Browsing by Author "Anchal Singh"

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Animal Biotechnology: Models in Discovery and Translation
(Elsevier, 2020) Ashish Swarup Verma; Anchal Singh
Animal Biotechnology: Models in Discovery and Translation, Second Edition, provides a helpful guide to anyone seeking a thorough review of animal biotechnology and its application to human disease and welfare. This updated edition covers vital fundamentals, including animal cell cultures, genome sequencing analysis, epigenetics and animal models, gene expression, and ethics and safety concerns, along with in-depth examples of implications for human health and prospects for the future. New chapters cover animal biotechnology as applied to various disease types and research areas, including in vitro fertilization, human embryonic stem cell research, biosensors, enteric diseases, biopharming, organ transplantation, tuberculosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Animal tissue culture principles and applications
(Elsevier, 2020) Anju Verma; Megha Verma; Anchal Singh
Animal cell culture technology in today’s scenario has become indispensable in the field of life sciences, which provides a basis to study regulation, proliferation, and differentiation and to perform genetic manipulation. It requires specific technical skills to carry out successfully. This chapter describes the essential techniques of animal cell culture as well as its applications. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anti-filarial efficacy of Centratherum anthelminticum: unravelling the underlying mechanisms through biochemical, HRAMS proteomics and MD simulation approaches
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Sunil Kumar; Ayushi Mishra; Surya Pratap Singh; Anchal Singh
Traditionally, Centratherum anthelminticum (CA) has been reported to be a potent anti-filarial, however no reports are available detailing its mechanism of action against filarial parasites. In this study, we have evaluated the anti-filarial activity of CA against lymphatic filarial parasites Setaria cervi using ex vivo biochemical, proteomics and in silico approaches. The motility and viability of the parasites decreased significantly after treatment with CA concentrations of ≥125 μg mL−1. An increase in lipid peroxidation (51.92%), protein carbonylation (48.99%), NADPH oxidase (88.88%) activity and decrease in the glutathione (GSH) (−39.23%), glutathione reductase (GR) (−60.17%), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (−50.48%) activity was also observed after CA treatment. The proteomics analysis was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HRAMS). In total, 185 proteins were differentially expressed (DEPs) following CA treatment. The major DEPs were mostly involved in tRNA processing, biosynthetic processes, metabolic activities, protein transport, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein translation, and stress response. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CA extract revealed the presence of 40 bioactive compounds. Further the docking analysis showed 10 CA bioactive compounds to have high binding affinity towards antioxidant proteins of filarial parasites. Additionally, MD simulation studies showed stable interactions (RMSF ≤ 10 Å) of 3-O-methylquercitin, quinic acid, gentisic acid, and vanillin with filarial antioxidant enzymes/proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the molecular mechanism of anti-filarial activity of CA, which can be further evaluated for the development of new anti-filarial formulations. © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Antibodies: Monoclonal and polyclonal
(Elsevier, 2020) Anchal Singh; Ayushi Mishra; Anju Verma
Antibodies are one of the most important components of humoral immune response. They protect host against infections. Antibodies can be either polyclonal or monoclonal depending on their method of production. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have wide implications for human health and welfare. Several monoclonal antibodies are the preferred treatment modality for diseases like cancer, dengue, Ebola disease, etc. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Biodiversity and biogeography of microalgae with food and feed potential
(Elsevier, 2023) Anchal Singh; Anuradha Rai; Pradeep Kumar Rai; Naveen K. Sharma
Microalgae, including cyanobacteria, are a group of diverse microorganisms that exhibit oxygenic mode of photosynthesis as a common characteristic. Due to conceptual and technological/analytical limitations, their exact number is unknown and requires inputs from systematics, dispersal analyses, and biogeography. The group occupies all life-supporting habitats, which may be widely separated and present in disconnected geographies. They show both cosmopolitan and endemic distribution and are often subject to the technology used for their estimation. The precise mechanism of their dispersal is poorly understood. The use of molecular tools and resulting data has led to the refinement in the taxon boundaries and, thereupon, species delimitation, which is profoundly reshaping our understanding of their diversity, distribution, and difficulties associated with their accurate assessment. Furthermore, the sampling procedure for diversity estimation is yet to be standardized. The fluid nature of species characterization further complicates the task of enumeration of biodiversity indices. Statistical tools play a vital role in biodiversity estimation but are less used in studying microalgal diversity. Apart from highly acclaimed ecological roles, human use of microalgae for food, feed, medicine, fertilizers, and a slew of other uses is known since long (prior to 2700BCE). In recent times, attempts for using microalgae for nutraceuticals, biofuels, and therapeutic drug production have increased. In the present chapter, we have discussed the recent estimates of microalgal diversity, their biogeography, and the associated conceptual and technological constraints for their potential use as a food and feed source. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Biosynthesis and characterization of Ocimum sanctum green silver nanoparticles and unravelling their enhanced anti-filarial activity through a HRAMS proteomics approach
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Ayushi Mishra; Sunil Kumar; Anchal Singh
The available anti-filarial medications are largely ineffective against adult filarial worms. Also, these drugs have several drawbacks such as toxicity and development of resistance owing to long-term usage. Green nanomedicine may offer better solutions for Lymphatic Filariasis treatment due to its tiny size, biocompatibility, and better penetration at considerably lower costs with higher therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, Ocimum sanctum silver nanoparticles (OSAgNPs) were bio-synthesized and their anti-filarial efficacy was evaluated against adult filarial parasites. The green nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM analysis. The OSAgNPs significantly affected the motility and viability of adult Setaria cervi parasites after 4 h of incubation at concentrations higher than 0.5 μg ml−1. Proteomics analysis by high resolution accurate mass spectrometry revealed that 213 proteins were differentially expressed following OSAgNP treatment. Mostly these DEPs belonged to the many biochemical and molecular pathways of parasites such as muscle proteins, antioxidant proteins, heat shock proteins, signal recognition proteins, and energy metabolism-related proteins. Undoubtedly, this study will open new avenues for the development of novel anti-filarial drugs based on green nanoparticles. © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Cysteine supplementation mitigates the toxicity associated with antitumor therapy of Ehrlich's ascites fluid adsorbed over protein a containing Staphylococcus aureus cowan i
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2019) Ashish S. Verma; Anchal Singh; Priyadarshini Mallick; Premendra D. Dwivedi
Introduction: Previously, we have reported the amelioration of ad-AF induced hepatotoxicity with the exogenous supplementation of glutathione (GSH) without compromising the anti-tumor effect of ad-AF in ascites tumor model of mice with transplantable Ehrlich's Ascites Tumor cells. Cellular uptake of glutathione (GSH) has its own limitations, therefore exogenous supplementation of L-cysteine (Cys) was tried to reduce the toxicity of ad-AF by providing-SH contents without compromising the anti-tumor property of adsorbed ascites fluid (ad-AF). Results: A significant increase in mean survival time (MST) of tumor bearing mice from 18.1 days to 32.9 days with exogenous supplementation of Cys was observed. Cys supplementation did not alter decline in body-weight gain, tumor cell counts as well as decrease in the viability of tumor cells in ascites tumor bearing animals. Similarly, Cys has been helpful to restore the hepatic-SH contents upto the levels of-SH content in tumor control group. The exogenous supplementation of Cys along with ad-AF has been helpful to restore the decline in the activities of phase-I and enhanced levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The changes in the activities of different enzymes of phase-I and phase-II indicate the reduction in toxic insult induced by the therapeutic material (ad-AF). However, ad-AF treatment could not prevent tumor bearers from natural death due to tumor progression but significantly reduced the rate of tumor progression. Conclusions: Our study suggests that exogenous supplementation of Cys alongwith ad-AF could have a potential to be developed as a modality for the treatment of ascites tumor at least at experimental level. © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer-Medknow.
Deciphering the anti-filarial potential of bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum: a combined experimental and computational study
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Ayushi Mishra; Vipin Kumar; Anchal Singh
Context: The anthelminthic effect of Ocimum species (Lamiaceae) has been reported, however, its anti-filarial effect has not been explored to date. Objective: This study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum L. (OS) against lymphatic filarial parasites. Material and methods: The ethanol extract of OS (EOS) leaves was tested for anti-filarial activity against Setaria cervi. Equal size and number (n = 10) of adult female S. cervi worms were incubated in 125, 250 or 375 μg/mL EOS extract for 6 h at 37 °C. The OS bioactive components were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and subjected to docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation against filarial antioxidant proteins. Results: The EOS significantly inhibited the motility of adult female S. cervi after 6 h of incubation. The motility was found to be reduced by 53.7% in 375 µg/mL and 43.8% in 250 µg/mL EOS after 6 h of treatment. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of ethanol extract of O. sanctum revealed the presence of 13 bioactive compounds. The docking analysis showed eight OS bioactive compounds to have high binding affinity (> 4.8 kcal/mol) towards antioxidant proteins of filarial parasites. Additionally, MD simulation studies showed significant impact of (RMSD ≤ 10 Å) chlorogenic acid, luteolin and ursolic acid on filarial antioxidant enzymes/proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-filarial activity of Ocimum sanctum. Discussion and conclusions: The effect of EOS and OS bioactive components on human filarial parasites can be further evaluated for the development of new anti-filarial formulations. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Designing and comparative analysis of anti-oxidant and heat shock proteins based multi-epitopic filarial vaccines
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2024) Sunil Kumar; Ayushi Mishra; Vipin Kumar; Tripti Singh; Amit Kumar Singh; Anchal Singh
Background: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease affecting more than 882 million people in 44 countries of the world. A multi-epitope prophylactic/therapeutic vaccination targeting filarial defense proteins would be invaluable to achieve the current LF elimination goal. Method: Two groups of proteins, namely Anti-oxidant (AO) and Heat shock proteins (HSPs), have been implicated in the effective survival of the filarial parasites in their hosts. Several B-cell, CTL, and T-helper epitopes were predicted from the three anti-oxidant proteins GST, GPx, and SOD. Likewise, epitopes were also predicted for HSP110, HSP90, and HSP70. Among the predicted epitopes, screening was applied to include only non-allergenic, non-toxic epitopes to construct two MEVs, PVAO and PVHSP. The epitopes for each group of proteins were connected to each other by the inclusion of suitable linkers and an adjuvant. The 3D models for PVAO and PVHSP were predicted, and validated, followed by prediction of physicochemical properties using bioinformatics tools. The binding free energy of PVAO and PVHSP with Toll like Receptors (TLR) TLR1/2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR9 was calculated with HawkDock. The immunogenicity of both the MEVs were assessed by Immune simulation after which codon adaptation and in-silico cloning were carried out. Results: Conservation of the selected AOs and HSPs in other parasitic nematode species suggested that both the generated chimera could be helpful in cross-protection too. The 3D models of both MEVs contained more than 97% residues in allowed regions, as predicted by PROCHECK server. High MMGBSA and docking scores were obtained between MEVs and TLR4, TLR1/2, TLR6, and TLR9. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of candidate vaccines in dynamic conditions present in the biological systems. The in-silico immune simulation indicated significantly high levels of IgG1, T-helper, T-cytotoxic cells, INF-γ, and IL-2 responses following immunization with PVAO and PVHSP. Conclusion: The immunoinformatics approaches used in this study confirmed that, the designed vaccines are capable of eliciting sustained immunity against LF, however, additional in-vivo studies would be required to confirm their efficacy. Furthermore, by employing multi-epitope structures and constructing two different cocktail vaccines for LF, this study can form an important milestone in the development of future LF vaccine/s. © The Author(s) 2024.
Exogenous supplementation of N-acetylcysteine can reduce hepatotoxicity induced by ascites fluid (cell-free) adsorbed over Protein-A-containing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-I without compromising its antitumor effect
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2019) Ashish S. Verma; Priyadarshini Mallick; Premendra D. Dwivedi; Anchal Singh
Introduction: Hepatotoxicity along with enhanced mortality has remained a major concern during the development of antitumor therapy with the use of cell-free ascites fluid adsorbed (ad-AF) over Protein-A-containing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC). Major issue with ad-AF inoculation is the significant depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). Exogenous supplementation of -SH contents to the host has offered an encouraging hope to explore the possibilities to use ad-AF as a therapeutic material due to its antitumor effects. GSH and l-cysteine have shown a promise with the recovery of -SH contents as well as the recovery of phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes. Aforementioned observations prompted us to try other -SH donors. Materials and Methods: Therefore, in this study, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used as an exogenous source to provide -SH contents to reduce hepatotoxicity and mortality induced by ad-AF treatment. Results: Exogenous supplementation of NAC along with ad-AF treatment to ascites tumor bearers has shown a significant protection against hepatotoxicity and mortality caused by ad-AF. NAC substitution along with ad-AF has significantly enhanced the mean survival time (MST), without altering the antitumor effect of ad-AF as evident from tumor cell counts and viability. Discussion: NAC supplementation has been successful to recover hepatic -SH contents along with the significant recovery of phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes. Marker enzymes for liver injury have also given clear-cut indications for the recovery of tumor bearers from hepatotoxicity induced by ad-AF. Conclusion: This study has shown that exogenous supplementation of NAC protects the host from the enhanced mortality and hepatotoxicity induced by ad-AF. These observations offer a hope to develop ad-AF as one of the probable treatment strategies for ascites tumors at least at experimental levels. © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.
FDI in the era ofglobalization: Some issues
(Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd., 2010) Anchal Singh
[No abstract available]
Filarial selenium glutathione peroxidase: A probable immunodiagnostic marker for lymphatic filariasis
(2010) Anchal Singh; Shaukat Kamal; Sushma Rathaur
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti is widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. Night blood film examination is most commonly used for diagnosis of filariasis but is cumbersome and labour intensive. In order to develop an indirect ELISA-based immunodiagnostic test, the importance of antifilarial IgG subclasses was evaluated in bancroftian filariasis patients. Blood samples from healthy individuals and different categories of LF patients were used to estimate the diagnostic potential of selenium glutathione peroxidase antigen purified from the bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi. This antigen reacted with both IgG1 and IgG4; however, the IgG1 response was greater in microfilaraemic patients and the IgG4 response was higher in chronic filarial patients. The diagnostic sensitivity of IgG1 and IgG4 was 97% and 96% whereas specificity was determined to be 95% and 98% respectively. Our observations suggest that SeGSHPx could be an alternative diagnostic marker for the detection of bancroftian filariasis in an endemic area. © 2010 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
HIV: Biology to treatment
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Ashish Swarup Verma; Vipin Kumar; Malay Kumar Saha; Shanta Dutta; Anchal Singh
AIDS is one of the most dreaded diseases of the twenty-first century caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, there are reports which show decline in new infections due to better access to anti-retroviral drugs. Still on a daily basis, ~2356 new HIV infections are being reported globally. New treatments and anti-HIV drugs are being continuously developed with the aim to control and cure AIDS. The anti-HIV drugs that are in use usually target HIV entry and replication inside the host cells. However, these drugs are only partially effective in slowing the rate of HIV replication. Nevertheless, the virus manages to replicate at much slower rates even when anti-retroviral treatment is ongoing. The HIV seropositives who are on anti-retroviral treatment for long periods of time are now developing different kinds of other complications including neuroAIDS. The latest development in HIV therapy is a novel kind of bone marrow transplantation from donors who have a homozygous mutation in CCR5 gene. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.
Identification and characterization of a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in Setaria cervi
(2005) Anchal Singh; Sushma Rathaur
Setaria cervi a bovine filarial parasite secretes selenium glutathione peroxidase during in vitro cultivation. A significant amount of enzyme activity was detected in the somatic extract of different developmental stages of the parasite. Among different stages, microfilariae showed a higher level of selenium glutathione peroxidase activity followed by males then females. However, when the activity was compared in excretory secretory products of these stages males showed higher activity than microfilariae and female worms. The enzyme was purified from female somatic extract using a combination of glutathione agarose and gel filtration chromatography, which migrated as a single band of molecular mass ≈20 kDa. Selenium content of purified enzyme was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy and found to be 3.5 ng selenium/μg of protein. Further, inhibition of enzyme activity by potassium cyanide suggested the presence of selenium at the active site of enzyme. This is the first report of identification of selenium glutathione peroxidase from any filarial parasite. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Identification of glucose regulated protein94 (GRP94) in filarial parasite S. cervi and its expression under ER stress
(Elsevier Inc., 2022) Shweta Sharma; Faiyaz Ahmad; Anchal Singh; Sushma Rathaur
GRP94, a member of HSP90 family, is involved in folding and degradation of endoplasmic reticulum proteins. The proteome analysis of Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite showed that a 91 kDa protein was over expressed, after the parasites were maintained in glucose deprived medium. The MALDI- LC/MS analysis of the 91 kDa band confirmed it as endoplasmin precursor (GRP94). Amino acid sequence alignment of S.cervi GRP94 exhibited maximum similarity with human filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Loa loa GRP94. Tunicamycin treatment of S. cervi worms revealed that the expression of GRP94 is associated with ER stress. Transcription of S. cervi grp94 as well as igf is regulated by transcription factors ATF-6 and XBP-1S which was confirmed by Real Time PCR. Moreover, marked alteration in the expression of igf after 3 h and 6 h of drug treatment suggested propagation of survival pathway under ER stress. The activities of ER stress markers protein disulphide isomerase and glycosyltransferase were significantly reduced after 6 h of tunicamycin treatment. The present findings thus indicate that the expression of GRP94 and regulation of its expression is under ER stress in Setaria cervi. To our knowledge this is the first report of identification of GRP94, in any filarial parasite till date. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
Identification of promising nutraceuticals against filarial immune-modulatory proteins: insights from in silico and ex vivo studies
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022) Vipin Kumar; Ayushi Mishra; Anchal Singh
Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting over 863 million people in 47 countries of the world. The anti-filarial drugs, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and ivermectin, are effective only at the larval stages and have proven completely ineffective as adulticides. Besides this, a long-term use of these drugs is associated with several side effects including drug toxicity. Nutraceuticals have emerged as better alternatives for long term treatments due to their safety and lesser side effects. In the present work, we have used drug docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation approaches to explore the effect of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals against the immune-modulatory proteins of filarial worms. The filarial proteins enolase, ES-62 precursor, serpin, and cystatin, which are highly efficient in host immune modulation were targeted with more than 50 nutraceuticals. In the in silico study nutraceuticals such as naringin, β-carotene, and emodin showed higher binding efficacy and lower dissociation constant as compared to anti-filarial drugs. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that immune-modulatory proteins formed highly stable complexes with naringin, β-carotene, and emodin over the entire MD simulation run. The nutraceutical emodin formed the most stable system in silico and hence its effect was investigated on adult filarial parasites under ex vivo conditions too. Emodin significantly affected the motility, viability, ROS production, and genomic DNA fragmentation of filarial parasites. Further in vivo and in vitro studies will help in understanding the mechanism of action of emodin at the molecular level and would help in the development of more effective anti-filarial drugs. © 2022 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Industry-academia convergence: “bridging the skill gap” management education in india-a case study
(Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd., 2010) Anchal Singh
[No abstract available]
Lymphatic filarial serum proteome profiling for identification and characterization of diagnostic biomarkers
(Public Library of Science, 2022) Vipin Kumar; Ayushi Mishra; Awadehesh Kumar Yadav; Sushma Rathaur; Anchal Singh
Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) affects more than 863 million people in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, causing high morbidity and long illnesses leading to social exclusion and loss of wages. A combination of drugs Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine citrate and Albendazole is recommended by WHO to accelerate the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). To assess the outcome of GPELF, to re-evaluate and to formulate further strategies there is an imperative need for high quality diagnostic markers. This study was undertaken to identify Lymphatic Filarial biomarkers which can detect LF infections in asymptomatic cases and would also serve as indicators for differentiating among different clinical stages of the disease. A combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), MMP zymography, SDS-PAGE, classical 2DE along with MALDI-TOF/MS was done to identify LF biomarkers from serum samples of different stages of LF patients. FT-IR spectroscopy coupled with univariate and multivariate analysis of LF serum samples, revealed significant differences in peak intensity at 3300, 2950, 1645, 1540 and 1448 cm-1 (p<0.05). The proteomics analysis results showed that various proteins were differentially expressed (p<0.05), including C-reactive protein, α-1-antitrypsin, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D like, apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV in different LF clinical stages. Functional pathway analysis suggested the involvement of differentially expressed proteins in vital physiological pathways like acute phase response, hemostasis, complement and coagulation cascades. Furthermore, the differentiation between different stages of LF cases and biomarkers identified in this study clearly demonstrates the potential of the human serum profiling approach for LF detection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative human serum profiling in different categories of LF patients. © 2022 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
MALDI mass sequencing and characterization of filarialglutathione-S-transferase
(2007) Sarika Gupta; Anchal Singh; Marshleen Yadav; Kalyan Singh; Sushma Rathaur
Glutathione-S-transferase has been detected in the somatic extract and excretory-secretory products of different life stages of Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite. The enzyme was subjected to MALDI-TOF followed by mass spectrometry and the nearest match found was Pleuronectes platessa GST. Molecular mass of the purified enzyme was≈26 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF. Setaria cervi GST exhibited high activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and ethacrynic acid. Kinetic analysis with respect to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and glutathione as substrate revealed a Km of 2.22 mM and 0.61 mM, respectively. The activity was inhibited significantly by Cibacron blue and α-tocopherol. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Neuro AIDS: Neuro-invasion and novel therapeutic approaches
(Elsevier, 2024) Soumen Mukherjee; Shanta Dutta; Anchal Singh; Malay Kumar Saha
Human immunodeficiencyvirus(HIV) is a lentivirus that belongs to the family Retroviridae. HIV infection leads to progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells and impairment of cellular and humoral immunity, resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignancies.One of the major challenges in HIV research and clinical care is the impact of HIV infection on the central nervous system (CNS).HIV infection in the CNS can cause neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, synaptic dysfunction, and neurocognitive impairment.The chapter aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the mechanisms of entry of HIV into the CNS. Role of blood brain barrier in the protection of CNS and role of HIV infected immune cells have also been discussed in the initial sections of the chapter. Detailed role of factors such as viral envelope glycoprotein, chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, and tight junction proteins have been discussed in this section. In the next section, we have discussed the consequences of HIV entry into the CNS such neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, synaptic dysfunction, and neurocognitive impairment. Finally, we have discussed the various therapeutic approaches that are used to treat neuro AIDS such as traditional ART and its limitations, novel approaches such as nanotechnology-based ART systems which serve as promising alternatives to the traditional ART approach. Here we discuss various types of nanotechnology-based systems which have proven to be promising in laboratory studies. Other novel approaches such as gene therapy particularly those involving the Crispr-Cas gene editing system have also been discussed. Here various approaches of Crispr-Cas that have been used in laboratory studies have been discussed. Finally, we also evaluate the limitations of all these approaches for neuro-AIDS treatment and also discuss some future route maps that may be adopted in future studies for development of an effective treatment strategy. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.