Browsing by Author "Birendra Pratap"

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Aquifer characterization and protective capacity evaluation using geoelectrical measurements in parts of Vindhyan Supergroup, Uttar Pradesh, India
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Anamika Pandey; Birendra Pratap
Aquifer parameters are crucial for effectively managing groundwater resources. A geoelectrical survey was conducted in parts of Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh, India, involving twenty-four vertical electrical soundings (VES) to characterize the aquifers and evaluate contamination levels. The Dar-Zarrouk parameters, such as longitudinal unit conductance, total transverse unit resistance, anisotropy and, aquifer parameters, were determined to characterize the aquifers and estimate their protective capacity. Transmissivity (T) values ranged from 65.32 to 49,310.05 m2/day, with an average of 24,687.69 m2/day. The study indicated a high groundwater potential in areas with overburden thickness exceeding 13 m and a reflection coefficient below 0.8. In regions with overburden thickness greater than 13 m and a reflection coefficient of 0.8 or higher, a medium groundwater potential was observed. The groundwater protective capacity assessment revealed that most locations have moderate to good protection levels. This study aids in identifying aquifer vulnerability and guiding future groundwater resource development. © 2025 The Authors
Corrigendum to ‘Integrated petrophysical characterization of Late Cretaceous fluvial-deltaic channel systems in Penobscot Field, Nova Scotia: Implications for reservoir facies prediction’ (Journal of Applied Geophysics, (2025), 242, C, (105877), (S0926985125002587), 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.105877)
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Satya Narayan; Pradeep Kumar; Soumyashree Debasis Sahoo; Birendra Pratap; Ahmed M. Eldosouky
The authors regret that Fig. 18 was not properly displayed in the published version of the manuscript. Fig. 18 should appear as follows:(Figure presented) The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process in Parts of Varanasi and Chandauli Districts
(Technoscience Publications, 2025) Pooja Tripathi; Birendra Pratap; Sanjay Kumar Tiwari; Rajnish Kumar; Sandeep Kumar Maddheshiya; Purnendu Shekhar Shukla; Mohammad Ashraf
This study employs Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to delineate groundwater potential zones. Various thematic layers, including geomorphology, land use and land cover, geology, rainfall, slope, soil composition, drainage density, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), were integrated using a weighted linear combination in the GIS platform’s spatial analyst tool. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign different ranks to these layers and their sublayers. Groundwater potential zones were categorized as poor (16.54%, 96.25 km2), moderate (67.20%, 391.13 km2), and good (16.26%, 94.62 km2). Validation involved observing water levels in various wells within the study area, with the results’ reliability assessed using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, demonstrating an accuracy of 88%. The study area faces rapid urbanization and industrialization, stressing the aquifer’s groundwater availability. Identifying groundwater potential zones is thus crucial for effective groundwater development and management. © 2025 Technoscience Publications. All rights reserved.
Delineation of Saline/Fresh Water Interface and Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones using Spatial Resistivity Models in Bichpuri Block Agra, District UP, India
(Springer, 2023) Anirudh Singh; Birendra Pratap; S.K. Singh
Pin-pointing freshwater within saline formations is of utmost importance as filtration and alternate means of public water supply are responsible for high expenditure. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) (n=49) was conducted at various locations in the Bichpuri block, Agra district. In this study for VES, the Schlumberger configuration was used. VES data were reconciled with the borehole well log, and drill sample cuttings were utilized to understand sub-surface configuration. Reconciled VES data displayed variation in resistivity layer parameters, i.e., layer thickness & true resistivity of sub-surface. True resistivity spatial models were developed at 25m intervals from the ground surface down to the depth of 150m, based on geo-electric parameters. Resistivity models reveal that freshwater is limited to 55m depth, beyond which groundwater is saline to brackish. The basement was encountered at a depth of 120m and further extended up to 150m. A groundwater potential map was prepared using GIS and divided into 3 categories–good, moderate, and poor. Major habitations of the study area lie in poor groundwater potential zone, which is a cause of concern with the intent on future development. Similar studies can be extended to areas with saline groundwater for mapping freshwater zones. © 2023, Geological Society of India.
Detection of water leakage paths using self-potential and geoelectrical resistivity methods: A case study of Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar in the Jodhpur City, Rajasthan, India
(KeAi Communications Co., 2020) Birendra Pratap
The present paper characterizes the origin of water leakage from the Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar in the Jodhpur city, Rajasthan, India. Self-potential (SP) method was used to delineate leakage paths; whereas, electrical resistivity method was used to delineate the hydrogeological conditions and identification of fracture zones favourable for water leakage in the study area. Special consideration was focused on the lake, which supports water leakage through cracks, joints, faults and fractures present in the unlined walls or leakage through subsurface structures. The analysis of the integrated results delineates water leakage paths that act as conduits in certain locations through unconsolidated or fractured zones connected from Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar. Additionally, hydrostatic pressure due to increase in the water level of Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar and the presence of many lineaments and its interconnection through Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar, enhance the water leakage problem. © 2020 The Author
Geoelectrical Sounding for Aquifer Characterization in and around Nandgao, Majan, Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh, India
(Kalpana Corporation, 2022) Dharmendra Kumar Singh; Nawal Kishore; Birendra Pratap; Vijayendra Pratap Dheeraj
Ten geo-electrical soundings using Schlumberger electrode configuration were used to evaluate aquifer geo-elec-tric characteristics in the parts of Nandgao, Majan, district Singrauli, M.P., India. SSR MP-1, a digital resistivity meter, was used for ten vertical electric sounding (VES) sounding with a minimum of 10 m to a maximum of 200 m current electrode (AB) spacing and locating the exact position of VES stations global positioning system (GPS) was used. The IPI2win and win resist software was used for data interpretation, which revealed 3 to 4 subsurface layers comprising the top alluvial soil, sub-soil to fine-grained sandstone, fine-grained sandstone to fractured or weathered sandstone and basement rocks. The resistivity of these strata ranged from 9.55-59.51 ωm, whereas the depth ranged between 0.42-63.91 m. Transverse resistance and longitudinal conductance calculated from the aquifer resistivity and thickness varied from 102.14-4357.44 ωm2 and 0.08-1.02 Siemens, respectively. Also, aquifer resistivity and porosity ranged from 26.95-93.68 ωm and 53-92%, respectively. The low value of trans-missivity at VES location no. 2,3, 5, 8 correspond to low borehole yields and high at VES location no. 1,4, 6, 7, 9, 10 correspond to high borehole yields. The value of overburden protection capacity is low at VES location no. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and moderate at VES location 6, which means aquifers contaminants are more vulnerable in these areas. In contrast, at VES location 4, the aquifer protection capacity is high, indicating that the aquifer in these regions is well protected. However, a more significant portion of the study area has a lower value of protective capacities which reveals a more substantial part of the study area is susceptible to contaminants. In general, all of the places may be used to extract groundwater at moderate depths. © 2022 - Kalpana Corporation.
Gravity Anomalies and Kimberlite Exploration in the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field of South Indian Kimberlite Province
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025) R. B. Singh; Siriboyina Bangaru Babu; Birendra Pratap
The Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India, stands as a pivotal region for kimberlite exploration in the South Indian Kimberlite Province. It features distinct gravity highs and lows, sandwiched between Closepet Granite (CG) and Cuddapah Basin (CB), with notable gold-mineralized Ramagiri-Penakacherla Greenstone Belt (RPGB) and Jonnagiri Greenstone Belt (JGB). The structural features of gravity modelling include upwarping beneath the western CG and downwarping beneath Peninsular Gneissic Complex-II (PGC-II). Gravity signatures allow for the identification of shallow geological features such as granite structures and fault/shear zones around 3–4 km deep in the WKF region, with kimberlite pipes showing a preferential concentration along these zones. Deep-seated fault structures reveal the area's geological characteristics, offer insights into lithospheric fluid migration, and are key for evaluating fluid flow pathways associated with deep-seated minerals and kimberlite exploration. The study reveals regional variations and geological characteristics, providing valuable avenues for future research. © 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Improved petrophysical characterization of Miocene deposits in south Tulamura anticline, India: An integrated geophysical and machine learning approach
(Springer, 2024) Pradeep Kumar; Satya Narayan; Ravindra Mishra; Birendra Pratap
With the high demand for fossil fuels, exploring the frontier areas for hydrocarbon reserves has become imperative. The recent discoveries in Gojalia, Sonamura, Baramura, and Sundalbari fields emphasize the need to explore additional anticlinal structures in Tripura for hydrocarbon exploration. Tulamura anticline (the study area) produced gas from Upper Bhuban, establishing hydrocarbon prospectivity in the northern part, but the southern part remains largely unexplored. An electro-log interpretation revealed the presence of sand facies deposited in a fining upward sequence, suggesting channel deposition. An integrated geophysical approach using seismic inversion and machine learning techniques was performed to delineate and characterize the litho-facies dispersal patterns in the Tulamura field. Spectral decomposition (12, 20 and 28 Hz) of stacked seismic data were RGB (red-green-blue) blended, revealing the southward striking channel geometry of the Bhuban Formation at a depth of 2220 m. The 3D P-impedance and Vp/Vs ratio volumes were estimated using the model-based pre-stack seismic inversion. Inversion results help discriminate among sand, shale and siltstone litho-facies. Petrophysical property (effective porosity) was predicted by combining the post-stack seismic attributes and well-log data using neural network modelling. The identified sand facies within the channel geometry exhibit relatively moderate to low P-impedance (9800–10600 m/s * gm/cm3), low Vp/Vs ratio (1.68–1.76), and moderately high effective porosity (8–13%) from surroundings, indicating favourable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulations. Shale between channels and major faults can create favourable stratigraphic entrapment, while an upward fining sequence suggests an intact top seal. This study advocates an integrated approach involving geophysical inversion and machine learning to identify optimal conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation within sand facies, supported by structural and stratigraphic entrapment. © Indian Academy of Sciences 2024.
Integrated petrophysical characterization of Late Cretaceous fluvial-deltaic channel systems in Penobscot Field, Nova Scotia: Implications for reservoir facies prediction
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Satya Narayan; Pradeep Kumar; Soumyashree Debasis Sahoo; Birendra Pratap; Ahmed M. Eldosouky
Globally, deltaic channels offer promising exploration prospects as potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Sea-level changes in deltaic systems cause facies heterogeneity in and around channels, making precise reservoir characterization essential to reduce exploration risk. This study focuses on the petrophysical characterization of the deltaic channel system within the Logan Canyon Formation in the Penobscot Field. The workflow integrates structural mapping, reservoir feasibility assessment, spectral decomposition, model-based inversion (MBI), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) modeling. Litho-facies, acoustic impedance, and petrophysical property relationships were quantified through well-log cross plots. Subsequently, impedance and petrophysical volumes were accurately predicted using MBI and MLP techniques. The results show an 84.7 % correlation with a synthetic error of ∼0.12 and impedance error of 414 m/s*g/cm3 for P-imp, and an 89.6 % correlation with an error of ∼0.026 for the Vsh, 95.5 % correlation with an error of ∼0.013 for Nphi, and 86.1 % correlation with an error of ∼0.017 for Phie estimations. Sand reservoir facies show moderate to higher P-imp (8000–10,500 m/s*g/cm3), lower Vsh (<0.40 v/v), and lower Nphi (0.25–0.35 v/v), with higher Phie (0.12 to 0.30 v/v) signatures, whereas shale facies exhibit moderate to lower P-imp (6500–9000 m/s*g/cm3), higher Vsh (>0.40 v/v), higher Nphi (>0.30 v/v), and lower Phie (0.0 to 0.05 v/v) signatures. This facies differentiation highlights the spatial heterogeneity within the deltaic system and delineates the reservoir zones within complex channel architectures. Integration of P-imp, Nphi, Vsh, and Phie provides a robust geological model that enhances the understanding of facies dispersal pattern and reservoir potential, and identifies sweet spots for future hydrocarbon exploration within the Late Cretaceous channel system of the Penobscot Field, Nova Scotia. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Investigation of seepage channel using remote sensing technique in Jodhpur city Rajasthan
(Capital Publishing Company, 2014) Birendra Pratap; N. Janardhana Raju; G.S. Yadav
Jodhpur city has been experiencing rising ground water levels. The water levels in many parts of the city especially in the old city area, Tripoliya market, Gantaghar, Nai Sarak, Chandpole, Sajoti Gate, Shivanchi Gate and housing busy markets have touched to even 1-2 mbgl., causing seepage in underground basement of shops and houses in these areas and weakening the foundations and reducing the lives of the buildings due to dampness of the walls. Traditional field survey methods for detection of seepage channel are costly and time consuming. In this study, a rapid, cost-effective remote sensing technique was used for finding out the seepage channel in these parts of Jodhpur city and adjoining areas. In the present study Landsat-7 ETM, multi-date image and survey of India toposheets were used for generation of different thematic maps of the study area. A three-step process, image acquisition, processing and analysis have been applied for identification of seepage channel through visual interpretation of the satellite imagery. Finally based on the prepared thematic maps, analysis of remote sensing imagery and delineation of major structural control over ground water seepage flow channel was done along the lineaments. These lineaments are providing easy conduit for movement of ground water and seepage path of flow of ground water towards the city area. © 2014, Capital Publishing Company.
Mapping Structurally Favourable Zones of Water Seepage Using Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods in Western Rajasthan, India
(Institute of Geophysics, 2025) Birendra Pratap
The presence of cracks, joints, faults, fractures and lineaments and their interconnectivity influence the water movement in hard rock areas. The groundwater level in Jodhpur city, western Rajasthan, has been rising significantly over the past few years, and this has attracted attention due to the region’s unfavourable impacts. In many parts of the city, particularly around popular markets, water levels have touched the ground. The rise in groundwater levels has caused water seepage in the basements of underground shops and houses throughout the city. Traditional field survey techniques require a lot of money and effort to map water seepage zones. In this study, subsurface signatures of linear features, faults and fractures were quickly and inexpensively mapped using a remote sensing methodology. Fracture zones that are prone to water seepage were identified using an electrical resistivity method. Based on meticulous analysis of satellite imagery, a number of minor and large lineament sets have been mapped, the majority of which cross over Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar and enter the city. According to the study of all available data, fractured zones exist, are linked by Kailana Lake-Takht Sagar, and act as conduits for water seepage. The presence of obvious lineaments also facilitates water seepage. © 2025 Institute of Geophysics. All rights reserved.
New approach of gradient profiling for tracking of low resistivity shallow fracture in hard rock area for groundwater exploration
(Springer Verlag, 2018) G.S. Yadav; Birendra Pratap
The resistivity survey for the study of subsurface hydrogeology is a continuously evolving science, which either adopts different techniques or combination of techniques to standardize the approach. The gradient profiling is done in the presence of horizontal electric field which is one of the techniques to locate the low resistivity response within the hard rock formations. This low is obtained due to presence of inhomogeneity in the host rocks. The attempt has been made to develop the concept of parallel gradient sub-profile, formulation and computation of geometrical factor, and demonstration through an actual field example in the hard rock area. The present study clearly shows that the region of low resistivity zone can easily be delineated to select a point for conducting geoelectrical sounding for knowing the information about its depth, thickness, and resistivity which are necessary requirements for ground water exploration. It can be inferred from the above study that parallel gradient sub-profile with respect to main gradient profile is useful tool for delineating low resistivity zone due to presence of fractured sandstone rocks saturated with groundwater which can be exploited. © 2018, Saudi Society for Geosciences.
Subsurface architecture of the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field, Dharwar Craton, India: Evidence from ground magnetic surveys
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) R.-B. Singh; S. Bangaru Babu; Birendra Pratap
The Ground magnetic study in the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field and adjoining area has unveiled prominent geological variations, including felsic doming beneath the PGC-II formation to the west of the Cuddapah Basin and mafic doming beneath the Closepet Granite zone. These doming features within the upper mantle are identified as sources of mantle upwelling, which influence the emplacement of corresponding intrusive rocks. The presence of mafic chambers enhances the magnetic response, leading to localized high signatures in magnetic data and contributes to a better understanding of the subsurface composition and distribution of rock types. The present magnetic data throw lights to study the complexity of the sub-surface structure and geological activities, have shaped the study area and serve as valuable markers for understanding the geological evolution of the area. The intersections of magnetic lineament oriented in NW-SE, NE-SW, E-W yield crucial insights into geological structures and the emplacement of Kimberlite intrusions. Through comprehensive magnetic data analysis, the study offers a unique cross-sectional view of the subsurface, reaching depth up to 60 km. This perspective unveils magnetic sources and structures, revealing shallow features, interfaces of the Archaean basement, crustal roots, and upper mantle configuration. Profound magnetic gradients observed in the study area serve as indicators of fault lines influenced by tectonic activity, kimberlite intrusion, and other fault-related mineralization if any. These features contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural configurations and geological history of the area. The present study provides information about the lateral and vertical layouts of major structures as well as the deep-seated channels. It also introduces the mafic and felsic categories of rocks, explaining the complex relationships between underlying structures, geological characteristics, and magnetic anomalies. © 2024 The Author(s)