Browsing by Author "Anamika Pandey"

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Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Avina Vongpradith; Sarah Brooke Sirota; Amanda Novotney; Christopher E Troeger; Matthew C Doxey; Rose G Bender; Jorge R Ledesma; Molly H Biehl; Samuel B Albertson; Joseph Jon Frostad; Katrin Burkart; Fiona B Bennitt; Jeff T Zhao; William M Gardner; Hailey Hagins; Dana Bryazka; Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez; Semagn Mekonnen Abate; Michael Abdelmasseh; Amir Abdoli; Gholamreza Abdoli; Aidin Abedi; Vida Abedi; Tadesse M Abegaz; Hassan Abidi; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Yonas Derso Abtew; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Kidist Adamu; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oyelola A Adegboye; Mohammad Adnan; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Araz Ramazan Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Jivan Qasim Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi; Hanadi Al Hamad; Luciana Albano; Mamoon A Aldeyab; Bezatu Mengistie Alemu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Abdelazeem M Algammal; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Liaqat Ali; Musa Mohammed Ali; Syed Shujait Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Adel Al-Jumaily; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Rami H Hani Al-Rifai; Saif Aldeen S AlRyalat; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi; John H Amuasi; Dickson A Amugsi; Etsay Woldu Anbesu; Adnan Ansar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Demelash Areda; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Zeleke Gebru Argaw; Judie Arulappan; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Mulusew A Asemahagn; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Daniel Atlaw; Engi F Attia; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Tewachew Awoke; Tegegn Mulatu Ayana; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Samad Azari; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D Badiye; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Atif Amin Baig; MacIej Banach; Indrajit Banerjee; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Quique Bassat; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Abate Bekele Belachew; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Parth Bhatt; Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Soumitra S Bhuyan; Ali Bijani; Saeid Bitaraf; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Danilo Buonsenso; Muhammad Hammad Butt; Jiao Cai; Paulo Camargos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Muluken Genetu Chanie; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Patrick R Ching; Sungchul Choi; Yuen Yu Chong; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Natalie L Cobb; Aaron J Cohen; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; An Thi Minh Dao; Sisay Abebe Debela; Biniyam Demisse; Fitsum Wolde Demisse; Solomon Demissie; Diriba Dereje; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Belay Desye; Sameer Dhingra; Nancy Diao; Daniel Diaz; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Deepa Dongarwar; Fariba Dorostkar; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Eleonora Dubljanin; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Hisham Atan Edinur; Elham Ehsani-Chimeh; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Eman D El Desouky; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Muhammed Elhadi; Ahmed Mahmoud Rabie Elkhapery; Amir Emami; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Farshid Etaee; Mohamad Ezati Asar; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Shahab Falahi; Aida Fallahzadeh; Anwar Faraj; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Ali Fatehizadeh; Pietro Ferrara; Allegra Allegra Ferrari; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Joanne Flavel; Masoud Foroutan; Peter Andras Gaal; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Santosh Gaihre; Nasrin Galehdar; Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro; Tushar Garg; Mesfin Damtew Gebrehiwot; Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Bradford D Gessner; Melaku Getachew; Asmare Getie; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohammad Ghasemi Nour; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Abdolmajid Gholizadeh; Rakesh Ghosh; Sherief Ghozy; Pouya Goleij; Mohamad Golitaleb; Giuseppe Gorini; Alessandra C Goulart; Girma Garedew Goyomsa; Habtamu Alganeh Guadie; Zewdie Gudisa; Rashid Abdi Guled; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Alemu Guta; Parham Habibzadeh; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Md Abdul Hannan; Mehdi Harorani; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Abbas M Hassan; Shokoufeh Hassani; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Behzad Heibati; Mohammad Heidari; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Sung Hwi Hong; Nobuyuki Horita; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh; Junjie Huang; Nawfal R Hussein; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Masao Iwagami; Jalil Jaafari; Elham Jamshidi; Sung-In Jang; Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani; Tahereh Javaheri; Fatemeh Javanmardi; Javad Javidnia; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Umesh Jayarajah; Shubha Jayaram; Alelign Tasew Jema; Wonjeong Jeong; Jost B Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; V. K; Zubair Kabir; Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi; Vidya Kadashetti; Laleh R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Himal Kandel; Tesfaye K Kanko; Ibraheem M Karaye; André Karch; Samad Karkhah; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Patrick D M C Katoto; Harkiran Kaur; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Imteyaz A Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Moien A B Khan; Yusra H Khan; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Mina Khosravifar; Jagdish Khubchandani; Min Seo Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Niranjan Kissoon; Luke D Knibbs; Sonali Kochhar; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G Anil Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Judit Lám; Iván Landires; Caterina Ledda; Sang-Woong Lee; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; László Lorenzovici; Mojgan Lotfi; Joana A Loureiro; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Razzagh Mahmoudi; Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh; Jamal Majidpoor; Alaa Makki; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Yosef Manla; Clara N Matei; Alexander G Mathioudakis; Richard James Maude; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Addisu Melese; Ziad A Memish; Oliver Mendoza-Cano; Alexios-Fotios A Mentis; Tuomo J Meretoja; Mehari Woldemariam Merid; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sá; Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Reza Mirfakhraie; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Agha Zeeshan Mirza; Moonis Mirza; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Abay Sisay Misganaw; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Arif Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Syam Mohan; Mohammad Mohseni; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Md Moniruzzaman; Fateme Montazeri; Catrin E Moore; Abdolvahab Moradi; Lidia Morawska; Jonathan F Mosser; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Majid Motaghinejad; Haleh Mousavi Isfahani; Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas; Sumaira Mubarik; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Sanjeev Nair; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Houshang Najafi; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Zuhair S Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Antonio Tolentino Nogueira De Sá; Hasti Nouraei; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Andrew T Olagunju; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Eyal Oren; Erika Ota; Nikita Otstavnov; Abderrahim Oulhaj; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Reza Pakzad; Tamás Palicz; Anamika Pandey; Suman Pant; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Rajan Paudel; Shrikant Pawar; Minjin Peng; Gavin Pereira; Simone Perna; Navaraj Perumalsamy; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; David M Pigott; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Vivek Podder; Roman V Polibin; Maarten J Postma; Hamid Pourasghari; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir; Mathieu Raad; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Saber Raeghi; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Mehran Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Azizur Rahman; Md Obaidur Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Usha Rani; Sowmya J Rao; Sina Rashedi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Marissa B Reitsma; Andre M N Renzaho; Mohsen Rezaeian; Abanoub Riad; Reza Rikhtegar; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Emma L B Rogowski; Luca Ronfani; Kristina E Rudd; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Azam Safary; Sher Zaman Safi; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sateesh Sakhamuri; Sana Salehi; Muhammad Salman; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Abdallah M Samy; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Maryam Sarkhosh; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Allen Seylani; Amira A Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Hina Shamshad; Mequannent Melaku Sharew; Asaad Sharhani; Azam Sharifi; Purva Sharma; Ali Sheidaei; Suchitra M Shenoy; Jeevan K Shetty; Damtew Solomon Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski; K.M. Shivakumar; Siddharudha Shivalli; Parnian Shobeiri; Wudneh Simegn; Colin R Simpson; Harpreet Singh; Jasvinder A Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Samarjeet Singh Siwal; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Yimeng Song; Prashant Sood; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Muhammad Suleman; Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh; Alireza Tahamtan; Majid Taheri; Moslem Taheri Soodejani; Elahe Taki; Iman M Talaat; Mircea Tampa; Sarmila Tandukar; Nathan Y Tat; Vivian Y Tat; Yibekal Manaye Tefera; Gebremaryam Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Azene Tesfaye; Degefa Gomora Tesfaye; Belay Tessema; Rekha Thapar; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Amir Tiyuri; Imad I Tleyjeh; Munkhsaikhan Togtmol; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Derara Girma Tufa; Irfan Ullah; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R Valdez; Rohollah Valizadeh; Constantine Vardavas; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Bay Vo; Linh Gia Vu; Birhanu Wagaye; Yasir Waheed; Yu Wang; Abdul Waris; T Eoin West; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Xiaoyue Xu; Sajad Yaghoubi; Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Burhan Abdullah Zaman; Alireza Zandifar; Moein Zangiabadian; Heather J Zar; Iman Zare; Zahra Zareshahrabadi; Armin Zarrintan; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Wu Zeng; Mengxi Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Mohammad Zoladl; Alimuddin Zumla; Stephen S Lim; Theo Vos; Mohsen Naghavi; Michael Brauer; Simon I Hay; Christopher J L Murray
Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
(Nature Research, 2021) Damaris Kinyoki; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Dan Lu; Samuel B. Ewald; Katie M. Donkers; Ian D. Letourneau; Michael Collison; Megan F. Schipp; Amanuel Abajobir; Sima Abbasi; Nooshin Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam; Amir Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Biju Abraham; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Pradyumna Agasthi; Mohammad Aghaali; Sohail Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Budi Aji; Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Ziyad Al-Aly; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Ayinalem Alemu; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Nahla Hamed Anber; Robert Ancuceanu; Tudorel Andrei; Masresha Tessema Anegago; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Al Artaman; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Mengistu M. Ashebir; Zerihun Ataro; Seyyede Masoume Athari; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Abbas Azadmehr; Darshan B; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Palash Chandra Banik; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Neeraj Bedi; Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye Bekuma; Michelle L. Bell; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Kidanemariam Alem Berhie; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Moses John Bockarie; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mahdi Bohluli; Archith Boloor; Shiva Borzouei; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Andre R. Brunoni; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Muge Cevik; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Ken Lee Chin; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Aubrey J. Cook; Vera Marisa Costa; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Henok Dagne; Baye Dagnew; Tukur Dahiru; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Farah Daoud; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Aditya Prasad Dash; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Kairat Davletov; Farah Deeba; Jan-Walter De Neve; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Sagnik Dey; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Bereket Duko; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Lucas Earl; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ferry Efendi; Rajesh Elayedath; Teshome Bekele Elema; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Maha El Tantawi; Daniel Adane Endalew; Babak Eshrati; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Ibtihal Fadhil; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Medhat Farwati; Farshad Farzadfar; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Valery L. Feigin; Berhanu Elfu Feleke; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Nataliya A. Foigt; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis; Hadush Gebremariam; Tesfay B. B. Gebremariam; Leake Gebremeskel; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Bradford D. Gessner; Lemma Getacher; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Myron Anthony Godinho; Philimon N. Gona; Ayman Grada; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Nachiket Gudi; Davide Guido; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rachita Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Syed Shahzad Hasan; Maryam Hashemian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Shoaib Hassan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Hagos Degefa de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Ramesh Holla; Julia Hon; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J. Hotez; Mowafa Househ; Tanvir M. Huda; Dawit Hoyiso Huluko Huluko; Syed Ather Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Ravi Prakash Jha; Oommen John; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Nitin Joseph; Ankur Joshi; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Tanvir Kahlon; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; Salah Eddin Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Gebrehiwot G. Kassa; Getinet Kassahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Tibebeselassie S. Keflie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Bayew Kelkay; Maryam Keramati; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Junaid Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Neda Kianipour; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Ali Koolivand; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Matthew B. Laurens; Carlo La Vecchia; Avula Laxmaiah; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Daiane Borges Machado; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mina Maheri; Narayan B. Mahotra; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Md Dilshad Dilshad Manzar; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Medhin Mehari; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Mulugeta Melku; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Abera M. Mersha; Workua Mekonnen Metekiya; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; G.K. Mini; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Sanjeev Misra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Yousef Mohammad; Dara K. Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Hayat Maeruf Mohammed; Salahuddin Mohammed; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei; Ali H. Mokdad; Alex Molassiotis; Lorenzo Monasta; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Abbas Mosapour; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Getaneh Baye B. Mulu; Mehnaz Munir; Moses K. Muriithi; G.V.S. Murthy; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Mohsen Naghavi; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Smitha Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Amin Reza Nikpoor; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Tafadzwa Nyanhanda; Bogdan Oancea; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Daniel Micheal Okello; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Muktar Omer Omer; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Abhijit P. Pakhare; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Urvish K. Patel; Ashish Pathak; George C. Patton; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Jeevan Pereira; Julia Moreira Pescarini; Hai Quang Pham; Brandon V. Pickering; Saeed Pirouzpanah; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadis Pourchamani; Hadi Pourjafar; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Ata Rafiee; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Aashish Rajesh; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Satish Rao; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Lal Rawal; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Reza Rawassizadeh; Lemma Demissie Regassa; Robert C. Reiner; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Nima Rezaei; Omid Rezahosseini; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Hirbo Shore Roba; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Morteza Rostamian; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Deepak Saxena; Alyssa N. Sbarra; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Debarka Sengupta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Feyisso Shaka; Ali S. Shalash; Mahdi Shamali; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; MohammadBagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Amrollah Sharifi; Aziz Sheikh; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Ranjitha S. Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Adithi Shetty; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Velizar Shivarov; Soraya Siabani; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Surya Singh; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Amin Soheili; Shahin Soltani; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Zemenu Tamir; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Hirut Teame; Yonas Getaye Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Yohannes Tekalegn; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Nihal Thomas; Takele Tiki; Asres Bedaso Tilahune; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Rajnish Tripathi; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Phuong N. Truong; Riaz Uddin; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Chigozie Jesse Uneke; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Marco Vacante; Alireza Vakilian; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Yasser Vasseghian; Madhur Verma; Francesco S. Violante; Bay Vo; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Kinley Wangdi; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Yang Xie; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Mingyou Yang; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Tomas Y. Yeheyis; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Melissa F. Young; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Shamsa Zafar; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Zoubida Zaidi; Josefina Zakzuk; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Alireza Zandifar; Alireza Zangeneh; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie; Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie; Yunquan Zhang; Cong Zhu; Arash Ziapour; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Simon I. Hay
Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations. © 2021, The Author(s).
Aquifer characterization and protective capacity evaluation using geoelectrical measurements in parts of Vindhyan Supergroup, Uttar Pradesh, India
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Anamika Pandey; Birendra Pratap
Aquifer parameters are crucial for effectively managing groundwater resources. A geoelectrical survey was conducted in parts of Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India, involving twenty-four vertical electrical soundings (VES) to characterize the aquifers and evaluate contamination levels. The Dar-Zarrouk parameters, such as longitudinal unit conductance, total transverse unit resistance, anisotropy and, aquifer parameters, were determined to characterize the aquifers and estimate their protective capacity. Transmissivity (T) values ranged from 65.32 to 49,310.05 m2/day, with an average of 24,687.69 m2/day. The study indicated a high groundwater potential in areas with overburden thickness exceeding 13 m and a reflection coefficient below 0.8. In regions with overburden thickness greater than 13 m and a reflection coefficient of 0.8 or higher, a medium groundwater potential was observed. The groundwater protective capacity assessment revealed that most locations have moderate to good protection levels. This study aids in identifying aquifer vulnerability and guiding future groundwater resource development. © 2025 The Authors
Assessment of topsoil contamination in an urbanized interfluve region of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) using magnetic measurements and spectroscopic techniques
(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Abhishek Kumar Rai; Anuj Kumar Singh; Jayanta Kumar Pati; Shubham Gupta; Munmun Chakarvorty; Ambalika Niyogi; Anamika Pandey; Mrigank Mauli Dwivedi; Kamlesh Pandey; Kuldeep Prakash
The magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements are used for rapid and cost-effective soil surveys and for accessing heavy metal contamination worldwide. In the sub-Himalayan plains of India, nearly 6.05 × 104 km2 area of most the fertile land occurs as interfluve of Late Quaternary age between the two major glacier-fed rivers (Ganga and Yamuna). The vast areal expanse of interfluve terminates at the rivers’ confluence in Sangam (25°25′13″N-81°53′22″E), Allahabad. This is the first study of MS soil survey of the interfluve region at the confluence comprising 490 samples from 49 locations. The MS values are between 8.84 and 261.25 × 10−8 m3 kg−1 and the change is more pronounced (8.84–312.65 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) with increasing depth. A sudden increase in the MS between 12- (11.28–303.32 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and 14-cm (11.21–238.45 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) depth is observed similar to observations worldwide. The high MS hotspots are aligned parallel to major traffic networks of the city suggesting a major contribution emanating from the anthropogenic load. A significant difference has been noted in the MS values of present-day mid-channel bar sediments of Ganga (25.24 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and Yamuna (116.47 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) Rivers. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) data showed the presence of heavy (Fe, Ti, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb) and light (H, C, N, and O) elements supporting MS data. The concentration of toxic elements predicted by partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach concurs with magnetic measurements. The topsoil MS values increase up to a depth of ~ 6.25 cm suggesting the dominant role of anthropogenic source for the increased heavy metal concentration compared with basement contributions. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Carbon nanotubes immobilized copper(salen) nanocomposite for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction
(Scientific Publishers, 2024) Mandakini Gupta; Narvadeshwar; Angesh Kumar Maurya; Vikas Jangra; Anamika Pandey; Piyush Kumar Sonkar; Upendra Kumar
Efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are widely required in the realm of water electrolysis and rechargeable metal-air batteries. This work describes an easy and simple method for the synthesis of copper salen (Cu(Salen))-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite materials (Cu(Salen)/MWCNTs). It has been used for OER in the basic medium (0.1 M KOH). The resulting nanocomposite, Cu(Salen)/MWCNTs, has been studied using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The electrochemical characterization of prepared Cu(Salen)/MWCNTs nanocomposite based modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes (GC/Cu(Salen)/MWCNTs) and their application towards OER have been performed using an electrochemical method. The Tafel slope of nanocomposite material is 159.6 mV/dec in 0.1 M KOH solution, indicating that GC/Cu(Salen)/MWCNTs could be a promising and cost-effective electrode material for the OER. This study demonstrates a novel way for creating an active nanocomposite catalyst for OER in alkaline media. © 2024 Authors.
Catalyst-free biphasic orthorhombic/hexagonal tungsten oxide system with enhanced photocatalytic response under visible light
(Oxford University Press, 2023) Anshu Kumar Singh; Sumit Kumar Pandey; Pramod Kumar Vishwakarma; Raghvendra Pratap; Ranjana Verma; Anamika Pandey; Rajiv Giri; Anchal Srivastava
These days, textile industries pose a more significant threat to surface water and groundwater sources directly or indirectly by discharging wastewater containing various dyes and organic pollutants to these water sources. The phase-junction-engineered heterogeneous photocatalysis carried out by visible light-driven semiconductor photocatalysts is opening a new window for the degradation of environmental organic pollutants. In this work, we have reported a one-step bottom-up hydrothermal synthesis of biphasic tungsten oxide (o/h-WO3) and performed a photodegradation experiment under visible light irradiation for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants such as Methylene blue (MB) and Methyl violet (MV), respectively. The X-ray diffraction, RAMAN, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-Vis characterization techniques were used to investigate the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized o/h-WO3. Moreover, the low calculated band gap (∼2.8 eV) and the anionic nature of o/h-WO3 suggest it as an efficient visible light-driven photocatalyst suitable for heterogeneous photocatalysis. The photodegradation experiment performed under visible light using o/h-WO3 photocatalyst showed better degradation efficiency of 71% and 89% for MB and MV, respectively, in 100 min. The dyes followed first-order kinetics, and their kinetic rate constants were calculated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Furthermore, the recyclability study of the photocatalyst was also performed and discussed the underlying mechanism for the photodegradation of the organic dyes. © 2023 The Author(s).
Electrochemical behavior of ReSe2 nanosheets for efficient determination of sodium azide for assessing environmental aspects
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Anamika Pandey; Ranjana Verma; Kshitij RB Singh; Anshu Kumar Singh; Jay Singh; Anchal Srivastava
Sodium azide is a poisonous, reactive chemical that can cause headaches, cytochrome oxidase inhibition, and vasodilation at relatively low concentrations. Therefore, it is very crucial to detect sodium azide. This work deals with synthesizing rhenium diselenide nanosheets (ReSe2 NSs) via the hydrothermal method, which could serve as a substrate for sodium azide electrocatalytic determination. The as-synthesized ReSe2 NSs were characterized by an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Raman, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to obtain structural, optical, and morphological properties. Further, for the analysis of the electrocatalytic activity, these ReSe2 NSs were electrophoretically deposited over the glass substrate of indium-tin-oxide (ITO). Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to evaluate the electro-oxidation of sodium azide. Under optimized experimental conditions, the constructed biosensor shows excellent performance, such as a wider linear range of 3–20 μM, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 6.73 × 10−5 μM, and high electrochemical sensitivity of 16.76 μA μM−1 cm−2 towards sodium azide. The sensing capability was also successfully demonstrated in tap water samples spiked with sodium azide, representing environmental water conditions. Thus, the herein presented ReSe2 NSs can be projected as an applicable nano-system for quick and inexpensive simultaneous detection of sodium azide in aqueous solutions. © 2025
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Victor Aboyans; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Maryam Adabi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Filippo Ariani; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Michelle L. Bell; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Dana Bryazka; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Franz Castro; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Joht Singh Chandan; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Kelly Compton; Owen R. Cooper; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Di H. Cross; Jessica A. Cruz; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Diego De Leo; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nikolaos Dervenis; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Tim Robert Driscoll; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; David Edvardsson; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Peter W. Gething; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Paramjit Singh Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Salime Goharinezhad; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Gaorui Guo; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Beatrix Haddock; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Abdul Hafiz; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Melanie S. Hammer; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Abdiwahab Hashi; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Hannah J. Henrikson; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hans W. Hoek; Ramesh Holla; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D. Knibbs; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Jacek A. Kopec; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. Legrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Yang Liu; Justin Lo; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Alton Lu; Alessandra Lugo; Emilie R. Maddison; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Noushin Mohammadifard; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Hussen Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Meghan D. Mooney; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Erin C. Mullany; Kamarul Imran Musa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod C. Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Ming Nguyen; Yeshambel T. 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Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Youn Ho Shin; Jimin Hwang; Rosie Kwon; Seung Won Lee; Min Seo Kim; Jae Il Shin; Dong Keon Yon; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Michael Abdelmasseh; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Elissa M. Abrams; Yonas Derso Abtew; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane; Tigist Demssew Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Rishan Adha; Amin Adibi; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Anurag Agrawal; Sohail Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Sayer Al-Azzam; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Zaid Altaany; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hany Aly; Adnan Ansar; Judie Arulappan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Daniel Atlaw; Avinash Aujayeb; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mahsa Babaei; Hassan Babamohamadi; Alaa Badawi; Nayereh Baghcheghi; Sara Bagherieh; Khuloud Bajbouj; Maciej Banach; Mainak Bardhan; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Amadou Barrow; Azadeh Bashiri; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Andras Bikov; Jiao Cai; Paulo Camargos; Josip Car; Sinclair Carr; Andrea Carugno; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Mohammadreza Chashmyazdan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Barbara Corso; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Dessalegn Demeke; Biniyam Demisse; Daniel Diaz; Mengistie Diress; Deepa Dongarwar; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Muhammed Elhadi; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Habtamu Esubalew; Farshid Etaee; Azin Etemadimanesh; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Ali Fatehizadeh; Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima; Xiaoqi Feng; Mohammad Fereidouni; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Yibeltal Yismaw Gela; Abera Getachew Obsa; Fataneh Ghadirian; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Sherief Ghozy; Richard F. Gillum; Abraham Tamirat Gizaw; Admasu Belay AB Gizaw; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Sapna Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Md Abdul Hannan; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Hamidreza Hasani; Abdiwahab Hashi; Mohammed Bheser Hassen; Behzad Heibati; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Shakhaoat Hossain; Salman Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Rana Irilouzadian; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Zhanat Bakhitovna I. Z. B. Ispayeva; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Linda Merin J; Maziar Jajarmi; Elham Jamshidi; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Billingsley Kaambwa; Zubair Kabir; Feroze Kaliyadan; Himal Kandel; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Hanie Karimi; Harkiran Kaur; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Imteyaz A. Khan; Maseer Khan; Moien A. B. Khan; Saval Khanal; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Biruk Getahun Kibret; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Pavel Kolkhir; Farzad Kompani; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Oleksii Korzh; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Claudia E. Kuehni; G. Anil Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Judit Lám; Bagher Larijani; Kamaluddin Latief; Paolo Lauriola; Thao Thi Thu Le; Yo Han Lee; Jacopo Lenzi; Ming-Chieh Li; Shanshan Li; Virendra S. Ligade; Stephen S. Lim; Gang Liu; Wei Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Chun-Han Lo; Graciliana Lopes; Soundarya Mahalingam; Sandeep B. Maharaj; Mansour Adam Mahmoud; Azeem Majeed; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Andrea Maugeri; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Ritesh G. Menezes; George A. Mensah; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Tomislav Mestrovic; Irmina Maria Michalek; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Manish Mishra; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Md Moniruzzaman; Temesgen Mulugeta; Daniel Munblit; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Hasan Nassereldine; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Tze Pin Ng; Dang H. Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Hasti Nouraei; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Rahman Md Obaidur; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Patrick Godwin Okwute; Andrew T. Olagunju; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Hans Orru; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Anamika Pandey; Shahina Pardhan; Eun-Kee Park; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Venkata Suresh Patthipati; Uttam Paudel; Marcos Pereira; Renato B. Pereira; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Indrashis Podder; Vivek Podder; Arash Pour Mohammad; Ibrahim Qattea; Navid Rabiee; Mehran Rahimi; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Prashant Rajput; Pradhum Ram; Premkumar Ramasubramani; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Aavishkar Raj Regmi; Nazila Rezaei; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez; Luca Ronfani; Aly M. A. Saad; Basema Saddik; Umar Saeed; Dominic Sagoe; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Harihar Sahoo; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Joseph W. Sakshaug; Saina Salahi; Sana Salehi; Abdallah M. Samy; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Made Ary Sarasmita; Maryam Sarkhosh; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Humaira Shah; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohd Shanawaz; Aziz Sheikh; Shashank Shekhar; Mika Shigematsu; Parnian Shobeiri; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Colin R. Simpson; Jasvinder A. Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Surjit Singh; Virendra Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Yonatan Solomon; Suhang Song; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mindy D. Szeto; Iman M. Talaat; Jacques J. L. Lukenze Tamuzi; Ker-Kan Tan; Nathan Y. Tat; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Dufera Rikitu Terefa; Riki Tesler; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Tala Tillawi; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Sana Ullah; Era Upadhyay; Seyed Mohammad Vahabi; Job F. M. van Boven; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Georgios-Ioannis Verras; Rafael José Vieira; Francesco S. Violante; Theo Vos; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Hywel C. Williams; Dereje Y. Yada; Yazachew Yismaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Heather J. Zar; Iman Zare; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Mohammad A. Zeineddine; Getachew Assefa Zenebe; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Hanqing Zhao; Mohammad Zoladl
Background: Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic allergic conditions, along with allergic rhinitis and food allergy and cause high morbidity and mortality both in children and adults. This study aims to evaluate the global, regional, national, and temporal trends of the burden of asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019 and analyze their associations with geographic, demographic, social, and clinical factors. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we assessed the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of both asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019, stratified by geographic region, age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). DALYs were calculated as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost to premature mortality. Additionally, the disease burden of asthma attributable to high body mass index, occupational asthmagens, and smoking was described. Results: In 2019, there were a total of 262 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million] cases of asthma and 171 million [95% UI: 165–178 million] total cases of AD globally; age-standardized prevalence rates were 3416 [95% UI: 2899–4066] and 2277 [95% UI: 2192–2369] per 100,000 population for asthma and AD, respectively, a 24.1% [95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8] decrease for asthma and a 4.3% [95% UI: 3.8–4.8] decrease for AD compared to baseline in 1990. Both asthma and AD had similar trends according to age, with age-specific prevalence rates peaking at age 5–9 years and rising again in adulthood. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and AD were both higher for individuals with higher SDI; however, mortality and DALYs rates of individuals with asthma had a reverse trend, with higher mortality and DALYs rates in those in the lower SDI quintiles. Of the three risk factors, high body mass index contributed to the highest DALYs and deaths due to asthma, accounting for a total of 3.65 million [95% UI: 2.14–5.60 million] asthma DALYs and 75,377 [95% UI: 40,615–122,841] asthma deaths. Conclusions: Asthma and AD continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age-standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Although both are more frequent at younger ages and more prevalent in high-SDI countries, each condition has distinct temporal and regional characteristics. Understanding the temporospatial trends in the disease burden of asthma and AD could guide future policies and interventions to better manage these diseases worldwide and achieve equity in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. © 2023 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Rajesh Sharma; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Rami Abd-Rabu; Hassan Abidi; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Juan Manuel Acuna; Sangeet Adhikari; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Ali Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Saba Alvand; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Robert Ancuceanu; Amir Anoushiravani; Ali Arash Anoushirvani; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Jalal Arabloo; Armin Aryannejad; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Mamaru Ayenew Awoke; Tegegn Mulatu Ayana; Sina Azadnajafabad; Hiva Azami; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ashish D. Badiye; Sara Bagherieh; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Maciej Banach; Amadou Barrow; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Sima Besharat; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Tone Bjørge; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Daniela Calina; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Giulia Carreras; Felix Carvalho; Ester Cerin; Raja Chandra Chakinala; William C.S. Cho; Dinh-Toi Chu; Joao Conde; Vera Marisa Costa; Natália Cruz-Martins; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anna Danielewicz; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Rupak Desai; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Mojtaba Didehdar; Saeid Doaei; Linh Phuong Doan; Milad Dodangeh; Fatemeh Eghbalian; Debela Debela Ejeta; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Muhammed Elhadi; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Tahir Eyayu; Rana Ezzeddini; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Umar Farooque; Hossein Farrokhpour; Farshad Farzadfar; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nima Fattahi; Masood Fereidoonnezhad; Eduarda Fernandes; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Peter Andras Gaal; Mohamed M. Gad; Silvano Gallus; Tushar Garg; Tamiru Getachew; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq; Abraham Tamirat Gizaw; James C. Glasbey; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Kebebe Bekele Gonfa; Giuseppe Gorini; Avirup Guha; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Rabih Halwani; Shafiul Haque; Sanam Hariri; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Soheil Hassanipour; Simon I. Hay; Claudiu Herteliu; Ramesh Holla; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Ivo Iavicoli; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Farhad Islami; Masao Iwagami; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Tahereh Javaheri; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Ravi Prakash Jha; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Neeti Kapoor; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Amirali Karimi; Joonas H. Kauppila; Asma Kazemi; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Javad Khanali; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Mahmoud Khodadost; Hanna Kim; Min Seo Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Jacek A. Kopec; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; Ai Koyanagi; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; G. Anil Kumar; Manoj Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Caterina Ledda; Sang-Woong Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Elvynna Leong; Bingyu Li; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Joana A. Loureiro; Raimundas Lunevicius; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Azeem Majeed; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Miquel Martorell; Sahar Masoudi; Prashant Mathur; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Walter Mendoza; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Tomislav Mestrovic; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Hamed Mirzaei; Sanjeev Misra; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Saeed Mohammadi; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Zeinab Mokhtari; Mariam Molokhia; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Sumaira Mubarik; Francesk Mulita; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Hae Sung Nam; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad; Ionut Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Nurulamin M. Noor; Maryam Noori; Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Sokking Ong; Samuel M. Ostroff; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Reza Pakzad; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Urvish K. Patel; Uttam Paudel; Renato B. Pereira; Navaraj Perumalsamy; Richard G. Pestell; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Richard Charles G. Pollok; Akram Pourshams; Naeimeh Pourtaheri; Akila Prashant; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Sima Rafiei; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Nazanin Rajai; Aashish Rajesh; Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Kamal Ranabhat; Sina Rashedi; Amirfarzan Rashidi; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Mandana Rastegar; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Saeid Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Gholamreza Roshandel; Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad; Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani; Basema Saddik; Hossein Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Maryam Sahebazzamani; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Amir Salek Farrokhi; Amir Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Pouria Samadi; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider; Mario Šekerija; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Sayed Mohammad Shafiee; Zahra Shaghaghi; Saeed Shahabi; Elaheh Shaker; Maedeh Sharifian; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Jeevan K. Shetty; Reza Shirkoohi; Parnian Shobeiri; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Guilherme Silva Julian; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Bogdan Socea; Marco Solmi; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Suhang Song; Viktória Szerencsés; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Elnaz Tabibian; Majid Taheri; Yasaman Taheri Abkenar; Amir Taherkhani; Iman M. Talaat; Ker-Kan Tan; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Bekele Tesfaye; Amir Tiyuri; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Mathilde Touvier; Bach Xuan Tran; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Massimiliano Veroux; Bay Vo; Theo Vos; Cong Wang; Ronny Westerman; Melat Woldemariam; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Fereshteh Yazdanpanah; Chuanhua Yu; Deniz Yuce; Ismaeel Yunusa; Vesna Zadnik; Mazyar Zahir; Iman Zare; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Mohammad Zoladi
Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990–2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408–868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00–2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682–537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02–1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3–23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6–28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5–14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6–14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7–320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2–313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9–80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5–73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8–71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0–37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6–34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6–34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age <50 years), particularly in high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries. Globally, a diet low in milk (15·6%), smoking (13·3%), a diet low in calcium (12·9%), and alcohol use (9·9%) were the main contributors to colorectal cancer DALYs in 2019. Interpretation: The increase in incidence rates in people younger than 50 years requires vigilance from researchers, clinicians, and policy makers and a possible reconsideration of screening guidelines. The fast-rising burden in low SDI and middle SDI countries in Asia and Africa calls for colorectal cancer prevention approaches, greater awareness, and cost-effective screening and therapeutic options in these regions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Brittney S. Sheena; Lindsey Hiebert; Hannah Han; Helen Ippolito; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Amir Abdoli; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Mesafint Molla Adane; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Shailesh M. Advani; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi; Bahman Ahadinezhad; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Addis Aklilu; Tayyaba Akram; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Adugnaw Zeleke Alem; Dejene Tsegaye Alem; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Liaqat Ali; Muhammad Ashar Ali; Yousef Alimohamadi; Vahid Alipour; Motasem Alkhayyat; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Haya Altawalah; Saeed Amini; Hubert Amu; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Amir Anoushiravani; Adnan Ansar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Zeleke Gebru Argaw; Muhammad Arshad; Anton A. Artamonov; Tahira Ashraf; Daniel Atlaw; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy; Amirhossein Azari Jafari; Ghasem Azarian; Sayna Bagheri; Saeed Bahadory; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Nastaran Barati; Amadou Barrow; Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Devidas S. Bhagat; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Archith Boloor; Cristina Bosetti; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Zahid A. Butt; Luis Alberto Cámera; Raja Chandra Chakinala; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jaykaran Charan; Shu Chen; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Benjamin C. Cowie; Garland T. Culbreth; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Sisay Abebe Debela; Mohammed Gebre Dedefo; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Takele Gezahegn G. Demie; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Meseret Derbew Molla; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Mojtaba Didehdar; Linh Phuong Doan; Fariba Dorostkar; Thomas M. Drake; Fatemeh Eghbalian; Michael Ekholuenetale; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Muhammed Elhadi; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Berhanie Enyew; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Hossein Farrokhpour; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Shilpa Gaidhane; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Kazem Ghaffari; Mansour Ghafourifard; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Ali Gholami; Abdolmajid Gholizadeh; Aima Gilani; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Davide Golinelli; Giuseppe Gorini; Yitayal Ayalew Goshu; Max G. Griswold; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Rabih Halwani; Saeed S. Hamid; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shafiul Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Sanam Hariri; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; S.M. Mahmudul Hasan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Claudiu Herteliu; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Nawfal R. Hussein; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Jessica Y. Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani; Shubha Jayaram; Ranil Jayawardena; Rime Jebai; Ravi Prakash Jha; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Himal Kandel; Tesfaye K. Tesfaye Kanko; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Bekalu Getnet Kassa; Phillip M. Kemp Bohan; Mohammad Keykhaei; Yousef Saleh Khader; Himanshu Khajuria; Gulfaraz Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Junaid Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Javad Khanali; Amir M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Mahmoud Khodadost; Abdullah T. Khoja; Omid Khosravizadeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Hanna Kim; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; G. Anil Kumar; Carlo La Vecchia; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Caterina Ledda; Doo Woong Lee; Sang-Woong Lee; Yeong Yeh Lee; Miriam Levi; Jiarui Li; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Platon D. Lopukhov; Joana A. Loureiro; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Philippa C. Matthews; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ted R. Miller; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Andreea Mirica; Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Ashraf Mohamadkhani; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Jalal Moludi; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Maliheh Moradzadeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Sumaira Mubarik; Malaisamy Muniyandi; Christopher J.L. Murray; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Ionut Negoi; Serban Mircea Negru; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Che Henry Ngwa; Robina Khan Niazi; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Ali Nowroozi; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Chimedsuren Ochir; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Ahmed Omar Bali; Emad Omer; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Bilcha Oumer; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Eun-Cheol Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Urvish K. Patel; Uttam Paudel; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Zahra Zahid Piracha; Richard Charles G. Pollok; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Alireza Rafiei; Sima Rafiei; Pavan Manibettu Raghuram; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Setyaningrum Rahmawaty; Aashish Rajesh; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Mahsa Rashidi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Negar Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Umar Saeed; Amirhossein Sahebkar; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Sarvenaz Salahi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Chethan Sampath; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov; Mohammed Shannawaz; Suchitra M. Shenoy; Jeevan K. Shetty; Pavanchand H. Shetty; Kenji Shibuya; Jae Il Shin; Parnian Shobeiri; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Achintya Dinesh Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Amir Ali Sohrabpour; Suhang Song; Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Majid Taheri; Mircea Tampa; Ker-Kan Tan; Ahmad Tavakoli; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Belay Negash Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Habtamu Molla Tesfaw; Rekha Thapar; Aravind Thavamani; Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast; Daniel Nigusse Tollosa; Maria Elena Tosti; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran; Indang Trihandini; Biruk Shalmeno Tusa; Irfan Ullah; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Shoban Babu Varthya; Bay Vo; Yasir Waheed; Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet; Melat Woldemariam; Suowen Xu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Mehdi Yaseri; Yigizie Yeshaw; Vahit Yiǧit; Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mazyar Zahir; Leila Zaki; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Theo Vos; John W. Ward; M. Ashworth Dirac
Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990–2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Manuela L Ferreira; Katie De Luca; Lydia M Haile; Jaimie D Steinmetz; Garland T Culbreth; Marita Cross; Jacek A Kopec; Paulo H Ferreira; Fiona M Blyth; Rachelle Buchbinder; Jan Hartvigsen; Ai-Min Wu; Saeid Safiri; Anthony D Woolf; Gary S Collins; Kanyin Liane Ong; Stein Emil Vollset; Amanda E Smith; Jessica A Cruz; Kai Glenn Fukutaki; Semagn Mekonnen Abate; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari; Ahmed Abdelalim; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abidi; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Ali Ahmadi; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Abayneh Tadesse Alamer; Adugnaw Zeleke Alem; Yousef Alimohamadi; Mansour Abdullah Alshehri; Mohammed Mansour Alshehri; Hosam Alzahrani; Saeed Amini; Sohrab Amiri; Hubert Amu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Benny Antony; Jalal Arabloo; Judie Arulappan; Ashokan Arumugam; Tahira Ashraf; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Nefsu Awoke; Sina Azadnajafabad; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H Barrero; Amadou Barrow; Akbar Barzegar; Lindsay M Bearne; Isabela M Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Bharti Bhandari Bhandari; Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Belay Boda Abule Bodicha; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Javier Brazo-Sayavera; Andrew M Briggs; Chao Cao; Periklis Charalampous; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Flavia M Cicuttini; Benjamin Clarsen; Sarah Cuschieri; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Azizallah Dehghan; Takele Gezahegn G Demie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Diaz; Mojtaba Didehdar; Lankamo Ena Digesa; Mengistie Diress; Hoa Thi Do; Linh Phuong Doan; Michael Ekholuenetale; Muhammed Elhadi; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Shahriar Faghani; Jawad Fares; Ali Fatehizadeh; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Richard Charles Franklin; Balasankar Ganesan; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Motuma Erena Getachew; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Tiffany K Gill; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Bhawna Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Pawan Kumar Hamal; Asif Hanif; Netanja I Harlianto; Hamidreza Hasani; Simon I Hay; Jeffrey J Hebert; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Alexander Kevin Hsiao; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Ravi Prakash Jha; Har Ashish Jindal; Jost B Jonas; Gebisa Guyasa Kabito; Himal Kandel; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Vikash Ranjan Keshri; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Jobair Khan; Moien A B Khan; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Jagdish Khubchandani; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Jitka Klugarová; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Hamid Reza Koohestani; Ai Koyanagi; G Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Tea Lallukka; Savita Lasrado; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Ata Mahmoodpoor; Jeadran N Malagón-Rojas; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Reza Malekzadeh; Narges Malih; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Ritesh G Menezes; Alexios-Fotios A Mentis; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Ted R Miller; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Maryam Mobarakabadi; Yousef Mohammad; Esmaeil Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Christopher J L Murray; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Javad Nazari; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Subas Neupane; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Ali Nowroozi; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Emad Omer; Abderrahim Oulhaj; Mayowa O Owolabi; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Eun-Kee Park; Shrikant Pawar; Paolo Pedersini; Jeevan Pereira; Mario F P Peres; Ionela-Roxana Petcu; Mohammadreza Pourahmadi; Amir Radfar; Shahram Rahimi-Dehgolan; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Nazanin Rajai; Chythra R Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Andre M N Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Zahed Rezaei; Leonardo Roever; Guilherme De Andrade Ruela; Basema Saddik; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sana Salehi; Francesco Sanmarchi; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Saeed Shahabi; Shayan Shahrokhi; Elaheh Shaker; Mohammad Bagher Shamsi; Mohammed Shannawaz; Saurab Sharma; Maryam Shaygan; Rahim Ali Sheikhi; Jeevan K Shetty; Rahman Shiri; Siddharudha Shivalli; Parnian Shobeiri; Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A Singh; Helen Slater; Marco Solmi; Ranjani Somayaji; Ker-Kan Tan; Rekha Thapar; Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Rohollah Valizadeh; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Yuan-Pang Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Lalit Yadav; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Lin Yang; Fereshteh Yazdanpanah; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z Younis; Iman Zare; Armin Zarrintan; Mohammad Zoladl; Theo Vos; Lyn M March
Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Jaimie D. Steinmetz; Garland T. Culbreth; Lydia M. Haile; Quinn Rafferty; Justin Lo; Kai Glenn Fukutaki; Jessica A. Cruz; Amanda E. Smith; Stein Emil Vollset; Peter M. Brooks; Marita Cross; Anthony D. Woolf; Hailey Hagins; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Aidin Abedi; Ilana N. Ackerman; Hubert Amu; Benny Antony; Jalal Arabloo; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Ayele Mamo Argaw; Anton A. Artamonov; Tahira Ashraf; Amadou Barrow; Lindsay M. Bearne; Isabela M. Bensenor; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja; Ali Bijani; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M. Briggs; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Kaleb Coberly; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Katie de Luca; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Karsten E. Dreinhoefer; Muhammed Elhadi; Umar Farooque; Hamid Reza Farpour; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Marisa Freitas; Balasankar Ganesan; Belete Negese Belete Gemeda; Tamiru Getachew; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Tiffany K. Gill; Mahaveer Golechha; Davide Golinelli; Bhawna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Rasool Haddadi; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Rabih Halwani; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Netanja I. Harlianto; Josep Maria Haro; Jan Hartvigsen; Simon I. Hay; Jeffrey J. Hebert; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Alexander Kevin Hsiao; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Louis Jacob; Ranil Jayawardena; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Himal Kandel; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Md Jobair Khan; Yun Jin Kim; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Oleksii Korzh; Rajasekaran Koteeswaran; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Sang-Woong Lee; Stephen S. Lim; Stany W. Lobo; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Mohammad-Reza Malekpour; Ahmad Azam Malik; Luiz Garcia Garcia Mandarano-Filho; Santi Martini; Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Ali H. Mokdad; Sara Momtazmanesh; Shane Douglas Morrison; Christopher J.L. Murray; Hasan Nassereldine; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Shrikant Pawar; Paolo Pedersini; Jeevan Pereira; Amir Radfar; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Seyed-Mansoor Rayegani; Daniela Ribeiro; Leonardo Roever; Basema Saddik; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sana Salehi; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Francesco Sanmarchi; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Elaheh Shaker; Mohammed Shannawaz; Rajendra Sharma; Saurab Sharma; Jeevan K. Shetty; Rahman Shiri; Parnian Shobeiri; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Surjit Singh; Søren T. Skou; Helen Slater; Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar; Antonina V. Starodubova; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Bay Vo; Linh Gia Vu; Yuan-Pang Wang; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Naohiro Yonemoto; Ismaeel Yunusa; Lyn M. March; Kanyin Liane Ong; Theo Vos; Jacek A. Kopec
Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in adults, characterised by chronic pain and loss of mobility. Osteoarthritis most frequently occurs after age 40 years and prevalence increases steeply with age. WHO has designated 2021–30 the decade of healthy ageing, which highlights the need to address diseases such as osteoarthritis, which strongly affect functional ability and quality of life. Osteoarthritis can coexist with, and negatively effect, other chronic conditions. Here we estimate the burden of hand, hip, knee, and other sites of osteoarthritis across geographies, age, sex, and time, with forecasts of prevalence to 2050. Methods: In this systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, osteoarthritis prevalence in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 was estimated using data from population-based surveys from 26 countries for knee osteoarthritis, 23 countries for hip osteoarthritis, 42 countries for hand osteoarthritis, and US insurance claims for all of the osteoarthritis sites, including the other types of osteoarthritis category. The reference case definition was symptomatic, radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis. Studies using alternative definitions from the reference case definition (for example self-reported osteoarthritis) were adjusted to reference using regression models. Osteoarthritis severity distribution was obtained from a pooled meta-analysis of sources using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. Final prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). Prevalence was forecast to 2050 using a mixed-effects model. Findings: Globally, 595 million (95% uncertainty interval 535–656) people had osteoarthritis in 2020, equal to 7·6% (95% UI 6·8–8·4) of the global population, and an increase of 132·2% (130·3–134·1) in total cases since 1990. Compared with 2020, cases of osteoarthritis are projected to increase 74·9% (59·4–89·9) for knee, 48·6% (35·9–67·1) for hand, 78·6% (57·7–105·3) for hip, and 95·1% (68·1–135·0) for other types of osteoarthritis by 2050. The global age-standardised rate of YLDs for total osteoarthritis was 255·0 YLDs (119·7–557·2) per 100 000 in 2020, a 9·5% (8·6–10·1) increase from 1990 (233·0 YLDs per 100 000, 109·3–510·8). For adults aged 70 years and older, osteoarthritis was the seventh ranked cause of YLDs. Age-standardised prevalence in 2020 was more than 5·5% in all world regions, ranging from 5677·4 (5029·8–6318·1) per 100 000 in southeast Asia to 8632·7 (7852·0–9469·1) per 100 000 in high-income Asia Pacific. Knee was the most common site for osteoarthritis. High BMI contributed to 20·4% (95% UI –1·7 to 36·6) of osteoarthritis. Potentially modifiable risk factors for osteoarthritis such as recreational injury prevention and occupational hazards have not yet been explored in GBD modelling. Interpretation: Age-standardised YLDs attributable to osteoarthritis are continuing to rise and will lead to substantial increases in case numbers because of population growth and ageing, and because there is no effective cure for osteoarthritis. The demand on health systems for care of patients with osteoarthritis, including joint replacements, which are highly effective for late stage osteoarthritis in hips and knees, will rise in all regions, but might be out of reach and lead to further health inequity for individuals and countries unable to afford them. Much more can and should be done to prevent people getting to that late stage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, and Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Valery L Feigin; Melsew Dagne Abate; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Atef Abdelkader; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Parsa Abdi; Arash Abdollahi; Meriem Abdoun; Rami Abd-Rabu; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Mesfin Abebe; Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga; E.S. Abhilash; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Olumide Abiodun; Rahim Abo Kasem; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Mohamed Abouzid; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Ahmed Abualhasan; Hasan Abualruz; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Hana J Abukhadijah; Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Juan Manuel Acuna; Denberu Eshetie Adane; Mesafint Molla Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Oyelola A Adegboye; Victor Adekanmbi; Kishor Adhikari; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Leticia Akua Adzigbli; Abdelrahman Yousry Afify; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Fatemeh Afrashteh; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Shahin Aghamiri; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Muayyad M Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Shahzaib Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Essona Matatom Akara; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif; Ashley E Akrami; Salah Al Awaidy; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Mohammad Al Qadire; Omar Al Ta'ani; Yazan Al-Ajlouni; Samer O Alalalmeh; Tariq A Alalwan; Ziyad Al-Aly; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer; Wafa A Aldhaleei; Mohammed S Aldossary; Seyedeh Yasaman Alemohammad; Bassam Al-Fatly; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa; Maryam Alharrasi; Abid Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Ali; Waad Ali; Akram Al-Ibraheem; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Mahmoud A Alomari; Jordi Alonso; Jaber S Alqahtani; Rajaa M Mohammad Al-Raddadi; Ahmad Alrawashdeh; Mohammed A Alsabri; Najim Z Alshahrani; Zaid Altaany; Awais Altaf; Alaa B Al-Tammemi; Diala Altwalbeh; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hassan Alwafi; Mohammad Al-Wardat; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Safwat Aly; Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya; Karem H Alzoubi; Walid Adnan Al-Zyoud; Reza Amani; Prince M Amegbor; Tewodros Getnet Amera; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Sohrab Amiri; Hubert Amu; Dickson A Amugsi; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Dhanalakshmi Angappan; Abhishek Anil; Mohammed Tahir Tahir Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Rockson Ansong; Saeid Anvari; Saleha Anwar; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Geminn Louis Carace Apostol; Francis Appiah; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Razman Arabzadeh Bahri; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y Aravkin; Ali Ardekani; Demelash Areda; Brhane Berhe Aregawi; Getnet Mesfin Aregu; Olatunde Aremu; Hidayat Arifin; Johan Ärnlöv; Anton A Artamonov; Judie Arulappan; Umesh Raj Aryal; Zahra Aryan; Akram M Asbeutah; Mulusew A Asemahagn; Mulu Tiruneh Asemu; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Mubarek Yesse Ashemo; Tahira Ashraf; Armin Aslani; Haftu Asmerom Asmerom; Thomas Astell-Burt; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Prince Atorkey; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Abolfazl Avan; Hamzeh Awad; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Lemessa Assefa A Ayana; Setognal Birara Aychiluhm; Amdehiwot A Aynalem; Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem; Sina Azadnajafabad; Hiva Azami; Shahkaar Aziz; Ahmed Y Azzam; Abraham Samuel Babu; Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D Badiye; Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki; Saeed Bahramian; Ruhai Bai; Atif Amin Baig; Shankar M Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T Bako; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; Maciej Banach; Morteza Banakar; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Palash Chandra Banik; Kannu Bansal; Yanping Bao; Miguel A Barboza; Mainak Bardhan; Noel C Barengo; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Amadou Barrow; Lingkan Barua; Azadeh Bashiri; Hameed Akande Bashiru; Afisu Basiru; Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan; Sanjay Basu; Saurav Basu; Kavita Batra; Ahmet Begde; Babak Behnam; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Melesse B Y Belayneh; Michael Belingheri; Umar Muhammad Bello; Derrick A Bennett; Isabela M Bensenor; Fentaw Tadese Berhe; Amiel Nazer C Bermudez; Habtamu B B Beyene; Kebede A Beyene; Devidas S Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Sonu Bhaskar; Ajay Nagesh Bhat; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Singh Bhatti; Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan; Subarna Bhusal; Boris Bikbov; Cem Bilgin; Antonio Biondi; Keralem Anteneh Bishaw; Atanu Biswas; Bijit Biswas; Trupti Bodhare; Eyob Ketema Bogale; Archith Boloor; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Aime Bonny; Berrak Bora Basara; Hamed Borhany; Samuel Adolf Bosoka; Souad Bouaoud; Abdelhakim Bouyahya; Edward J Boyko; Marija M Bozic; Dejana Braithwaite; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle Britton; Andre R Brunoni; Dana Bryazka; Raffaele Bugiardini; Lemma N Bulto; Katrin Burkart; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Luciana Aparecida Campos; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Fan Cao; Angelo Capodici; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Andre F Carvalho; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Alberico L Catapano; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Luca Cegolon; Francieli Cembranel; Edina Cenko; Ester Cerin; Joshua Chadwick; Chiranjib Chakraborty; Sandip Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Rama Mohan Chandika; Eeshwar K Chandrasekar; Gashaw Sisay Chanie; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Anis Ahmad Chaudhary; Akhilanand Chaurasia; Haowei Chen; Mingling Chen; Simiao Chen; Gerald Chi; Fatemeh Chichagi; Ritesh Chimoriya; Patrick R Ching; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; Dong-Woo Choi; Bryan Chong; Chean Lin Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Rahul Choudhary; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Zinhle Cindi; Iolanda Cioffi; Rebecca M Cogen; Alyssa Columbus; Simona Costanzo; Rosa A S Couto; Michael H Criqui; Natalia Cruz-Martins; Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernández; Alanna Gomes da Silva; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Koustuv Dalal; Lachlan L Dalli; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Amira Hamed Darwish; Saswati Das; Mohsen Dashti; Mohadese Dashtkoohi; Mohammad Dashtkoohi; Maedeh Dastmardi; Kairat Davletov; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Sean DeAngelo; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Shayom Debopadhaya; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K Demetriades; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Emina Dervišević; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Aragaw Tesfaw Desale; Fikreab Desta; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Devananda Devegowda; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Amol S Dhane; Meghnath Dhimal; Vishal R Dhulipala; Michael J Diaz; Mengistie Diress; Milad Dodangeh; Phidelia Theresa Doegah; Sushil Dohare; Mohamed Fahmy Doheim; Klara Georgieva Dokova; Deepa Dongarwar; Mario D'Oria; Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi; Rajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Ashel Chelsea Dsouza; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Viola Savy Dsouza; Bruce B Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Michael Ekholuenetale; Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Iffat Elbarazi; Faris El-Dahiyat; Islam Y Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mohamed A Elmonem; Adel B Elmoselhi; Chadi Eltaha; Theophilus I Emeto; Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor; Negin Esfandiari; Zahra Esmaeili; Francesco Esposito; Mohammad Etoom; Natalia Fabin; Ibtihal Fadhil; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Omotayo Francis Fagbule; Shahriar Faghani; Ayesha Fahim; Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev; Luca Falzone; Mohammad Fareed; Jawad Fares; Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani; Andre Faro; Hossein Farrokhpour; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Patrick Fazeli; Timur Fazylov; Alireza Feizkhah; Ginenus Fekadu; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Bikila Regassa Feyisa; Florian Fischer; Luisa S Flor; Kristen Marie Foley; Ana Catarina Fonseca; Roham Foroumadi; Behzad Foroutan; Daniela Fortuna; Matteo Foschi; Richard Charles Franklin; Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani; Sridevi G; Peter Andras Gaal; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Yaseen Galali; Silvano Gallus; Aravind P Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; 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Hamed Haghi-Aminjan; Dariush Haghmorad; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Aram Halimi; Nadia M Hamdy; Samer Hamidi; Erin B Hamilton; Asif Hanif; Nasrin Hanifi; Graeme J Hankey; Md Abdul Hannan; Zaim Anan Haq; Arief Hargono; Netanja I Harlianto; Josep Maria Haro; Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Ikramul Hasan; Md Saquib Hasnain; Ikrama Hassan; Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Youssef Hbid; Jeffrey J Hebert; Omar E Hegazi; Mohammad Heidari; Mehdi Hemmati; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Nguyen Quoc Hoan; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Mahbub Hossain; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Ben Hu; Chengxi Hu; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Salman Hussain; Le Duc Huy; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Adalia Ikiroma; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Mohammad Tarique Imam; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Muhammad Iqhrammullah; Arnaud Iradukunda; Lalu Muhammad Irham; Md Rabiul Islam; Faisal Ismail; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Hiroyasu Iso; Gaetano Isola; Ramaiah Itumalla; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie Declan CD Iwu; Vinothini J; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Abhishek Jaiswal; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh; Balamurugan Janakiraman; Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Sun Ha Jee; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Mihretu Jegnie; Alelign Tasew Jema; Bijay Mukesh Jeswani; Angeline Jeyakumar; Anil K Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; Zixiang Ji; Heng Jiang; Shuai Jin; Yingzhao Jin; Mohammad Jokar; Jost B Jonas; Tamas Joo; Jobinse Jose; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Md Awal Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Rizwan Kalani; Sanjay Kalra; Vineet Kumar Kamal; Arun Kamireddy; Haidong Kan; Mona Kanaan; Himal Kandel; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Rami S Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Paschalis Karakasis; Ibraheem M Karaye; André Karch; Hanie Karimi; Salah Eddin Karimi; Yeganeh Karimi; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Prabin Karki; Hengameh Kasraei; Joonas H Kauppila; Harkiran Kaur; Neda Kaydi; Gbenga A Kayode; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Inn Kynn Khaing; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Anees Ahmed Khalil; Asaduzzaman Khan; Fayaz Khan; M Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Moien AB Khan; Yusra H Khan; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Haitham Khatatbeh; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Sorour Khateri; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Manoj Khokhar; Atulya Aman Khosla; Majid Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Saeid Kian; Kwanghyun Kim; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Kamrun Nahar Koly; Farzad Kompani; Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah Kondlahalli; Miikka Korja; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Oleksii Korzh; Soewarta Kosen; Karel Kostev; Nikhil Kothari; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Kewal Krishan; Varun Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Bindu Krishnan; Jera Kruja; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Nuworza Kugbey; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Akshay Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Dewesh Kumar; G Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; Senthil Kumaran D; Amartya Kundu; Satyajit Kundu; Setor K Kunutsor; Om P Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; L V Simhachalam Kutikuppala; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Ville Kytö; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Chandrakant Lahariya; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Tea Lallukka; Judit Lám; Iván Landires; Anders O Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Kaveh Latifinaibin; Paolo Lauriola; Pablo M Lavados; Basira Kankia Lawal; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Paul H Lee; Seung Won Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Ming-Chieh Li; Wei Li; Xiaopan Li; 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Background: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. Methods: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Interpretation: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Joseph L. Ward; Peter S Azzopardi; Kate Louise Francis; John S Santelli; Vegard Skirbekk; Susan M Sawyer; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Ali H Mokdad; Simon I Hay; Foad Abd-Allah; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R M Abrigo; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Abdelrahman I Abushouk; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M Advani; Khashayar Afshari; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Anwar E Ahmed; Budi Aji; Blessing Akombi-Inyang; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Samar Al-Hajj; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A Almasri; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Khalid A Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T Amare; Saeed Amini; Arya Aminorroaya; Arianna Maever L Amit; Dickson A Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Fereshteh Ansari; Iman Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Johan Ärnlöv; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A Asadi-Pooya; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Elvis Korku Avenyo; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Shankar M Bakkannavar; MacIej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Miguel A Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Arielle Wilder Bell; Michelle L Bell; Corina Benjet; Isabela M Bensenor; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Tesega Tesega Mengistu Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Rohan Borschmann; Soufiane Boufous; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nicholas J K Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle B Britton; Richard A Burns; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Joht Singh Chandan; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Devasahayam J Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M Cicuttini; Traian Vasile Constantin; Vera Marisa Costa; Saad M A Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Xiaochen Dai; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Assefa Desalew; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Alireza Didarloo; Shirin Djalalinia; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Kerrie E Doyle; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; Sanam Ebtehaj; David Edvardsson; Maha El Tantawi; Islam Y Elgendy; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Sadaf Esteghamati; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Valery L Feigin; Tomas Y Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L Fisher; Nataliya A Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Silvano Gallus; Teshome Gebre; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Leake Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Syed Amir Gilani; Elena V Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Mahaveer Golechha; Srinivas Goli; Philimon N Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Michal Grivna; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J Hall; Randah R Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Graeme J Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Abdiwahab Hashi; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hung Chak Ho; Michael K Hole; Ramesh Holla; Praveen Hoogar; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Tanvir M Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Nirun Intarut; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; M Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q Ivers; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S Ji; Jost B Jonas; Kelly M Jones; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Petur B Juliusson; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Leila R Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Andr Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Supreet Kaur; Gbenga A Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T Khoja; Christian Kieling; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Ali Koolivand; Soewarta Kosen; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Nuworza Kugbey; G Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Van Charles Lansingh; Anders O Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S Lassi; Paolo Lauriola; Paul H Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S Lim; Xuefeng Liu; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A Lotufo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ralph Maddison; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A Mamun; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Gabriel Martinez; Jose Martinez-Raga; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K Maulik; John J McGrath; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Peter T N Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Babak Moazen; Dara K Mohammad; Shadieh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Noushin Mohammadifard; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Lorenzo Monasta; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Moses K Muriithi; Christopher J L Murray; Saravanan Muthupandian; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Vinod C Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Jing Nie; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Muktar Omer Omer; Obinna E Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Adrian Otoiu; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S Otstavnov; Simon Øverland; Mayowa O Owolabi; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Carlo Irwin Able Panelo; Eun-Kee Park; Scott B Patten; Amy E Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K Peprah; Jeevan Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Hai Quang Pham; Michael R Phillips; Michael A Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Maarten J Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadi Pourjafar; Akram Pourshams; Sergio I Prada; Elisabetta Pupillo; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Hasan Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Andre M N Renzaho; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Jennifer Rickard; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gregory A Roth; Enrico Rubagotti; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Perminder S Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S Mohammad Sajadi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Arash Sarveazad; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Deepak Saxena; Sonia Saxena; Silvia Schiavolin; David C Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Amira A Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Saeed Shakiba; MohammadBagher Shamsi; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; B Suresh Kumar Shetty; Peilin Shi; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; João Pedro Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Jasvinder A Singh; Virendra Singh; Abiy H Sinke; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Helen Slater; Emma U R Smith; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Eugene Sobngwi; Amin Soheili; Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N Soyiri; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Dan J Stein; Mark A Stokes; Agus Sudaryanto; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Amir Taherkhani; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Nihal Thomas; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Ravensara S Travillian; Alexander C Tsai; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Riaz Uddin; Brigid Unim; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Marco Vacante; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R Valdez; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Paul J Villeneuve; Francesco S Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Theo Vos; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Richard G Wamai; Yafeng Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z Younis; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Deniz Yuce; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hadi Zarafshan; Ahmad Zarei; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Cong Zhu; George C Patton; Russell M Viner
Background: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings: In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation: Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Katherine R. Paulson; Aruna M. Kamath; Tahiya Alam; Kelly Bienhoff; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Jaffar Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam; Amir Abdoli; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Aishatu L. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Jose C. Adsuar; Khashayar Afshari; Mohammad Aghaali; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Budi Aji; Yonas Akalu; Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi; Addis Aklilu; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Tilahun Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Timur Aripov; Johan Ärnlöv; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Seyyede Masoume Athari; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Alok Atreya; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Marcel Ausloos; Asma Tahir Awan; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; B.B. Darshan; Ebrahim Babaee; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Massimiliano Beghi; Michelle L. Bell; Salaheddine Bendak; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Somayeh Bohlouli; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Alexey V. Breusov; Andre R. Brunoni; Katrin Burkart; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Paulo Camargos; Luis Alberto Cámera; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ester Cerin; Jung-Chen Chang; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Dinh-Toi Chu; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Joao Conde; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A. S. Couto; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Hancheng Dai; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Gary L. Darmstadt; Jai K. Das; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Kairat Davletov; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Diego De Leo; Farah Deeba; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nikolaos Dervenis; Assefa Desalew; Keshab Deuba; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Sameer Dhingra; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Eleonora Dubljanin; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ferry Efendi; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Amir Emami; Shymaa Enany; Oghenowede Eyawo; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Sara D. Friedman; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Shilpa Gaidhane; Santosh Gaihre; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; M.A. Garcia-Gordillo; William M. Gardner; Mariana Gaspar Fonseca; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Lemma Getacher; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Amit Goel; Mahaveer Golechha; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Michal Grivna; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Arief Hargono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Syed Shahzad Hasan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Khezar Hayat; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Sumant Inamdar; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Khalid Iqbal; Usman Iqbal; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Jagnoor Jagnoor; Vardhmaan Jain; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Fatemeh Javanmardi; Shubha Jayaram; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Oommen John; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Leila R. Kalankesh; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Getinet Kassahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Laura Kemmer; Nauman Khalid; Rovshan Khalilov; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Ardeshir Khosravi; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Niranjan Kissoon; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Ratilal Lalloo; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S. Lassi; Paolo Lauriola; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Yo Han Lee; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Juan Liang; Lee-Ling Lim; Miteku Andualem Limenih; Ro-Ting Lin; Xuefeng Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Alan D. Lopez; Rafael Lozano; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Mark T. Mackay; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Francesca Giulia Magnani; D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Mina Maheri; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Gabriel Martinez; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Pallab K. Maulik; Colm Mcalinden; John J. Mcgrath; Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Abera M. Mersha; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Bahram Mohajer; Osama Mohamad; Yousef Mohammad; Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Stefania Mondello; Mohammad Ali Moni; Catrin E. Moore; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jonathan F. Mosser; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Muhammad Naveed; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Evangelia Nena; Samata Nepal; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Chi Thi Yen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Samuel Negash Nigussie; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Nurulamin M. Noor; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Adrian Otoiu; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Pramod Kumar Pal; Raffaele Palladino; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Ashok Pandey; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan; Ana Melisa Pardo-Montaño; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; George C. Patton; Shrikant Pawar; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Amy E. Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Jeevan Pereira; Jorge Pérez-Gómez; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Thomas Pilgrim; Marina Pinheiro; Michael A. Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; James A. Platts-Mills; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Sergio I. Prada; Sanjay Prakash; Elisabetta Pupillo; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Alireza Rafiei; Alberto Raggi; Shadi Rahimzadeh; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Davide Rasella; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Reza Rawassizadeh; Robert C. Reiner; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Serge Resnikoff; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Susan Fred Rumisha; Paul Macdaragh Ryan; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Joshua A. Salomon; Yoseph Leonardo Samodra; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Sonia Saxena; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Mete Saylan; Silvia Schiavolin; Markus P. Schlaich; David C. Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Edson Serván-Mori; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Amira A. Shaheen; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Saeed Shakiba; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Ivy Shiue; Kerem Shuval; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; João Pedro Silva; Jonathan I.S. Silverberg; Biagio Simonetti; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Deepika Singhal; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; David A. Sleet; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Shahin Soltani; Joan B. Soriano; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mark A. Stokes; Stefan Stortecky; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Gerhard Sulo; Carolyn B. Swope; Bryan L. Sykes; Mindy D. Szeto; Miklós Szócska; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Gizachew Assefa Tessema; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Musliu Adetola Tolani; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Giorgos Tsapparellas; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Riaz Uddin; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Brigid Unim; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Marco Vacante; Maryam Vaezi; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Richard G. Wamai; Yanping Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Paul Ward; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Lauren B. Wilner; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Yang Xie; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Srikanth Yandrapalli; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Chuanhua Yu; Sifat Shahana Yusuf; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Arash Ziapour; Simon I. Hay; Christopher J.L. Murray; Haidong Wang; Nicholas J. Kassebaum
Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05–10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27–6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53–4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06–2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71–0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27–1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35–2·58; 37% [95% UI 32–43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Harnessing stress-Tolerant wild bananas for crop improvement
(CSIRO Publishing, 2022) Ruby Panwar; Bharti Chaudhry; Deepak Kumar; Geeta Prakash; Mohd Kamran Khan; Anamika Pandey; Mehmet Hamurcu; Anjana Rustagi
Climate change impacts crop production through the imposition of different abiotic and biotic stresses, and by altering the prevalence of pests and diseases. The wild relatives of crop plants exhibit enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses due to reduced severity of selection of agriculturally important traits. Wild bananas represent a largely untapped wealth of genetic diversity. Although some wild relatives of the banana crop have been screened for their tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses, many remain to be explored. The wild bananas show more hardiness and higher resilience to different stressors in comparison to their cultivated counterparts. They have been harnessed in banana improvement programmes to enhance stress tolerance and productivity. To utilise wild bananas for crop improvement, they need to be readily available to breeders. This warrants devising conservation strategies and the development and maintenance of centres from which different accessions can be procured. In this article, we have discussed some important biotic and abiotic stresses including banana wilt disease, Black Sigatoka disease, viral diseases, salt stress and drought stress where wild bananas are used for imparting tolerance. The conservation of wild bananas, related challenges and contemporary limitations related to their use for crop improvement has also been outlined. Bananas being most important food crop in the world and generally understudied, here, we present a comprehensive review of the use of wild relatives of banana and their related germplasm for the improvement of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. © 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)).
How Interplay between UV and Visible Activation Dictates Charge Transfer in Nanoengineered Gold Nanoparticle Interfaces at Rutile TiO2 Polymorphism: Photocatalysis with Contrasting Results
(American Chemical Society, 2023) Ranjana Verma; Anamika Pandey; Jay Singh; Anchal Srivastava
The TiO2 polymorph at the phase interface undergoes charge equilibration when clubbed with Au nanoparticles, which in turn influences its band alignment by shifting the Fermi level under selective UV and visible irradiation. The migration of charges to the catalyst surface and their separation plays a crucial role in maximizing the efficiency of a photocatalyst. However, the formation of multiple junctions and the presence of photogenerated charge carriers can sometimes act as a sink, negatively impacting photocatalysis. Here in, the plasmonic Au nanoparticles embedded in the rutile phase of TiO2, polytypes display two opposing tendencies in photocatalysis in response to UV and visible irradiation. A convincing explanation for this may be due to photonic alignment of band edges between the anatase and rutile interphase of TiO2 and the Au nanoparticles. The rationale behind these unusual behaviors under different irradiation sources discussed here can highlight the mechanistic route in understanding the charge transfer properties of Au on TiO2 polytypes. © 2023 American Chemical Society.
Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Brandon V. Pickering; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Laurie B. Marczak; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Michael L. Collison; Nathaniel J. Henry; Zegeye Abebe; Abdu A. Adamu; Victor Adekanmbi; Keivan Ahmadi; Olufemi Ajumobi; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Khalid Altirkawi; Saeed Amini; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Suleman Atique; Marcel Ausloos; Marco Avila; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Samad Azari; Alaa Badawi; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Quique Bassat; Kaleab Baye; Neeraj Bedi; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L. Bell; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Boris Bikbov; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Roy Burstein; Zahid A. Butt; Josip Car; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Michael G. Chipeta; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael A. Cork; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Lucía Cuevas-Nasu; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Farah Daoud; Rajat Das Gupta; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Kebede Deribe; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Aniruddha Deshpande; Melaku Desta; Daniel Diaz; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; David Teye Doku; Manisha Dubey; Andre R. Durães; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren; Lucas Earl; Andem Effiong; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Ziad El-Khatib; Babak Eshrati; Mohammad Fareed; Andre Faro; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Alireza Ghajar; Paramjit Singh Gill; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Ayman Grada; Yuming Guo; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Jason B. Hall; Samer Hamidi; Andualem Henok; Bernardo Hernández Prado; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Guoqing Hu; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Amaha Kahsay; Tanuj Kanchan; Manoochehr Karami; Amir Kasaeian; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Mona M. Khater; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sonali Kochhar; Soewarta Kosen; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Sheetal D. Lad; Faris Hasan Lami; Paul H. Lee; Aubrey J. Levine; Shanshan Li; Shai Linn; Rakesh Lodha; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Benjamin K. Mayala; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Mulugeta Melku; Walter Mendoza; George A. Mensah; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Babak Moazen; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Yoshan Moodley; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jonathan F. Mosser; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Christopher J. L. Murray; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Mohsen Naghavi; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Jing Nie; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh; Peter S. Nyasulu; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mahesh P. A; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Sanghamitra Pati; Snehal T. Patil; George C. Patton; Norberto Perico; David M. Pigott; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Ellen G. Piwoz; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Swayam Prakash; Hedley Quintana; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Fatemeh Rajati; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Rahul Rawat; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Carlos Rios-González; Leonardo Roever; Jennifer M. Ross; Ali Rostami; Nafis Sadat; Yahya Safari; Mahdi Safdarian; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Megan F. Schipp; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Teresa Shamah Levy; Mohammadbagher Shamsi; Kiomars Sharafi; Rajesh Sharma; Aziz Sheikh; Apurba Shil; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Moslem Soofi; Agus Sudaryanto; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A. Uthman; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Afsane Vaezi; Pascual R. Valdez; John Vanderheide; Yousef Veisani; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Yasir Waheed; Judd L. Walson; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Elizabeth N. Wangia; Andrea Werdecker; Gelin Xu; Tomohide Yamada; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Mahmoud Yousefifard; Chuanhua Yu; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Yunquan Zhang; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Simon I. Hay
Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. © 2020, The Author(s).
Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Joseph Jon Frostad; QuynhAnh P. Nguyen; Mathew M. Baumann; Brigette F. Blacker; Laurie B. Marczak; Aniruddha Deshpande; Kirsten E. Wiens; Kate E. LeGrand; Kimberly B. Johnson; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Amir Abdoli; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Victor Adekanmbi; Anurag Agrawal; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Ziyad Al-Aly; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Vahid Alipour; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Saeed Amini; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Marcel Ausloos; Getinet Ayano; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Maciej Banach; Sanjay Basu; Neeraj Bedi; Michelle L. Bell; Derrick A. Bennett; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Somayeh Bohlouli; Soufiane Boufous; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Ester Cerin; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Sarika Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Jai K. Das; Aditya Prasad Dash; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Daniel Diaz; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ferry Efendi; Maha El Tantawi; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Ibtihal Fadhil; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Mansour Ghafourifard; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Alessandra C. Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Davide Guido; Yuming Guo; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Randah R. Hamadeh; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Soheil Hassanipour; Khezar Hayat; Behzad Heibati; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Jalil Jaafari; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Tahereh Javaheri; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Jost B. Jonas; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Rohollah Kalhor; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Gbenga A. Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Yousef Saleh Khader; Nauman Khalid; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Luke D. Knibbs; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Faris Hasan Lami; Qing Lan; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Paul H. Lee; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Daiane Borges Machado; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mina Maheri; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Natalie Maria Martinez; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Benjamin K. Mayala; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Irmina Maria Michalek; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Babak Moazen; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Abbas Mosapour; Simin Mouodi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Sandra B. Munro; Christopher J. L. Murray; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Sanjeev Nair; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Javad Nazari; Ionut Negoi; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Bogdan Oancea; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Anamika Pandey; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Hai Quang Pham; Thomas Pilgrim; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Davide Rasella; Prateek Rastogi; Goura Kishor Rath; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Jennifer Rickard; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Morteza Rostamian; Enrico Rubagotti; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Marwa Rashad Salem; Abdallah M. Samy; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; David C. Schwebel; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Saeed Shahabi; Amira A. Shaheen; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Ranjitha S. Shetty; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; K.M. Shivakumar; Soraya Siabani; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Leo Stockfelt; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Amir Taherkhani; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Saif Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Santosh Varughese; Francesco S. Violante; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Catherine A. Welgan; Andrea Werdecker; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Sojib Bin Zaman; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Michael Brauer; Simon I. Hay; Robert C. Reiner
Background: More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels. Methods: We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km × 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2·1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution. Findings: Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205 000 (95% uncertainty interval 147 000–257 000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution. Interpretation: Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license