Browsing by Author "Binny Sharma"

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Bioremediation of metal-contaminated soil: comparison of microbial agents with plants
(Elsevier, 2024) Binny Sharma; Padmanabh Dwivedi
An increase in human activities like sewage discharge, mining operations, modern agricultural practices, industrialization, and runoffs from metal-refining industries led to the enhancement of the contamination in the natural environment. Cadmium is extensive in the natural environment. It is a nonessential element toxicity which imparts adverse effects on root growth, morphological attributes, growth retardation, impaired photosynthesis, changed stomatal movements, enzymatic activities, metabolic activities, and membrane functioning. Metal-contaminated soils are unsuitable for agricultural purposes; remediation of these soils is necessary. Mycoremediation (fungal-mediated remediation) is a form of bioremediation that imparts the potential utilization of fungal biomass, extracellular enzymes, and fugal metabolism to alleviate environmental and agricultural land pollutants. The fungal species which have possible remediation strategies include Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, Circinella sp., Mucor sp., Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Cladosporium, and many more. They utilize the processes of biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and bioleaching to survive in a contaminated environment. Although the detailed knowledge of the genetic mechanism of fungal species and their functioning is yet to be understood, biotechnological tools such as genetic engineering, gene editing, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and system biology can significantly enhance our knowledge and understanding of various approaches toward the role of fungal genera in remediation measures of heavy metals and contaminants, improving soil health, its role in the environment, and the plants. This chapter covers various aspects of micro-remediation, mycoremediation influencing cadmium removal from the environment, the progression of modern bioremediation techniques, and different elements of cadmium contamination research. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.
Effect of Chitosan and Trichoderma on Pisum sativum Germinating Seeds under Induced cadmium toxicity
(Springer, 2025) Binny Sharma; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Ankita Ankita
The present study was done to evaluate the ameliorating role of chitosan and Trichoderma against cadmium stress. The pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium (50 and 100 µM) for 7 days or to the co-treatment of chitosan concentration (0.1 and 0.2%) and Trichoderma with different cadmium concentrations. The application of chitosan and trichoderma mitigated the growth of radicle and plumule of pea seedlings under cadmium stress. They increased tolerance of pea seedlings to metals and restricted translocation and cadmium accumulation inside seedlings. The level of MDA and H2O2 were significantly lower in chitosan and trichoderma treated seedlings and their interactions are positive when applied in combination as compared to cadmium-treated plants. Chitosan and Trichoderma also ameliorated negative effects of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity, α-amylase activity, total protein, and soluble sugar content. Application of chitosan and trichoderma also upregulated the antioxidant enzyme activity, viz. SOD and CAT to confer cadmium tolerance in pea seedlings. Taken together, our results suggest that application of chitosan and trichoderma to germinating pea seedlings can be a promising alternative to improve cadmium tolerance in plants. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Interference of Climate Change on Plant-Microbe Interaction: Present and Future Prospects
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Binny Sharma; Bansh Narayan Singh; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
Plant mutualistic association with various beneficial microbes is referred to as the plant enhancer microbiome. These microbes are found either in episphere or endosphere of the plant tissues. Several pieces of evidence have highlighted that plant microbiomes and soil play a pivotal role in making soil nutrient balance which is readily available to plants and provide strength under various stresses. Recently different technologies relevant to plant microbiome and diversity such as sequencing technologies, metagenomics, and bioinformatics have been utilized. Knowledge about factors that shape the composition of plant microbes is still less explored. Here, current insights into the issues driving the above/below plant microbial diversities are explored. Primarily, we address the distribution of microbial communities above and below ground across plant habitats that has benefitted plants. Microbial communities are efficient regulators of biogeochemical cycle which is a better approach to mitigate changing climatic patterns aids in proper utilization of greenhouse gases for their metabolic mechanisms. The present review is thereby significant for assessing microbiome mitigation toward climate change and multiple avenues of plant- microbe interaction under commuting climatic scenario. Finally, we summarize factors that promote the structure and composition of the plant microbiome. Copyright © 2022 Sharma, Singh, Dwivedi and Rajawat.
Nitric Oxide: A Dynamic Signaling Molecule Under Plant Stress
(wiley, 2022) Asha Kumari; Binny Sharma; Bansh Narayan Singh; Padmanabh Dwivedi
In plants, the gas nitrogen monoxide, commonly called nitric oxide (NO), has recently emerged as a key signaling molecule. In this chapter, we will look at the probable sources of endogenous NO, identify the biological processes that NO can mediate, and explain the downstream signaling systems that NO uses to exert its cellular effects. It is becoming increasingly important to devise methods for quantifying and releasing intracellular NO production. It is also necessary to classify the origins of NO synthesis. NO is often produced from radicals by nitrate enzyme (NR), and, though organic chemistry and medical specialty information indicate the presence of enzyme(s) similar to class NO synthase (NOS), the NOS genes are still unknown. NO exerts effects on a variety of functions in plants, including the production of defense-related genes and programmed necrobiosis, stomatal closure, seed germination, and root formation. Intracellular signaling responses to NO include the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cyclic adenosine 5′-diphosphate ribose, and the increase of cytosolic metals. However, the specific organic chemistry and cellular nature of those reactions have not been determined in numerous situations. Priorities for analysis should include reliable quantification of downstream signaling molecules in NO-responsive cells, as well as biological study and modification of the enzymes involved in the production and degradation of those molecules. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants under nutrient deficiency and toxicity conditions
(Elsevier, 2021) Asha Kumari; Binny Sharma; Bansh Narayan Singh; Akash Hidangmayum; Hanuman Singh Jatav; Kailash Chandra; Rajesh Kumar Singhal; Eetela Sathyanarayana; Abhik Patra; Kiran Kumar Mohapatra
Presently, the world is suffering from the declining trend of crop yields globally, making food security a major challenge. The limited availability of arable land and water resources has made this challenge even bigger. Recent research-based studies depict that, in many developing countries, poor soil fertility, lower availability of mineral nutrients in soil, improper nutrient management, along with the lack of plant genotypes having high tolerance to nutrient deficiencies or toxicities are major constraints leading to food insecurity, malnutrition (i.e., micronutrient deficiencies), and degradation of ecosystem. It has been stated that 60% of our cultivated soils have growth-limiting problems with deficiencies and toxicities of available mineral nutrients. About 50% of the world population suffers from micronutrient deficiencies that make mineral nutrition studies a major promising area in meeting the global demand for sufficient food production with enhanced nutritional value. Integration of plant adaptation strategies in such soils using genetics and plant breeding and molecular biology is indispensable in developing plant genotypes with high genetic potential to acclimatize such nutrient-deficient and toxic soil conditions to translocate more micronutrients into edible plant parts such as cereal grains. Thus, plant nutrition research provides invaluable information, which is highly useful in elimination of these constraints, and leads to sustain the food security and well-being of humans without harming the environment. Keeping all these points in mind this chapter helps in understanding the mechanisms and strategies of plant in nutrient-deficient and toxic soil conditions. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.