Browsing by Author "Ann V. L. Basting"

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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Mohsen Naghavi; Kanyin Liane Ong; Amirali Aali; Hazim S. Ababneh; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab; Mohammad Abdollahi; Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Mesfin Abebe; Samrawit Shawel Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; E.S. Abhilash; Hassan Abidi; Olumide Abiodun; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Meysam Abolmaali; Mohamed Abouzid; Girma Beressa Aboye; Lucas Guimaraes Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Hasan Abualruz; Bilyaminu Abubakar; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Tadele Girum Adal; Abdu A. Adamu; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Giovanni Addolorato; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji; Juliana Bunmi Adetunji; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Biruk Adie Admass; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Suneth Buddhika Agampodi; Pradyumna Agasthi; Manik Aggarwal; Shahin Aghamiri; Feleke Doyore Agide; Antonella Agodi; Anurag Agrawal; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Shahzaib Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed; Meqdad Saleh Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Essona Matatom Akara; Hossein Akbarialiabad; Karolina Akinosoglou; Tomi Akinyemiju; Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif; Samuel Akyirem; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Fares Alahdab; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Tariq A. Alalwan; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Manjurul Alam; Noore Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Sayer Al-Azzam; Almaza Albakri; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Khalifah A. Aldawsari; Wafa A. Aldhaleei; Robert W. Aldridge; Haileselasie Berhane Alema; Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu; Sharifullah Alemi; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Abid Ali; Amjad Ali; Liaqat Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Shahid Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Yousef Alimohamadi; Ahmednur Adem Aliyi; Mohammad A. M. Aljasir; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Francois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Sabah Al-Marwani; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Louay Almidani; Omar Almidani; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Basem Al-Omari; Jordi Alonso; Jaber S. Alqahtani; Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi; Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Zaid Altaany; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Deborah Oyine Aluh; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hassan Alwafi; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Safwat Aly; Karem H. Alzoubi; Reza Amani; Azmeraw T. Amare; Prince M. Amegbor; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Sohrab Amiri; Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq; Hubert Amu; Dickson A. Amugsi; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; David B. Anderson; Pedro Prata Andrade; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Abhishek Anil; Sneha Anil; Amir Anoushiravani; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Saeid Anvari; Saleha Anwar; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Razique Anwer; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Muhammad Aqeel; Juan Pablo Arab; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Demelash Areda; Abdulfatai Aremu; Olatunde Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Mesay Arkew; Benedetta Armocida; Michael Benjamin Arndt; Johan Arnlov; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A. Artamonov; Judie Arulappan; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Malke Asaad; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Akeza Awealom Asgedom; Mona Asghariahmadabad; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Muhammad Ashraf; Armin Aslani; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mohammad Athar; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu; Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw; Prince Atorkey; Maha Moh'D Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Abolfazl Avan; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Amlaku Mulat Aweke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Haleh Ayatollahi; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh; Sina Azadnajafabad; Rui M. S. Azevedo; Ahmed Y. Azzam; B.B. Darshan; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D. Badiye; Soroush Baghdadi; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Sulaiman Bah; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Najmeh Bahmanziari; Ruhai Bai; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Madhan Balasubramanian; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; MacIej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Kannu Bansal; Franca Barbic; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Erfan Bardideh; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Barnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Lope H. Barrero; Amadou Barrow; Sandra Barteit; Lingkan Barua; Zarrin Basharat; Azadeh Bashiri; Afisu Basiru; Pritish Baskaran; Buddha Basnyat; Quique Bassat; João Diogo Basso; Ann V. L. Basting; Sanjay Basu; Kavita Batra; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Thomas Beaney; Neeraj Bedi; Massimiliano Beghi; Emad Behboudi; Priyamadhaba Behera; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Masoud Behzadifar; Maryam Beiranvand; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Yannick Béjot; Sefealem Assefa Belay; Chalie Mulu Belete; Michelle L. Bell; Muhammad Bashir Bello; Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello; Luis Belo; Apostolos Beloukas; Rose Grace Bender; Isabela M. Bensenor; Azizullah Beran; Zombor Berezvai; Alemshet Yirga Berhie; Betyna N. Berice; Robert S. Bernstein; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Paulo J. G. Bettencourt; Kebede A. Beyene; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Dinesh Bhandari; Kayleigh Bhangdia; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Ashish Bhargava; Sonu Bhaskar; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Manpreet S. Bhatti; Rajbir Bhatti; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Jessica Devin Bishai; Catherine Bisignano; Francesca Bisulli; Atanu Biswas; Bijit Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Bikes Destaw Bitew; Veera R. Bitra; Tone Bjørge; Micheal Kofi Boachie; Mary Sefa Boampong; Anca Vasilica Bobirca; Virginia Bodolica; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Eyob Ketema Bogale; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Archith Boloor; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Aime Bonny; Kaustubh Bora; Berrak Bora Basara; Hamed Borhany; Arturo Borzutzky; Souad Bouaoud; Antoine Boustany; Christopher Boxe; Edward J. Boyko; Oliver J. Brady; Dejana Braithwaite; Luisa C. Brant; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Javier Brazo-Sayavera; Nicholas J. K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Julie Brown; Traolach Brugha; Norma B. Bulamu; Lemma N. Bulto; Danilo Buonsenso; Richard A. Burns; Reinhard Busse; Yasser Bustanji; Nadeem Shafique Butt; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Daniela Calina; Luis Alberto Camera; Luciana Aparecida Campos; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Chao Cao; Yin Cao; Angelo Capodici; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Andrea Carugno; Cristina G. Carvalheiro; Felix Carvalho; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alberico L. Catapano; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Christopher R. Cederroth; Luca Cegolon; Francieli Cembranel; Muthia Cenderadewi; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Muge Cevik; Joshua Chadwick; Yaacoub Chahine; Chiranjib Chakraborty; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Raymond N. C. Chan; Rama Mohan Chandika; Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar; Chin-Kuo Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Gashaw Sisay Chanie; Periklis Charalampous; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou; Akhilanand Chaurasia; Angela W. Chen; An-Tian Chen; Catherine S. Chen; Haowei Chen; Meng Xuan Chen; Simiao Chen; Ching-Yu Cheng; Esther T. W. Cheng; Nicolas Cherbuin; Wondimye Ashenafi Cheru; Ju-Huei Chien; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ritesh Chimoriya; Patrick R. Ching; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Abdulaal Chitheer; William C. S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Eric Chung; Erin Chung; Eunice Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Muhammad Chutiyami; Zinhle Cindi; Iolanda Cioffi; Mareli M. Claassens; Rafael M. Claro; Kaleb Coberly; Rebecca M. Cogen; Alyssa Columbus; Haley Comfort; Joao Conde; Samuele Cortese; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Simona Costanzo; Ewerton Cousin; Rosa A. S. Couto; Richard G. Cowden; Kenneth Michael Cramer; Michael H. Criqui; Natalia Cruz-Martins; Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernandez; Garland T. Culbreth; Patricia Cullen; Matthew Cunningham; Maria Paula Curado; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Siyu Dai; Xiaochen Dai; Zhaoli Dai; Lachlan L. Dalli; Giovanni Damiani; Jiregna Darega Gela; Jai K. Das; Saswati Das; Subasish Das; Ana Maria Dascalu; Nihar Ranjan Dash; Mohsen Dashti; Anna Dastiridou; Gail Davey; Claudio Alberto Davila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Katie De Luca; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Shayom Debopadhaya; Louisa Degenhardt; Azizallah Dehghan; Lee Deitesfeld; Cristian Del Bo; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Ke Deng; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutierrez; Niloofar Deravi; Nebiyu Dereje; Nikolaos Dervenis; Emina Dervišević; Don C. Des Jarlais; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Arkadeep Dhali; Kuldeep Dhama; Meghnath Dhimal; Sameer Dhingra; Vishal R. Dhulipala; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Michael J. Diaz; Adriana Dima; Delaney D. Ding; Huanghe Ding; Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira; M. Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Camila Bruneli Do Prado; Saeid Doaei; Masoud Dodangeh; Milad Dodangeh; Sushil Dohare; Klara Georgieva Dokova; Christiane Dolecek; Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez; Wanyue Dong; Deepa Dongarwar; Mario D'Oria; Fariba Dorostkar; E. Ray Dorsey; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Rajkumar Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Robert Kokou Dowou; Tim Robert Driscoll; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Viola Dsouza; Mi Du; John Dube; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Senbagam Duraisamy; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren; Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Abdel Rahman E'Mar; Ejemai Eboreime; Alireza Ebrahimi; Chidiebere Peter Echieh; Hisham Atan Edinur; David Edvardsson; Kristina Edvardsson; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Terje Andreas Eikemo; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Iffat Elbarazi; Teshome Bekele Elema; Noha Mousaad Elemam; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Legesse Tesfaye Elilo; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Mohamed A. Elmonem; Mohammed Elshaer; Ibrahim Elsohaby; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Habtamu Esubalew; Farshid Etaee; Natalia Fabin; Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ayesha Fahim; Saman Fahimi; Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh; Luca Falzone; Mohammad Fareed; Carla Sofia E Sa Farinha; Moezalislam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Alireza Feizkhah; Ginenus Fekadu; Xiaoru Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Daniela Ferrante; Alize J. Ferrari; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Bikila Regassa Feyisa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Joanne Flavel; David Flood; Bobirca Teodor Florin; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Behzad Foroutan; Masoud Foroutan; Ingeborg Forthun; Daniela Fortuna; Matteo Foschi; Kayode Raphael Fowobaje; Kate Louise Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Alberto Freitas; Joseph Friedman; Sara D. Friedman; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E. Fuller; Blima Fux; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Santosh Gaihre; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Mandukhai Ganbat; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani; Ma Garcia-Gordillo; William M. Gardner; Jalaj Garg; Naval Garg; Rupesh K. Gautam; Semiu Olatunde Gbadamosi; Tilaye Gebru Gebi; Miglas W. Gebregergis; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel; Simona Roxana Georgescu; Tamirat Getachew; Peter W. Gething; Molla Getie; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Sulmaz Ghahramani; Khalid Yaser Ghailan; Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi; Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Fariba Ghassemi; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Ajnish Ghimire; Sama Ghoba; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Asadollah Gholamian; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Nasim Gholizadeh; Mahsa Ghorbani; Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Themba G. Ginindza; Alem Girmay; James C. Glasbey; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Laszlo Gobolos; Myron Anthony Godinho; Amit Goel; Ali Golchin; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Nelson G. M. Gomes; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Barbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Anmol Goyal; Ayman Grada; Simon Matthew Graham; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Shi-Yang Guan; Giovanni Guarducci; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; Rafael Alves Guimaraes; Snigdha Gulati; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Sasidhar Gunturu; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Manoj Kumar Gupta; Mohak Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Lami Gurmessa; Reyna Alma Gutierrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Parham Habibzadeh; Rasool Haddadi; Mostafa Hadei; Najah R. Hadi; Nils Haep; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Demewoz Haile; Alemayehu Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Esam S. Halboub; Brian J. Hall; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Erin B. Hamilton; Chieh Han; Qiuxia Han; Asif Hanif; Nasrin Hanifi; Graeme J. Hankey; Fahad Hanna; Md Abdul Hannan; Md Nuruzzaman Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Ikramul Hasan; M. Tasdik Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Mohammad Hasanian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Md Saquib Hasnain; Ikrama Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Jiawei He; Jeffrey J. Hebert; Omar E. Hegazi; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Bartosz Helfer; Delia Hendrie; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Kamal Hezam; Catherine L. Hill; Yuta Hiraike; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Mahbub Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chiarong Hsieh; Rebecca L. Hsu; Chengxi Hu; Junjie Huang; Michael Hultstrom; Ayesha Humayun; Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie; Javid Hussain; M. Azhar Hussain; Nawfal R. Hussein; Foziya Mohammed Hussien; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Khalid S. Ibrahim; Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar; Desta Ijo; Adalia I. Ikiroma; Kevin S. Ikuta; Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Tarique Imam; Mustapha Immurana; Sumant Inamdar; Endang Indriasih; Muhammad Iqhrammullah; Arnaud Iradukunda; Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu; Md Rabiul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Faisal Ismail; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Hiroyasu Iso; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Mahalaxmi Iyer; J. Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Morteza Jafarinia; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Khushleen Jaggi; Kasra Jahankhani; Nader Jahanmehr; Haitham Jahrami; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Abhishek Jaiswal; Elham Jamshidi; Mark M. Janko; Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau; Sabzali Javadov; Tahereh Javaheri; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Sun Ha Jee; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; Heng Jiang; Yingzhao Jin; Olatunji Johnson; Mohammad Jokar; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Abel Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Grace Joshy; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jurisson; K. Vaishali; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Dler Hussein Kadir; Rizwan Kalani; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Leila R. Kalankesh; Feroze Kaliyadan; Sanjay Kalra; Vineet Kumar Kamal; Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah; Rajesh Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Naser Kamyari; Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Arun R. Kanmanthareddy; Edmund Wedam Kanmiki; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; S. Suthanthira Kannan; Sushil Kumar Kansal; Rami S. Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Mehrdad Karajizadeh; Shama D. Karanth; Reema A. Karasneh; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Andre Karch; Asima Karim; Salah Eddin Karimi; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim Kasnazani; Hengameh Kasraei; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Molly B. Kassel; Joonas H. Kauppila; Navjot Kaur; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A. Kayode; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Tahseen Haider Kazmi; Getu Mosisa Kebebew; Adera Debella Kebede; Fassikaw Kebede; Tibebeselassie S. Keflie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Jaimon Terence Kelly; John H. Kempen; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Anees Ahmed Khalil; Alireza Khalilian; Faham Khamesipour; Ajmal Khan; Asaduzzaman Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Ikramullah Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Moien Ab Khan; Zeeshan Ali Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national age-specific progress towards the 2020 milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Jorge R. Ledesma; Jianing Ma; Meixin Zhang; Ann V. L. Basting; Huong Thi Chu; Avina Vongpradith; Amanda Novotney; Kate E. LeGrand; Yvonne Yiru Xu; Xiaochen Dai; Sneha Ingle Nicholson; Lauryn K. Stafford; Austin Carter; Jennifer M. Ross; Hedayat Abbastabar; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Salahdein Aburuz; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Kishor Adhikari; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Abel Afework; Shahin Aghamiri; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Danish Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Haroon Ahmed; Mohammed Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Karolina Akinosoglou; Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-Ahdal; Nazmul Alam; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Abid Ali; Endale Alemayehu Ali; Liaqat Ali; Zahid Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Kasim Allel; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Reza Amani; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Jimoh Amzat; Jason R. Andrews; Abhishek Anil; Razique Anwer; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Damelash Areda; Anton A. Artamonov; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Sachin R. Atre; Avinash Aujayeb; Davood Azadi; Sina Azadnajafabad; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D. Badiye; Sara Bagherieh; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Biswajit Banik; Mainak Bardhan; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Zarrin Basharat; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Maryam Beiranvand; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Makda Abate Belew; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Apostolos Beloukas; Paulo J. G. Bettencourt; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ashish Bhargava; Vivek Bhat; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Boris Bikbov; Veera R. Bitra; Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic; Danilo Buonsenso; Katrin Burkart; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Paulo Camargos; Yu Cao; Sinclair Carr; Felix Carvalho; Luca Cegolon; Muthia Cenderadewi; Muge Cevik; Yaacoub Chahine; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Patrick R. Ching; Hitesh Chopra; Eunice Chung; Mareli M. Claassens; Kaleb Coberly; Natália Cruz-Martins; Bashir Dabo; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Isaac Darban; Jiregna Darega Gela; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Mahmood Dashti; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Biniyam Demisse; Solomon Demissie; Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese; Kebede Deribe; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Arkadeep Dhali; Kuldeep Dhama; Sameer Dhingra; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Deepa Dongarwar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; John Dube; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Abdelaziz Ed-Dra; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Aziz Eftekharimehrabad; Nopryan Ekadinata; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Muhammed Elhadi; Legesse Tesfaye Elilo; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ayesha Fahim; Alireza Feizkhah; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Aravind P. Gandhi; Rupesh K. Gautam; Miglas W. Gebregergis; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan; Kazem Ghaffari; Fariba Ghassemi; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Amador Goodridge; Anmol Goyal; Shi-Yang Guan; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Rashid Abdi Guled; Novianti Br Gultom; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Hailey Hagins; Semira Goitom Hailu; Wase Benti Hailu; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Harapan Harapan; Rumina Syeda Hasan; Shoaib Hassan; Johannes Haubold; Kamal Hezam; Sung Hwi Hong; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Belal Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Hong-Han Huynh; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S. Ikuta; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Md Rabiul Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Faisal Ismail; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Mahsa Jalili; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Nabi Jomehzadeh; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Zubair Kabir; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Gebrehiwot G. Kassa; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Navjot Kaur; Himanshu Khajuria; Faham Khamesipour; Yusra H. Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Khaled Khatab; Fatemeh Khatami; Min Seo Kim; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Kewal Krishan; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Nithin Kumar; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Iván Landires; Kamaluddin Latief; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Caterina Ledda; Munjae Lee; Seung Won Lee; Temesgen L. Lerango; Stephen S. Lim; Chaojie Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Platon D. Lopukhov; Hong Luo; Hengliang Lv; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan; Amir Ali Mahboobipour; Azeem Majeed; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Kashish Malhotra; Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik; Lesibana Anthony Malinga; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Aseer Manilal; Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Roy Rillera Marzo; Hossein Masoumi-Asl; Vasundhara Mathur; Richard James Maude; Ravi Mehrotra; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Muayad Aghali Merza; Tomislav Mestrovic; Laurette Mhlanga; Sanjeev Misra; Arup Kumar Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Hussen Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Catrin E. Moore; Parsa Mousavi; Francesk Mulita; Fungai Musaigwa; Raman Muthusamy; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Pirouz Naghavi; Ganesh R. Naik; Gurudatta Naik; Sanjeev Nair; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Hadush Negash; Dang H. Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi; Efaq Ali Noman; Shuhei Nomura; Bogdan Oancea; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Ismail A. Odetokun; Daniel Bogale Odo Odo; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; In-Hwan Oh; Chukwuma O. Okereke; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Eyal Oren; Edgar Ortiz-Brizuela; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Amel Ouyahia; P.A. Mahesh Padukudru; Pragyan Paramita Parija; Romil R. Parikh; Seoyeon Park; Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi; Shankargouda Patil; Shrikant Pawar; Minjin Peng; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Prince Peprah; João Perdigão; Norberto Perico; Hoang Tran Pham; Maarten J. Postma; Attur Ravindra Attur Prabhu; Manya Prasad; Akila Prashant; Elton Junio Sady Prates; Fakher Rahim; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Masoud Rahmati; Sathish Rajaa; Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Deepthi Rapaka; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Luis Felipe Reyes; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Omid Rezahosseini; Mónica Rodrigues; Priyanka Roy; Guilherme de Andrade Ruela; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Umar Saeed; Sher Zaman Safi; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Soumya Swaroop Sahoo; Nasir Salam; Afeez Abolarinwa Salami; Samreen Saleem; Mohamed A. Saleh; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Sara Samadzadeh; Yoseph Leonardo Samodra; Rama Krishna Sanjeev; Aswini Saravanan; Susan M. Sawyer; Siddharthan Selvaraj; Sabyasachi Senapati; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Pritik A. Shah; Samiah Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Sunder Sham; Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran; Mohd Shanawaz; Medha Sharath; Samendra P. Sherchan; Ranjitha S. Shetty; Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski; Aminu Shittu; Emmanuel Edwar Siddig; João Pedro Silva; Surjit Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Harpreet Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Siswanto Siswanto; Ranjan Solanki; Yonatan Solomon; Joan B. Soriano; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vijay Kumar Srivastava; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Chandan Kumar Swain; Takahiro Tabuchi; Mircea Tampa; Jacques J. L. Lukenze Tamuzi; Nathan Y. Tat; Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee; Gebrehiwot Teklay; Edosa Geta Tesfaye; Belay Tessema; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Chern Choong Chern Thum; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Imad M. Tleyjeh; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Temesgen Mohammed Toma; Khai Hoan Tram; Aniefiok John Udoakang; Tungki Pratama Umar; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Seyed Mohammad Vahabi; Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan; Job F. M. van Boven; Shoban Babu Varthya; Ziyue Wang; Muktar S. A. Warsame; Ronny Westerman; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Sajad Yaghoubi; Siyan Yi; Vahit Yigit; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Fathiah Zakham; Moein Zangiabadian; Francis Zeukeng; Haijun Zhang; Yang Zhao; Peng Zheng; Magdalena Zielinska; Joshua A. Salomon; Robert C. Reiner; Mohsen Naghavi; Theo Vos; Simon I. Hay; Christopher J. L. Murray; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis for 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license