Browsing by Author "Catherine Owens Johnson"

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Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohammad Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Parisa Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Victor Aboyans; Elissa M. Abrams; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Abdulaziz Khalid Abu Haimed; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Alyssa Acebedo; Ilana N. Ackerman; Maryam Adabi; Tim Adair; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Jaimie D. Adelson; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mahdi Afshari; Ashkan Afshin; Emilie E. Agardh; Gina Agarwal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Kareha M. Agesa; Mohammad Aghaali; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Alireza Ahmadi; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Ehsan Ahmadpour; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Budi Aji; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Samuel B. Albertson; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Abdulaziz M. Almulhim; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Bekalu Amare; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Arya Aminorroaya; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Dickson A. Amugsi; Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul; Etsay Woldu Anbesu; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Iman Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Aseb Arba Kinfe Arba; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Timur Aripov; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Oluwaseyi Olalekan Arowosegbe; Krishna K. Aryal; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Sachin R. Atre; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur Avokpaho; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Getie Lake Aynalem; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Gulrez Azhar; Peter S. Azzopardi; B.B. Darshan; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mojtaba Bagherzadeh; Eleni Bagli; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Arun Balachandran; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Shivanthi Balalla; Shelly Balassyano; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Marlena S. Bannick; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Simachew Animen Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Akbar Barzegar; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye Bekuma; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Rose G. Bender; Derrick A. Bennett; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Molly H. Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Donal Bisanzio; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Tone Bjørge; Moses John Bockarie; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Dipan Bose; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J. Brady; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Carol Brayne; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Alexey V. Breusov; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M. Briggs; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Traolach Brugha; Dana Bryazka; Rachelle Buchbinder; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Tianji Cai; Charlton S.K.H. Callender; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jackie Cao; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Chris D. Castle; Emma Castro; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Julian Chalek; Joht Singh Chandan; Alex R. Chang; Angela Y. Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Jaykaran Charan; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Beniamino Cislaghi; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Emma L. Collins; Haley Comfort; Kelly Compton; Sara Conti; Owen R. Cooper; Barbara Corso; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Benjamin C. Cowie; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Andrew J. Croneberger; Di H. Cross; Marita Cross; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Jessica A. Cruz; Steven Cummins; Matthew Cunningham; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Jiregna Darega Gela; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Aditya Prasad Dash; Gail Davey; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Frances E. Dean; Nicole K. DeCleene; Amanda Deen; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Martin Dichgans; Alireza Didarloo; Zachary V. Dingels; Ilse N. Dippenaar; M. Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Andrew J. Dolgert; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P. Doshi; Pratik P. Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Matthew C. Doxey; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Joshua R. Ehrlich; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Oluchi Ezekannagha; Jessica Fanzo; Tamer Farag; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Pietro Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Ryan Fitzgerald; Carsten Flohr; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Carla Fornari; Masoud Foroutan; Jack T. Fox; Joel Msafiri Francis; Tahvi D. Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; Kai Fukutaki; John E. Fuller; Nancy Fullman; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Emmanuela Gakidou; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Leake G. Gebremeskel; Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W. Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Simona Giampaoli; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Themba G. Ginindza; Mojgan Gitimoghaddam; Giorgia Giussani; Mustefa Glagn; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Emily Goren; Giuseppe Gorini; Taren M. Gorman; Harrison Chase Gottlich; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Nachiket Gudi; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Teklemariam Gultie; Gaorui Guo; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Subodh Sharan Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Beatrix Haddock; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Abdul Hafiz; Hailey Hagins; Lydia M. Haile; Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Erin B. Hamilton; Melanie S. Hammer; Chieh Han; Hannah Han; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; James D. Harvey; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Amr Hassan; Shoaib Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Roderick J. Hay; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Kiana Henny; Andualem Henok; Hannah J. Henrikson; Nathaniel J. Henry; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hung Chak Ho; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Bruce Hollingsworth; Praveen Hoogar; Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Damian G. Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Fernando N. Hugo; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Ivo Iavicoli; Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Md. Mohaimenul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Deepa Jahagirdar; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Ankur Joshi; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Aruna M. Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; Marina Karanikolos; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Salah Eddin Karimi; Seyed Asaad Karimi; Seyed M. Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Suzanne H. Keddie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Roba Khundkar; Neda Kianipour; Christian Kieling; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Cameron J. Kneib; Luke D. Knibbs; Megan Knight; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; David S.Q. Koh; Stefan Kohler; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Jacek A. Kopec; Anna V. Korotkova; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Soewarta Kosen; Anirudh Kotlo; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; K.S. Shaji; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Bicer Kucuk; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Jennifer O. Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Van Charles Lansingh; Sonia Lansky; Heidi Jane Larson; Samantha Leigh Larson; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S. Lassi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Pablo M. Lavados; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Lisiane F. Leal; Janet L. Leasher; Jorge R. Ledesma; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Andrew T. Leever; Kate E. LeGrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sarah Lewington; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Christine Lin; Ro-Ting Lin; Christine Linehan; Shai Linn; Stefan Listl; Hung-Chun Liu; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Yang Liu; Zichen Liu; Justin Lo; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katharine J. Looker; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Alton Lu; Tim C.D. Lucas; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Jianing Ma; Daiane Borges Machado; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Mohammed Madadin; Emilie R. Maddison; Ralph Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Hue Thi Mai; Azeem Majeed; Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Amir Manafi; Navid Manafi; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; João Massano; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Claudia I. Mastrogiacomo; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Erin A. May; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís; Birhanu Geta Meharie; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fereshteh Mehri; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Teferi Mekonnen; Addisu Melese; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; George J. Milne; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B. Mitchell; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Bahram Mohajer; Osama Mohamad; Efat Mohamadi; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Victor Aboyans; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Maryam Adabi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Filippo Ariani; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Michelle L. Bell; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. 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Younis; Theodore Patrick Younker; Bahman Yousefi; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Jeff T. Zhao; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Yingxi Zhao; Peng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Arash Ziapour; Stephanie R. M. Zimsen; Stephen S. Lim; Christopher J.L. Murray
Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022
(Elsevier Inc., 2023) George A. Mensah; Valentin Fuster; Christopher J.L. Murray; Gregory A. Roth; George A. Mensah; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Foad Abd-Allah; Ashkan Abdollahi; Mohammad Abdollahi; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Ayele Mamo Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Tigist Demssew Adane; Nicola J. Adderley; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Bashir Aden; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Fatemeh Afrashteh; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Antonella Agodi; Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Karolina Akinosoglou; Moein Ala; Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Nazmul Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Alaa Alashi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Haileselasie Berhane Alema; Sharifullah Alemi; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Hassan Alwafi; Hany Aly; Prince M. Amegbor; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Sohrab Amiri; Enrico Ammirati; Tanu Anand; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Abhishek Anil; Golnoosh Ansari; Philip Emeka Anyanwu; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Geminn Louis Carace Apostol; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Olatunde Aremu; Benedetta Armocida; Johan Ärnlöv; Oluwaseyi Olalekan Arowosegbe; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Zahra Aryan; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mahshid Ataei; Mohammad Athar; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Amdehiwot A. Aynalem; Zahra Azizi; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Feras Bader; Ashish D. Badiye; Arvind Bagga; Sara Bagherieh; Farshad Bahrami Asl; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; MacIej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Kannu Bansal; Hamid Reza Baradaran; Franca Barbic; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Sandra Barteit; Lingkan Barua; Azadeh Bashiri; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Yannick Béjot; Sefealem Assefa Belay; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Luis Belo; Salaheddine Bendak; Bright Benfor; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Azizullah Beran; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Akshaya Srikanth Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Boris Bikbov; Andras Bikov; Marina G. Birck; Bijit Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Eyob Ketema Bogale; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Archith Boloor; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Hamed Borhany; Edward J. Boyko; Dejana Braithwaite; Luisa C. Brant; Michael Brauer; Susanne Breitner; Andrey Briko; Lemma N. Bulto; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Daniela Calina; Fan Cao; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Luca Cegolon; Ester Cerin; Yaacoub Chahine; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Mei Yen Chan; Raymond N.C. Chan; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; An-Tian Chen; Catherine S. Chen; Haowei Chen; Suma Sri Chennapragada; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Patrick R. Ching; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero; Zinhle Cindi; Iolanda Cioffi; Kaleb Coberly; Sean Coffey; Alyssa Columbus; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Barbara Corso; Sandra Cortés; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A.S. Couto; Emma Johnson Cowart; Michael H. Criqui; Jessica A. Cruz; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Xiaochen Dai; Zhaoli Dai; Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Saswati Das; Subasish Das; Mohsen Dashti; Mohammad Dashtkoohi; Maedeh Dastmardi; Kairat Davletov; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Shayom Debopadhaya; Nicole K. DeCleene; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan; Sourav Dey; Vishal R. Dhulipala; Daniel Diaz; Michael J. Diaz; Delaney D. Ding; Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Saeid Doaei; Sushil Dohare; Wanyue Dong; Mario D'Oria; Wendel Mombaque Dos Santos; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Ashel Chelsea Dsouza; Haneil Larson Dsouza; Viola Dsouza; Mi Du; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sulagna Dutta; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Alireza Ebrahimi; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Waseem El-Huneidi; Mehdi Emamverdi; Theophilus I. Emeto; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tesfahun C. Eshetie; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Farshid Etaee; Natalia Fabin; Ibtihal Fadhil; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Luca Falzone; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Medhat Farwati; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Ali Fatehizadeh; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Xiaoqi Feng; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Irina Filip; Laura Fleszar; David Flood; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Diogo A. Fonseca; Carla Fornari; Matteo Foschi; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Blima Fux; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Shilpa Gaidhane; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Silvano Gallus; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Rupesh K. Gautam; Miglas W.W. Gebregergis; Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Urge Gerema; Alireza Ghajar; Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari; Mohammad Reza Ghasemi; Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Arun Digambarrao Ghuge; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Ali Golchin; Pouya Goleij; Giuseppe Gorini; Alessandra C. Goulart; Anmol Goyal; Kashish Goyal; Shi-Yang Guan; Giovanni Guarducci; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; David Gulisashvili; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Indarchand Ratanlal Gupta; Kartik Gupta; Mohak Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Renu Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Lami Gurmessa; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Mostafa Hadei; Helia Sadat Haeri Boroojeni; Aram Halimi; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Nadia M. Hamdy; Samer Hamidi; Chieh Han; Qiuxia Han; Graeme J. Hankey; Md. Abdul Hannan; Arief Hargono; Josep Maria Haro; Faizul Hasan; Ikramul Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Maryam Hashemian; Md Saquib Hasnain; Amr Hassan; Ikrama Hassan; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Youssef Hbid; Omar E. Hegazi; Tadele Yohannes Hegena; Mohammad Heidari; Bartosz Helfer; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Kamran Hessami; Keyvan Heydari; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Nguyen Quoc Hoan; Ramesh Holla; Md Mahbub Hossain; Md. Belal Hossain; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Junjie Huang; Michael Hultström; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Khalid S. Ibrahim; Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Muhammad Iqhrammullah; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Faisal Ismail; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; J. Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Khushleen Jaggi; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Roland Dominic G. Jamora; Nilofer Javadi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Rime Jebai; Rebuma Sorsa Jeben; Sun Ha Jee; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; Heng Jiang; Yinzi Jin; Yash B. Jobanputra; Catherine Owens Johnson; Mohammad Jokar; Tamas Joo; Abel Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Farima Kahe; Rizwan Kalani; Laleh R. Kalankesh; Farnaz Kalantar; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Sanjay Kalra; Ashwin Kamath; Sagarika Kamath; Arun Kamireddy; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Arun R. Kanmanthareddy; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Sushil Kumar Kansal; Daniel John Kapner; Sitanshu Sekhar Kar; Paschalis Karakasis; Prabin Karki; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Hengameh Kasraei; Eskeziaw Abebe Kassahun; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Neda Kaydi; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Sara Kazeminia; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Mohammad Keykhaei; Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri; Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Alireza Khalilian; Rovshan Khalilov; Asaduzzaman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Yusra H. Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Sorour Khateri; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Khalid A. Kheirallah; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Saeid Kian; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Akshay Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Netsanet Bogale Kumsa; Kunle Rotimi Kunle; Dian Kusuma; Ilias Kyriopoulos; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Muhammad Awwal Ladan; Lucie Laflamme; Chandrakant Lahariya; Arista Lahiri; Daphne Teck Ching Lai; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Francesco Lanfranchi; Bagher Larijani; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Kaveh Latifinaibin; Jerrald Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Khuong Le; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Trang Thi Bich Le; Caterina Ledda; Munjae Lee; Paul H. Lee; Seung Won Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Mall Leinsalu; Matilde Leonardi; Temesgen L. Lerango; An Li; Ming-Chieh Li; Wei Li; Xiaopan Li; Yichong Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Stephen S. Lim; Ro-Ting Lin; Megan Lindstrom; Shai Linn; Gang Liu; Simin Liu; Xiaofeng Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Katherine M. Livingstone; Erand Llanaj; Platon D. Lopukhov; Arianna Maever Loreche; László Lorenzovici; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Alessandra Lugo; Zheng Feei Ma; Farzan Madadizadeh; Ralph Maddison; Javier A. Magaña Gómez; Julien Magne; D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Mehrdad Mahalleh; Mansour Adam Mahmoud; Elham Mahmoudi; Behnaz Mahmoudvand; Omar Mohamed Makram; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Reza Malekzadeh; Kashish Malhotra; Iram Malik; Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Aseer Manilal; Yosef Manla; Yasaman Mansoori; Borhan Mansouri; Pejman Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Hamid Reza Marateb; Mirko Marino; Daniela Martini; Santi Martini; Sharmeen Maryam; Roy Rillera Marzo; Alireza Masoudi; Sahar Masoudi; Clara N. Matei; Yasith Mathangasinghe; Elezebeth Mathews; Manu Raj Mathur; Jishanth Mattumpuram; Richard James Maude; Andrea Maugeri; Mahsa Mayeli; Mohsen Mazidi; John J. McGrath; Steven M. McPhail; Enkeleint A. Mechili; John Robert Carabeo Medina; Jitendra Kumar Meena; Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad; Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Belayneh Mengist; Sultan Ayoub Meo; Haftu Asmerom Meresa; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda; Sachith Mettananda; Laurette Mhlanga; Tianyue Mi; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Le Huu Nhat Minh; Neema W. Minja; Pouya Mir Mohammad Sadeghi; Niloofar Mirdamadi; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Moonis Mirza; Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari; Prasanna Mithra; Zahra Moghimi; Jama Mohamed; Mouhand F.H. Mohamed; Nouh Saad Mohamed; Soheil Mohammadi; Hussen Mohammed; Mustapha Mohammed; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Nagabhishek Moka; Ali H. Mokdad; Hossein Molavi Vardanjani; Sara Momtazmanesh; Lorenzo Monasta; Fateme Montazeri; AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf; Yousef Moradi; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Negar Morovatdar; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jakub Morze; Ebrahim Mostafavi; Amirmahdi Mostofinejad; Vincent Mougin; Parsa Mousavi; Seyed Ehsan Mousavi; Dariush Mozaffarian; Ahmed Msherghi; Lorenzo Muccioli; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Sumoni Mukherjee; Kavita Munjal; Efrén Murillo-Zamora; Ghulam Mustafa; Sathish Muthu; Julius C. Mwita; Woojae Myung; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Ganesh R. Naik; Gurudatta Naik; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Mohammad Sadeq Najafi; Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari; Vinay Nangia; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Shumaila Nargus; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Gustavo G. Nascimento; Hadis Nasoori; Zuhair S. Natto; Javaid Nauman; Muhammad Naveed; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Hadush Negash; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Reza Nejad Shahrokh Abadi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Chakib Nejjari; Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi; Samata Nepal; Nawi Ng; Dang H. Nguyen; Phat Tuan Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Shawn S. Nijjar; Muhammad A. Nizam; Efaq Ali Noman; Shuhei Nomura; Mamoona Noreen; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi; Mpiko Ntsekhe; Dieta Nurrika; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Martin James O'Donnell; Onome Bright Oghenetega; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; James Odhiambo Oguta; Sylvester Reuben Okeke; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Lawrence Okidi; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Patrick Godwin Okwute; Andrew T. Olagunju; Muideen Tunbosun Olaiya; Matifan Dereje Olana; Matthew Idowu Olatubi; Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira; Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba; Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa; Yinka Doris Oluwafemi; Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase; Goran Latif Omer; Mohammad Mehdi Ommati; Kanyin Liane Ong; Sokking Ong; Kenneth Ikenna Onyedibe; Michal Ordak; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Alberto Ortiz; Esteban Ortiz-Prado; Wael M.S. Osman; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Adrian Otoiu; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh Padukudru; Alicia Padron-Monedero; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Mahsa Pahlavikhah Varnosfaderani; Tamás Palicz; Raffaele Palladino; Feng Pan; Hai-Feng Pan; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Paraskevi Papadopoulou; Seoyeon Park; Roberto Passera; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Dimitrios Patoulias; Venkata Suresh Patthipati; Shrikant Pawar; Amy E. Peden; Paolo Pedersini; Minjin Peng; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Marcos Pereira; Maria Odete Pereira; Mario F.P. Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Norberto Perico; Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha; Hoang Tran Pham; Anil K. Philip; David M. Pigott; Thomas Pilgrim; Michael A. Piradov; Evgenii Plotnikov; Dimitri Poddighe; Roman V. Polibin; Ramesh Poluru; Ghazaleh Pourali; Akram Pourshams; Pranil Man Singh Pradhan; Manya Prasad; Elton Junio Sady Prates; Bharathi M. Purohit; Jagadeesh Puvvula; Ibrahim Qattea; Gangzhen Qian; Maryam Faiz Qureshi; Mehrdad Rabiee Rad; Amir Radfar; Seyedeh Niloufar Rafiei Alavi; Ibrar Rafique; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Md Jillur Rahim; Mehran Rahimi; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Bita Rahmani; Shayan Rahmani; Vahid Rahmanian; Pramila Rai; Sathish Rajaa; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Prashant Rajput; Pradhum Ram; Prasanna Ram; Sudha Ramalingam; Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy; Sheena Ramazanu; Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh; Juwel Rana; Kritika Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Nemanja Rancic; Amey Rane; Shubham Ranjan; Annemarei Ranta; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Mithun Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Sina Rashedi; Vahid Rashedi; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Azad Rasul; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Iman Razeghian-Jahromi; Christian Razo; Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Luis Felipe Reyes; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; Daniela Ribeiro; Reza Rikhtegar; Leonardo Roever; Debby Syahru Romadlon; Luca Ronfani; Himanshu Sehar Sekhar Rout; Nitai Roy; Priyanka Roy; Andrzej Rynkiewicz; Aly M.A. Saad; Zahra Saadatian; Siamak Sabour; Simona Sacco; Rajesh Sachdeva; Basema Saddik; Erfan Sadeghi; Umar Saeed; Fahimeh Safaeinejad; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Soumya Swaroop Sahoo; Seyed Aidin Sajedi; Mirza Rizwan Sajid; Joseph W. Sakshaug; Nasir Salam; Afeez Abolarinwa Salami; Mohamed A. Saleh; Sana Salehi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Mohammed Z.Y. Salem; Sara Samadzadeh; Saad Samargandy; Vijaya Paul Samuel; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Rama Krishna Sanjeev; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib; Made Ary Sarasmita; Aswini Saravanan; Yaser Sarikhani; Tanmay Sarkar; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Gargi Sachin Sarode; Sachin C. Sarode; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Anudeep Sathyanarayan; Monika Sawhney; Mehdi Sayyah; Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt
[No abstract available]
Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2019) Valery L. Feigin; Emma Nichols; Tahiya Alam; Marlena S. Bannick; Ettore Beghi; Natacha Blake; William J. Culpepper; E Ray Dorsey; Alexis Elbaz; Richard G. Ellenbogen; James L. Fisher; Christina Fitzmaurice; Giorgia Giussani; Linda Glennie; Spencer L. James; Catherine Owens Johnson; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Giancarlo Logroscino; Benoît Marin; W Cliff Mountjoy-Venning; Minh Nguyen; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Anoop P. Patel; Marco Piccininni; Gregory A. Roth; Timothy J. Steiner; Lars Jacob Stovner; Cassandra E I. Szoeke; Alice Theadom; Stein Emil Vollset; Mitchell Taylor Wallin; Claire Wright; Joseph Raymond Zunt; Nooshin Abbasi; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Victor Aboyans; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Dilaram Acharya; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Jose C. Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Nadia Akseer; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Rustam Al-Shahi Salman; Fares Alahdab; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nahla Hamed Anber; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Hamid Asayesh; Rana Jawad Asghar; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Tambe B. Ayuk; Alaa Badawi; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Bernhard T. Baune; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Abate Bekele Belachew; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Mircea Beuran; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Christopher Kynrint Blazes; Carol Brayne; Zahid A. Butt; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Carlos Cantu-Brito; Mate Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Jung-Chen Chang; Irini Chatziralli; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera M. Costa; Michael H. Criqui; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Ahmad Daryani; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Meaza Girma Degefa; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Kebede Deribe; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Daniel Diaz; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Shirin Djalalinia; David Teye Doku; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; David Edvardsson; Ziad El-Khatib; Matthias Endres; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Farzaneh Farhadi; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Batool Fatima; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Takeshi Fukumoto; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Miguel A. Garcia-Gordillo; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Belayneh K. Gelaw; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Demeke Geremew; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mahari Y. Gidey; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Giuseppe Grosso; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Tekleberhan B. Hagos; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J. Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Behnam Heidari; Andualem Henok; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Guoqing Hu; Ehimario U. Igumbor; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Mehdi Javanbakht; Ravi Prakash Jha; Yash B. Jobanputra; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Józwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Teshome Abegaz Kamil; Tanuj Kanchan; Manoochehr Karami; André Karch; Narges Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Zemenu Yohannes Kassa; Anil Kaul; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Habibolah Khazaie; Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Anthony S. Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Ai Koyanagi; Rita V. Krishnamurthi; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Manasi Kumar; Ben Lacey; Alessandra Lafranconi; Van C. Lansingh; Arman Latifi; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Shanshan Li; Yu Liao; Shai Linn; Warren David Lo; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Robyn M. Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Mark T. Mackay; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Navid Manafi; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Winfried März; Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Kedar K V. Mate; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Varshil Mehta; Toni Meier; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Addisu Melese; Peter T N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; Getnet Mengistu; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Moslem Mohammadi; Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani; Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Stefania Mondello; Yoshan Moodley; Mahmood Moosazadeh; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Mehdi Moradinazar; Paula Moraga; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Shane Douglas Morrison; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Oumer Sada Muhammed; Walter Muruet; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Gabriele Nagel; Aliya Naheed; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Charles Richard James Newton; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Yirga Legesse Nirayo; Molly R. Nixon; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh; Peter S. Nyasulu; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Pedro R. Olivares; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Eyal Oren; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Mahesh P. A; Amir H. Pakpour; Wen-Harn Pan; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Jeyaraj Durai Pandian; Sangram Kishor Patel; David M. Pereira; Max Petzold; Julian David Pillay; Michael A. Piradov; Guilherme V. Polanczyk; Suzanne Polinder; Maarten J. Postma; Richie Poulton; Hossein Poustchi; Swayam Prakash; V. Prakash; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Fatemeh Rajati; Usha Ram; Anna Ranta; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Nickolas Reinig; Cesar Reis; Andre M N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Shahab Rezaeian; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Carlos Miguel Rios González; Nicholas L S. Roberts; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Elias Merdassa Roro; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Parisa Sabbagh; Ralph L. Sacco; Perminder S. Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Hosein Safari; Roya Safari-Faramani; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Ramesh Sahathevan; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Payman Salamati; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Yahya Salimi; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Shahabeddin Sarvi; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Arundhati R. Sawant; Monika Sawhney; Ione J C. Schneider; Ben Schöttker; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Hosein Shabaninejad; Azadeh Shafieesabet; Masood Ali Shaikh; Raad A. Shakir; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mehdi Sharif; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini; Jun She; Aziz Sheikh; Kevin N. Sheth; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Soraya Siabani; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Donald H. Silberberg; João Pedro Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A. Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Mari Smith; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Soheila Sobhani; Moslem Soofi; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Luciano A. Sposato; Dan J. Stein; Murray B. Stein; Mark A. Stokes; Mu’Awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bryan L. Sykes; Pn Sylaja; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Braden James Te Ao; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Omar Temsah; Jarnail Singh Thakur; Amanda G. Thrift; Roman Topor-Madry; Miguel Tortajada-Girbés; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Thomas Clement Truelsen; Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik; Lorainne Tudor Car; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Irfan Ullah; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Rajagopalan Vasanthan; Yousef Veisani; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Kia Vosoughi; Giang Thu Vu; Isidora S. Vujcic; Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Elisabete Weiderpass; Jordan Weiss; Harvey A. Whiteford; Tissa Wijeratne; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Charles D A. Wolfe; Gelin Xu; Ali Yadollahpour; Tomohide Yamada; Yuichiro Yano; Mehdi Yaseri; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Ebrahim M. Yimer; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mahmoud Yousefifard; Chuanhua Yu; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Hamed Zandian; Zohreh Zare; Yunquan Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Mohsen Naghavi; Christopher J L. Murray; Theo Vos
Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Valery L. Feigin; Benjamin A. Stark; Catherine Owens Johnson; Gregory A. Roth; Catherine Bisignano; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Foad Abd-Allah; Vida Abedi; Ahmed Abualhasan; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Gina Agarwal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sohail Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Budi Aji; Samaneh Akbarpour; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Sami Almustanyir; Rajaa M Al-Raddadi; Rustam Al-Shahi Salman; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Adnan Ansar; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Jalal Arabloo; Johan Ärnlöv; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Zahra Aryan; Samaneh Asgari; Tahira Ashraf; Mohammad Athar; Alok Atreya; Marcel Ausloos; Atif Amin Baig; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; MacIej Banach; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone; Sanjay Basu; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Ettore Beghi; Mahya Beheshti; Yannick Béjot; Arielle Wilder Bell; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Woldesellassie Mequanint Bezabhe; Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Mulugeta M. Birhanu; Archith Boloor; Aime Bonny; Michael Brauer; Hermann Brenner; Dana Bryazka; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Carlos Cantu-Brito; Juan J. Carrero; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Alberico L. Catapano; Promit Ananyo Chakraborty; Jaykaran Charan; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Enayet Karim Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; David Colozza; Vera Marisa Costa; Simona Costanzo; Michael H. Criqui; Omid Dadras; Baye Dagnew; Xiaochen Dai; Koustuv Dalal; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Jiregna Darega Gela; Kairat Davletov; Vanessa De La Cruz-Góngora; Rupak Desai; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Diaz; Martin Dichgans; Klara Dokova; Rajkumar Doshi; Abdel Douiri; Bruce B. Duncan; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Michael Ekholuenetale; Nevine El Nahas; Islam Y. Elgendy; Muhammed Elhadi; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Matthias Endres; Aman Yesuf Endries; Daniel Asfaw Erku; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Umar Farooque; Farshad Farzadfar; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; David Flood; Mohamed M. Gad; Shilpa Gaidhane; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Ghozali Ghozali; Sherief Ghozy; Alessandro Gialluisi; Simona Giampaoli; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Mahaveer Golechha; Alessandra C. Goulart; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Pradip Gyanwali; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Arief Hargono; Abdiwahab Hashi; Treska S. Hassan; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Claudiu Herteliu; Ramesh Holla; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Junjie Huang; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Licia Iacoviello; Ivo Iavicoli; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Hiroyasu Iso; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Louis Jacob; Vardhmaan Jain; Sung-In Jang; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Ranil Jayawardena; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Walter D. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Rizwan Kalani; Rohollah Kalhor; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Ashwin Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; André Karch; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Gbenga A. Kayode; Pedram Keshavarz; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Maseer Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Jagdish Khubchandani; Gyu Ri Kim; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Dhaval Kolte; Ali Koolivand; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Rita V. Krishnamurthi; G. Anil Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Hassan Mehmood Lak; Tea Lallukka; Savita Lasrado; Pablo M. Lavados; Matilde Leonardi; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Hualiang Lin; Ro-Ting Lin; Xuefeng Liu; Warren David Lo; Stefan Lorkowski; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Ricardo Lutzky Saute; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Francesca Giulia Magnani; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan; Azeem Majeed; Alaa Makki; Reza Malekzadeh; Ahmad Azam Malik; Navid Manafi; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Santi Martini; Giampiero Mazzaglia; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Ritesh G. Menezes; Atte Meretoja; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Junmei Miao Jonasson; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Yaser Mokhayeri; Mariam Molokhia; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ahmed Al Montasir; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Lidia Morawska; Jakub Morze; Walter Muruet; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Andrew T. Olagunju; Hans Orru; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Adrian Pana; Tarang Parekh; Eun-Cheol Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Mona Pathak; Mario F.P. Peres; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Truong-Minh Pham; Michael A. Piradov; Vivek Podder; Suzanne Polinder; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Alberto Raggi; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Nazanin Rajai; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Marissa B. Reitsma; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Aziz Rezapour; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Michele Romoli; Andrzej Rynkiewicz; Simona Sacco; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Amirhossein Sahebkar; K.M. Saif-Ur-Rahman; Rehab Salah; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M. Samy; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Brijesh Sathian; Davide Sattin; Silvia Schiavolin; Markus P. Schlaich; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Md. Shajedur Rahman Shawon; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Kenji Shibuya; Soraya Siabani; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Jitendra Kumar Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Stefan Stortecky; Saverio Stranges; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Yvonne Teuschl; Amanda G. Thrift; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Manjari Tripathi; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Anayat Ullah; Brigid Unim; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Alireza Vakilian; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Dominique Vervoort; Bay Vo; Victor Volovici; Kia Vosoughi; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Hatem A. Wafa; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Tissa Wijeratne; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Charles D.A. Wolfe; Mark Woodward; Jason H. Wu; Sarah Wulf Hanson; Xiaoyue Xu; Lalit Yadav; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Muhammed Shahriar Zaman; Sojib Bin Zaman; Maryam Zamanian; Ramin Zand; Alireza Zandifar; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Yves Miel H. Zuniga; Christopher J.L. Murray
Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2019) Catherine Owens Johnson; Minh Nguyen; Gregory A. Roth; Emma Nichols; Tahiya Alam; Degu Abate; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Gina Agarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Fares Alahdab; Raghib Ali; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nahla Hamed Anber; Mina Anjomshoa; Jalal Arabloo; Antonio Arauz; Johan Ärnlöv; Amit Arora; Ashish Awasthi; Maciej Banach; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Sanjay Basu; Abate Bekele Belachew; Yaschilal Muche Belayneh; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Yazan Chaiah; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Jee-Young J. Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Monica Cortinovis; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Ahmad Daryani; Kairat Davletov; Barbora De Courten; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Meaza Girma Degefa; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Daniel Diaz; Manisha Dubey; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Dumessa Edessa; Matthias Endres; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Eduarda Fernandes; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Morsaleh Ganji; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Birhanu Geta; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Paramjit Singh Gill; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Alessandra C. Goulart; Giuseppe Grosso; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Simon I. Hay; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Behnam Heidari; Nabeel A. Herial; Mohammad Ali Hosseini; Sorin Hostiuc; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Nader Jahanmehr; Mehdi Javanbakht; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Józwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Teshome Abegaz Kamil; Tanuj Kanchan; André Karch; Narges Karimi; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari; Amir Kasaeian; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Hossein Kazemeini; Adane Teshome Kefale; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Jagdish Khubchandani; Daniel Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Ai Koyanagi; Rita K. Krishnamurthi; G. Anil Kumar; Alessandra Lafranconi; Sarah Lewington; Shanshan Li; Warren David Lo; Alan D. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Mark T. Mackay; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Navid Manafi; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Varshil Mehta; Getnet Mengistu; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Bahram Mohajer; Yousef Mohammad; Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Yaser Mokhayeri; Ghobad Moradi; Lidia Morawska; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Oumer Sada S. Muhammed; Walter Muruet; Mehdi Naderi; Mohsen Naghavi; Gurudatta Naik; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Yirga Legesse Nirayo; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Jeyaraj Durai Pandian; Shanti Patel; Norberto Perico; Michael A. Piradov; Suzanne Polinder; Maarten J. Postma; Hossein Poustchi; V. Prakash; Mostafa Qorbani; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Kazem Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Cesar Reis; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N. Renzaho; Stefano Ricci; Nicholas L S. Roberts; Stephen R. Robinson; Leonardo Roever; Gholamreza Roshandel; Parisa Sabbagh; Hosein Safari; Saeed Safari; Saeid Safiri; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Abdallah M. Samy; Paola Santalucia; Itamar S. Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Arundhati R. Sawant; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Azadeh Shafieesabet; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Aziz Sheikh; Kevin N. Sheth; Kenji Shibuya; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Ivy Shiue; Soraya Siabani; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Luciano A. Sposato; Ipsita Sutradhar; P.A. Sylaja; Cassandra E I. Szoeke; Braden James Te Ao; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Omar Temsah; Amanda G. Thrift; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Thomas Clement Truelsen; Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A. Uthman; Muthiah Vaduganathan; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Rajagopalan Vasanthan; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Kia Vosoughi; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Elisabete Weiderpass; Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs; Ronny Westerman; Charles D A. Wolfe; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Gelin Xu; Ali Yadollahpour; Tomohide Yamada; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Ebrahim M. Yimer; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mahmoud Yousefifard; Chuanhua Yu; Zoubida Zaidi; Mohammad Zamani; Afshin Zarghi; Yunquan Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Valery L. Feigin; Theo Vos; Christopher J L. Murray
Background: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide and the economic costs of treatment and post-stroke care are substantial. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic, comparable method of quantifying health loss by disease, age, sex, year, and location to provide information to health systems and policy makers on more than 300 causes of disease and injury, including stroke. The results presented here are the estimates of burden due to overall stroke and ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke from GBD 2016. Methods: We report estimates and corresponding uncertainty intervals (UIs), from 1990 to 2016, for incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). DALYs were generated by summing YLLs and YLDs. Cause-specific mortality was estimated using an ensemble modelling process with vital registration and verbal autopsy data as inputs. Non-fatal estimates were generated using Bayesian meta-regression incorporating data from registries, scientific literature, administrative records, and surveys. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator generated using educational attainment, lagged distributed income, and total fertility rate, was used to group countries into quintiles. Findings: In 2016, there were 5·5 million (95% UI 5·3 to 5·7) deaths and 116·4 million (111·4 to 121·4) DALYs due to stroke. The global age-standardised mortality rate decreased by 36·2% (−39·3 to −33·6) from 1990 to 2016, with decreases in all SDI quintiles. Over the same period, the global age-standardised DALY rate declined by 34·2% (−37·2 to −31·5), also with decreases in all SDI quintiles. There were 13·7 million (12·7 to 14·7) new stroke cases in 2016. Global age-standardised incidence declined by 8·1% (−10·7 to −5·5) from 1990 to 2016 and decreased in all SDI quintiles except the middle SDI group. There were 80·1 million (74·1 to 86·3) prevalent cases of stroke globally in 2016; 41·1 million (38·0 to 44·3) in women and 39·0 million (36·1 to 42·1) in men. Interpretation: Although age-standardised mortality rates have decreased sharply from 1990 to 2016, the decrease in age-standardised incidence has been less steep, indicating that the burden of stroke is likely to remain high. Planned updates to future GBD iterations include generating separate estimates for subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage, generating estimates of transient ischaemic attack, and including atrial fibrillation as a risk factor. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license