Browsing by Author "Chandra Bali Patel"

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Bioremediation potential of soil fungi in arsenic contaminated soils
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2017) Vivek Kumar Singh; Chandra Bali Patel; Arti Tiwari; Punam Kumari; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and algae have been reported as efficient bioremediators of heavy metals from contaminated areas. Among microorganisms, fungi execute an important role in heavy metal removal from the polluted areas. Fungi possess biochemical and ecological capacities to decrease the risk associated with metals and metalloids either by chemical modification or by influencing chemical bioavailability. Among the metal pollutants, arsenic (As) is of major concern. As has become an important soil pollutant due to the use of As-based pesticides and fertilizers, geological activities, anthropogenic impacts, disposal of municipal and industrial wastes, and irrigation with As-contaminated water. As contamination represents an ecological and health problem due to its toxic effect and invasion into the food chain. An effective As remediation through common physico-chemical techniques is expensive and unsuitable for treating large contaminated areas effectively. Bioremediation with fungi offers a promising means to reclaim such contaminated soils in economical and eco-friendly ways. Fungi are able to tolerate, biosorb and detoxify arsenicals by several mechanisms including valence transformation, extra- and intra-cellular precipitation as well as through active uptake. Soil fungi play an important role in the environmental fate of As by affecting its transformations between soluble and insoluble forms as well as toxic and non-toxic forms. Soil fungi are also able to biomethylate inorganic As species to monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO). It has also been shown that the fungal activity can result in volatilization of As into gaseous arsines. The response of soil fungi towards toxic As is of great importance in view of their use in the remediation of As-contaminated sites. Considering the above mechanisms of resistance and removal by fungi, it could be expected that screening of As-tolerant fungi isolated from As-contaminated sites may provide an effective approach to cleaning up As-polluted soils. © 2017 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effect on lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and phenolic content in tomato fruits infected by Alternaria alternata and its toxins (TeA, AOH and AME)
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2017) Mukesh Meena; Andleeb Zehra; Prashant Swapnil; Manish Kumar Dubey; Chandra Bali Patel; R.S. Upadhyay
Tomato is considered as one of the most important sources of nutrients such as lycopene, β-carotene, flavonoids, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and hydroxyl-cinnamic acid derivatives. The quality and quantity of nutrients in tomato fruits were decreased during the severe infection of Alternaria alternata. The present study deals with the estimation of lycopene, β-carotene, phenolic and ascorbic acid content in tomato fruits which were infected with A. alternata and its toxins such as tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). The lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and phenolic content were found lowest in pathogen-infected fruits i.e. (0.66 ± 0.03 mg/g), (0.14 ± 0.01 mg/g), (1.89 ± 0.2 mg/g) and (0.58 ± 0.05 mg/g), respectively, followed by toxins-treated samples as compared to the control. The results concluded that A. alternata mostly affects the nutritional values of tomato fruits due to the combined effect of the toxins. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Microbial genes involved in interaction with plants
(Elsevier, 2018) Chandra Bali Patel; Vivek Kumar Singh; Anand Prakash Singh; Mukesh Meena; R.S. Upadhyay
Although microbes are quite small in size and invisible to naked eyes, they play significantly huge role compared to bigger organisms. The most important factors behind this significant and indispensable role are the genes present in the bacterial cell. The genes and gene products of bacterial cells provide them the ability to survive in almost every environmental condition whether favorable or unfavorable. In a strict sense, bacterial cells interact with other organisms for their own benefit, but the ultimate result is either beneficial or harmful to plants and human beings. Nitrogen fixation is one of the most significant phenomena of nature, with an annual nitrogen fixation of about 175 million tons. This huge amount of nitrogen fixation is carried out by the nif gene. Another important aspect of bacterial interaction with plant is the transfer of genes of interest to the plant cell by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Virulence factors and their associated genes in microbes
(Elsevier, 2018) Mukesh Meena; Prashant Swapnil; Andleeb Zehra; Mohd Aamir; Manish Kumar Dubey; Chandra Bali Patel; Upadhyay R.S.
Pathogenic microbes contain certain abilities to cause infections or diseases in hosts during interactions. Virulence factors aggravate the defense mechanisms of the host to establish infections. The nature and type of virulence factors determine the pathogenicity of microorganisms. This report addresses the several varieties of virulence mechanisms developed by the microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and virus) which comprise virulence factors or genes. These virulence factors can be enzymes, toxins, lipids, flagella, exopolysaccharides, quorum sensing, etc. Signaling plays a very important role in pathogenicity which triggers the conformational change of receptors for ligands to reduce or activate the mechanisms. The pathogens such as bacteria and fungus express different sets of virulence genes and transcription factors during infections. The regulation of virulence factors followed the two prime regulatory mechanisms which includes sigma factors and two-component regulatory systems. Microbial-system-assisted virulence factors can be elucidated at cellular and molecular levels and are useful to develop strategies against microbe-mediated pathogenesis. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.