Browsing by Author "Anuradha Kumari"

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General introduction of milking
(Elsevier, 2025) Dipanwita Bhattacharya; Utkarsh K. Tripathi; Anuradha Kumari; Tanmoy Rana
The dairy industry relies heavily on the process of milking, which involves the extraction of milk from cows and other dairy animals. Traditionally, milking has been done through manual methods where the milk is extracted by hand. However, with the advancements in technology, milking machines have become more popular, which reduces human contact with milk. These machines are designed to mimic the action of hand milking, and they are now equipped with sensors to monitor the milking process. In recent years, there has been a growing trend toward the use of automated milking systems in the dairy processing system. These systems involve the use of robots that can milk cows without human intervention. The robots are equipped with sensors that detect the presence of the cow, and they use lasers to accurately position the milking cups. The use of automated milking systems has been shown to have various benefits, including improving milk quality and safety. These systems are designed to prevent contamination of the milk, ensuring that the milk is free from harmful pathogens. Additionally, the use of automated milking systems can improve the overall health and welfare of the cows, as they are not subjected to the stress and discomfort often associated with manual milking. In this chapter, we will explore different milking techniques that have been scientifically proven to help maintain milk quality and safety during the collection process. We will delve into the benefits of automated milking systems and how they are changing the face of the dairy industry. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of sanitation on milk production
(Elsevier, 2025) Anuradha Kumari; Utkarsh K. Tripathi; Manish Kumar; Anshuman Kumar
Milk is lacteal secretion of mammary gland and rich of all types of nutrients. Hence, it serves as a complete food simultaneously ideal medium for growth of different kind of microorganism. Hence, maintenance of hygiene condition at all level of production, processing, storage, and distribution before final consumption is critical to keep bacterial count low and maintaining the sanitary quality of milk. The premilking practices such as methods milking, washing hands and animal body before milking, milker's habits, and water used for routine milking practices are important; factors need due care to prevent contamination of milk. The hygiene of dairy cows and udder before milking regarded as a means of removing dirt is one of the most important hygienic practices to ensure clean milk production. Along with above the factors, the milking environment sanitation is one of the vital factors to avoid the development of pathogenic microorganism. Milk invariably becomes contaminated after milking via milk handling containers so it is the duty of farmers/producers, to employing appropriate techniques for cleaning and sanitization all the contact surfaces of utensils used in a normal daily milking operation. Apart from premilking hygienic practices, the growth of microbes can be restricted by lowering the temperature of milk after milking to maintain its quality. Hence, improving environmental sanitation, premilking and post good milking practices, increased milk quality. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Photocatalytic and Antibacterial NiO/MgO Nanocomposites for Efficient Dyes Removal From Industrial Wastewater
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Anuradha Kumari; Annesha Roy; Manjot Kaur; Akshay Kumar; Kajal Kumari; Usha Singh Gaharwar; Atul Kumar Tiwari; Ramovatar Meena
The presence of non-biodegradable industrial waste, particularly dyes, has led to pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, it is crucial to devise effective strategies to remove industrial contaminants. This study focused on creating nanomaterials for wastewater treatment. NiO/MgO nanocomposites (NCs) were produced via chemical precipitation and subsequently characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified the crystalline nature of NiO/MgO with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, which promoted strong interfacial interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the NiO/MgO NCs agglomerated into spherical and irregular shapes, whereas transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed a size range of 65–100 nm. UV–vis spectroscopy indicated absorption in the UV–vis spectrum, suggesting its photocatalytic potential. The photocatalytic performance of the NiO/MgO NCs was assessed for organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), and methyl orange (MO) under UV–vis light, demonstrating notable efficiency at higher dye concentrations. The highest degradation efficiency was recorded for CR (∼77% at 100 ppm over 60 min), followed by MO (∼71.6%) and MB (∼70%). The enhanced photocatalytic activity was linked to the nanostructured morphology, effective charge separation, and decreased electron-hole recombination. NiO/MgO NCs also showed strong antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Antimicrobial mechanisms include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption of membranes, and interactions with metal ions, which demonstrate the multi-functionality of NiO/MgO NCs as efficient wastewater treatment agents. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Spatial Identification of Vulnerable Coastal Ecosystems for Emerging Pollutants
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Anuradha Kumari; Rahul Harshawardhan; Jyoti Kushawaha; Ipsita Nandi
Coastal ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem services. These also harbor diverse groups of flora and fauna. Increased anthropogenic activities are degrading coastal ecosystem at a very fast pace. This in turn is adversely affecting species biodiversity as well as impacting human health and well-being. Among various pollutants affecting coastal ecosystem, certain contaminants known as emerging pollutant are causing great loss to its services and biodiversity. These contaminants are given undue concern in the past but are adversely affecting humans and marine biodiversity. These contaminants require different strategies for their detection, impact, as well as management. Hence it is required to have a complete insight into source, chemistry, and potential impact of these pollutants. In this chapter, a vulnerability map is created for the states along Indian coastline based on their potential sources and population of states. It was also observed that a wide knowledge gap exists among different coastal states regarding the occurrence of emerging pollutant. This study might act as an eye-opener for scientific community toward existing knowledge gap and further direct toward their investigation and management. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The Emerging Threat of Selenium Pollution: A Spatial Analysis of Its Sources and Vulnerable Areas in India
(wiley, 2021) Ipsita Nandi; Rahul Harshwardhan; Anuradha Kumari
Selenium is a trace element with a double-edged sword effect. The beneficial effect of selenium includes its vital role in physiological process of living organisms as well as a major component in various industrial and agricultural activities. The detrimental effect comes from the recognition of it as an emerging hazardous contaminant by global agencies. Selenium-rich soils, agricultural activities, mining, energy generation, and different industries contribute to the increasing water pollution levels of selenium worldwide. Selenium mainly acts as reproductive toxicant, with its safe concentration ranging between 40 and 400 μg/day. India also experiences deteriorating water quality with high selenium content owing to diverse economic activities. Further, since selenium is an emergent pollutant not much focus is placed on assessment. However, for the success of any mitigation measures an insight to pollution-vulnerable areas is urgently needed. This chapter, therefore, aims to spatially identify the potential vulnerable areas of selenium pollution. It also describes the basic concept of selenium, its uses, its sources, and its toxicity levels. It also tries to analyze its pollution level globally and in the Indian scenario. It also attempts to locate different selenium water pollution sources in an Indian context. Identifying pollution-vulnerable areas may serve as an promising tool for prioritizing mitigation measures for sustainable management of water resources. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.