury burden as well as attributable burden to injury risk factors at global, regional, and national levels based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 are presented. Study design: To assess the attributable burden of injury risk factors, the data of interest on data sources were retrieved from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and analyzed. Methods: Cause-specific death from injuries was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model in the GBD 2019. The burden attributable to each injury risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was used to evaluate countries’ developmental status. Results: Globally, there were 713.9 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 663.8 to 766.9) injuries incidence and 4.3 million (UI: 3.9 to 4.6) deaths caused by injuries in 2019. There was an inverse relationship between age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate and SDI quintiles in 2019. Overall, low bone mineral density was the leading risk factor of injury deaths in 2019, with a contribution of 10.5% (UI: 9.0 to 11.6) of total injuries and age-standardized deaths, followed by occupational risks (7.0% [UI: 6.3–7.9]) and alcohol use (6.8% [UI: 5.2 to 8.5]). Conclusion: Various risks were responsible for the imposed burden of injuries. This study highlighted the small but persistent share of injuries in the global burden of diseases and injuries to provide beneficial data to produce proper policies to reach an effective global injury prevention plan. © 2024
Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Katherine R. Paulson; Aruna M. Kamath; Tahiya Alam; Kelly Bienhoff; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Jaffar Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam; Amir Abdoli; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Aishatu L. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Jose C. Adsuar; Khashayar Afshari; Mohammad Aghaali; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Budi Aji; Yonas Akalu; Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi; Addis Aklilu; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Tilahun Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Timur Aripov; Johan Ärnlöv; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Seyyede Masoume Athari; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Alok Atreya; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Asma Tahir Awan; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; B.B. Darshan; Ebrahim Babaee; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Massimiliano Beghi; Michelle L. Bell; Salaheddine Bendak; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Somayeh Bohlouli; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Alexey V. Breusov; Andre R. Brunoni; Katrin Burkart; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Paulo Camargos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ester Cerin; Jung-Chen Chang; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Dinh-Toi Chu; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Joao Conde; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A. S. Couto; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Hancheng Dai; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Gary L. Darmstadt; Jai K. Das; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Diego De Leo; Farah Deeba; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nikolaos Dervenis; Assefa Desalew; Keshab Deuba; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Sameer Dhingra; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Eleonora Dubljanin; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ferry Efendi; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Amir Emami; Shymaa Enany; Oghenowede Eyawo; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Sara D. Friedman; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Shilpa Gaidhane; Santosh Gaihre; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; M.A. Garcia-Gordillo; William M. Gardner; Mariana Gaspar Fonseca; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Lemma Getacher; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Michal Grivna; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Arief Hargono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Syed Shahzad Hasan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Khezar Hayat; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Sumant Inamdar; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Khalid Iqbal; Usman Iqbal; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Jagnoor Jagnoor; Vardhmaan Jain; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Fatemeh Javanmardi; Shubha Jayaram; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Oommen John; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Leila R. Kalankesh; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Getinet Kassahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Laura Kemmer; Nauman Khalid; Rovshan Khalilov; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Ardeshir Khosravi; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Niranjan Kissoon; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Ratilal Lalloo; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S. Lassi; Paolo Lauriola; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Yo Han Lee; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Juan Liang; Lee-Ling Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Ro-Ting Lin; Xuefeng Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Alan D. Lopez; Rafael Lozano; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Mark T. Mackay; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Francesca Giulia Magnani; D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Mina Maheri; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Gabriel Martinez; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Pallab K. Maulik; Colm Mcalinden; John J. Mcgrath; Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Abera M. Mersha; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Bahram Mohajer; Osama Mohamad; Yousef Mohammad; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Stefania Mondello; Mohammad Ali Moni; Catrin E. Moore; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jonathan F. Mosser; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Muhammad Naveed; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Evangelia Nena; Samata Nepal; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Chi Thi Yen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Samuel Negash Nigussie; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Nurulamin M. Noor; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Adrian Otoiu; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Pramod Kumar Pal; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Ashok Pandey; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan; Ana Melisa Pardo-Montaño; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; George C. Patton; Shrikant Pawar; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Amy E. Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Jeevan Pereira; Jorge Pérez-Gómez; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Thomas Pilgrim; Marina Pinheiro; Michael A. Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; James A. Platts-Mills; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Sergio I. Prada; Sanjay Prakash; Elisabetta Pupillo; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Alireza Rafiei; Alberto Raggi; Shadi Rahimzadeh; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Davide Rasella; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Reza Rawassizadeh; Robert C. Reiner; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Serge Resnikoff; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Susan Fred Rumisha; Paul Macdaragh Ryan; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Joshua A. Salomon; Yoseph Leonardo Samodra; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Sonia Saxena; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Mete Saylan; Silvia Schiavolin; Markus P. Schlaich; David C. Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Edson Serván-Mori; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Amira A. Shaheen; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Saeed Shakiba; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Ivy Shiue; Kerem Shuval; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; João Pedro Silva; Jonathan I.S. Silverberg; Biagio Simonetti; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Deepika Singhal; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Shahin Soltani; Joan B. Soriano; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mark A. Stokes; Stefan Stortecky; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Gerhard Sulo; Carolyn B. Swope; Bryan L. Sykes; Mindy D. Szeto; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Musliu Adetola Tolani; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Giorgos Tsapparellas; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Riaz Uddin; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Brigid Unim; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Marco Vacante; Maryam Vaezi; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Richard G. Wamai; Yanping Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Paul Ward; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Lauren B. Wilner; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Yang Xie; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Srikanth Yandrapalli; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Chuanhua Yu; Sifat Shahana Yusuf; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Arash Ziapour; Simon I. Hay; Christopher J.L. Murray; Haidong Wang; Nicholas J. Kassebaum
Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05–10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27–6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53–4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06–2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71–0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27–1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35–2·58; 37% [95% UI 32–43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Dana Bryazka; Marissa B. Reitsma; Max G. Griswold; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Abu Yousuf Md. Abdullah; E.S. Abhilash; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Juan Manuel Acuna; Giovanni Addolorato; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Kishor Adhikari; Sangeet Adhikari; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saira Afzal; Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu; Manik Aggarwal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Md.Zakiul Alam; Dejene Tsegaye Alem; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Yousef Alimohamadi; Atiyeh Alizadeh; Kasim Allel; Jordi Alonso; Saba Alvand; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Firehiwot Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Sohrab Amiri; Robert Ancuceanu; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Jalal Arabloo; Muhammad Arshad; Anton A. Artamonov; Zahra Aryan; Malke Asaad; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Thomas Astell-Burt; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Prince Atorkey; Alok Atreya; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Olatunde O. Ayinde; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Sina Azadnajafabad; Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Ashish D. Badiye; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Awraris Hailu Balchut Bilchut; T.W. Bärnighausen; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Pritish Baskaran; Luis Belo; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Elena A. Elena Blokhina; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Archith Boloor; Cristina Bosetti; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Andre R. Brunoni; Zahid A. Butt; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Rosario Cárdenas; Andre F. Carvalho; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Giulio Castelpietra; Luis F.S. Castro-De-Araujo; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Akhilanand Chaurasia; Nicolas Cherbuin; Dinh-Toi Chu; Nandita Chudal; Sheng-Chia Chung; Chuchu Churko; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Rafael M. Claro; Simona Costanzo; Richard G. Cowden; Michael H. Criqui; Natália Cruz-Martins; Garland T. Culbreth; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Beniam Darge Daniel; Anna Danielewicz; Jiregna Darega Gela; Kairat Davletov; Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo; Antonio Reis De Sá; Sisay Abebe Debela; Azizallah Dehghan; Andreas K. Demetriades; Meseret Derbew Molla; Rupak Desai; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Mengistie Diress; Milad Dodangeh; Deepa Dongarwar; Fariba Dorostkar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Bereket Duko; Bruce B. Duncan; Kristina Edvardsson; Michael Ekholuenetale; Frank J. Elgar; Muhammed Elhadi; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Azin Etemadimanesh; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Fatemeh Farahmand; Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Xiaoqi Feng; Zinabu Fentaw; Simone Ferrero; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Silvano Gallus; Fabio Galvano; Balasankar Ganesan; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael; Tadele Regasa Gemechu; Lemma Getacher; Motuma Erena Getachew; Abera Getachew Obsa; Asmare Getie; Amir Ghaderi; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Lilian A. Ghandour; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Sherief Ghozy; Franklin N. Glozah; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Justyna Godos; Amit Goel; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Mohamad Golitaleb; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Temesgen Worku Gudayu; Bhawna Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Rabih Halwani; Tiilahun Beyene Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Sanam Hariri; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Claudiu Herteliu; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa; Ramesh Holla; Md. Mahbub Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Junjie Huang; Salman Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Lalu Muhammad Irham; M. Mofizul Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Ramaiah Itumalla; Masao Iwagami; Roxana Jabbarinejad; Louis Jacob; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Zahra Jamalpoor; Elham Jamshidi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Umesh Jayarajah; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Seyed Ali Jeddi; Alelign Tasew Jema; Ravi Prakash Jha; Har Ashish Jindal; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Robel Hussen Kabthymer; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Himal Kandel; Girum Gebremeskel Kanno; Neeti Kapoor; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Salah Eddin Karimi; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Gbenga A. Kayode; Mohammad Keykhaei; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Imteyaz A. Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Hanna Kim; Jihee Kim; Min Seo Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Mika Kivimäki; Vitalii Klymchuk; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Ben Lacey; Tea Lallukka; Savita Lasrado; Jerrald Lau; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Rafael Lozano; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Farzan Madadizadeh; Áurea M. Madureira-Carvalho; Soleiman Mahjoub; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Rashidul Alam Mahumud; Alaa Makki; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Narayana Manjunatha; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco A. Martinez-Villa; Richard Matzopoulos; Pallab K. Maulik; Mahsa Mayeli; John J. McGrath; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Ritesh G. Menezes; Gert B.M. Mensink; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Atte Meretoja; Bedasa Taye Merga; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Antonio Mirijello; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Sanjeev Misra; Babak Moazen; Maryam Mobarakabadi; Marcello Moccia; Yousef Mohammad; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Yousef Moradi; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Sumaira Mubarik; Erin C. Mullany; Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Christopher J.L. Murray; Julius C. Mwita; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Samata Nepal; Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Ali Nowroozi; Khan M. Nuruzzaman; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; P.A. Mahesh; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Ashok Pandey; Shahina Pardhan; Tarang Parekh; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D.H. Parry; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Jay Patel; Siddhartha Pati; George C. Patton; Uttam Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Amy E. Peden; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Michael R. Phillips; Marina Pinheiro; Evgenii Plotnikov; Pranil Man Singh Pradhan; Akila Prashant; Jianchao Quan; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Pankaja Raghav Raghav; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Azizur Rahman; Md.Mosfequr Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Drona Prakash Rasali; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez; Gregory A. Roth; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Reihaneh Sadeghian; Umar Saeed; Farhad Saeedi; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Sarvenaz Salahi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Yaser Sarikhani; Brijesh Sathian; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Mehdi Sayyah; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Michaël Schwarzinger; David C. Schwebel; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar; SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Sarvenaz Shahin; Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi; Shayan Shahrokhi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Adithi Shetty; Jeevan K. Shetty; Damtew Solomon Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; K.M. Shivakumar; Velizar Shivarov; Parnian Shobeiri; Roman Shrestha; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Natacha Torres da Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; Marco Solmi; Yonatan Solomon; Suhang Song; Yimeng Song; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Dan J. Stein; Sonu Hangma Subba; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Majid Taheri; Ker-Kan Tan; Minale Tareke; Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Worku Animaw Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Nikhil Kenny Thomas; Chalachew Tiruneh; Jovana Todorovic; Marco Torrado; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Sergi Trias-Llimós; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Alireza Vakilian; Rohollah Valizadeh; Mehdi Varmaghani; Shoban Babu Varthya; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Theo Vos; Birhanu Wagaye; Yasir Waheed; Mandaras Tariku Walde; Cong Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Abate Dargie Wubetu; Suowen Xu; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Lin Yang; Gesila Endashaw E. Yesera; Arzu Yigit; Vahit Yiğit; Ayenew Engida Yimaw; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Siddhesh Zadey; Mazyar Zahir; Iman Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Mohammad Zmaili; Yves Miel H. Zuniga; Emmanuela Gakidou
Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license