Browsing by Author "Deepak Gupta"

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Application of constructed wetlands for the safe and sustainable treatment of emerging contaminants
(Elsevier, 2021) Gurudatta Singh; Deepak Gupta; Reetika Shukla; Virendra Kumar Mishra
Researchers are paying increasing attention to emerging contaminant (EC) residues as potential pollutants because they often have physicochemical behavior that is similar to that of other harmful xenobiotics, which can produce adverse effects. Due to their pseudo-persistence and its biological activity, the ECs (including pharmaceuticals and personal care products) are a major concern for the environment. These contaminants are found in very low concentrations, which renders conventional treatment methods inappropriate. However, many other technologies can be used for the treatment of wastewater (WW), one of which is discussed in this chapter. During the past few years, the planned use of wetlands for meeting WW treatment and water-quality objectives has been seriously studied and implemented in a controlled manner. A constructed wetlands (CW) system for a WW treatment facility involves the use of engineered systems that are designed and constructed to use natural processes. These systems mimic natural wetlands systems by using wetlands plants, soils, and associated microorganisms to remove contaminants from WW effluents. Various research carried out during the last few decades on the performances of the wetlands in treating WW has provided quantitative information that has been used to improve the process’s efficiency through design and operation measures. The removal of emerging pollutants in these wetlands systems relies on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes that naturally occur in wetlands that are associated with vegetation, sediments, and their microbial communities. CW systems for WW treatment have been proven to be effective, low-cost, and sustainable alternatives to conventional WW treatment technologies. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Appraisal of river water quality based on field observations: A case study on narmada river
(Ecological Society of India, 2020) Deepak Gupta; Reetika Shukla; Mahesh Prasad Barya; Gurudatta Singh; Virendra Kumar Mishra
The present research is concerned with the evaluation of water quality of the Narmada River. Water samples throughout its stretch right from origin point at Amarkantak to Badwani covering 10 sampling stations with 34 sub-sites of Narmada was sampled for water quality. The physiochemical parameters such as pH (8.38), EC (356 μS cm-1), TDS (252.8 mg l-1), Alkalinity (157.8 mg l-1as CaCO3), Chloride (58.7 mg l-1), Total Hardness (161.9 as CaCO3mg l-1), D.O (4.7 mg l-1), B.O.D (2.4 mg l-1for 5 days at 20 °C), and nitrate (1.8 mg-NO3L-1) were within the permissible limits as prescribed by the regulatory agencies. The interpreted comprehensive pollution index was 0.05-0.11; indicating that the river is clean. © 2020 Ecological Society of India. All rights reserved.
Assessing the water quality of River Ganga in Varanasi, India, through WQI, NPI, and multivariate techniques: a comprehensive study
(IWA Publishing, 2024) Gurudatta Singh; Supriya Chaudhary; Deepak Gupta; Virendra Kumar Mishra
In the present research water quality from nine different sampling points (S1–S9) from the River Ganga at Varanasi was examined for different water quality parameters, and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. Subsequently, several indices, such as water quality index and Nemerow pollution index (NPI), were calculated. The results indicated that the Ganga River at Varanasi had high levels of coliform concentrations, altered pH, and elevated dissolved oxygen/biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values. The weighted arithmetic water quality index values revealed that sites S8, S9, and S2 were the most polluted and unfit for bathing and drinking. Most of the sampling sites have NPI values greater than 1 for several parameters, indicating high levels of pollution. The study revealed that the water quality is poor for bathing and drinking at most of the sites throughout the year. In addition, the upstream water quality assessment revealed that water quality was good compared with the heavily contaminated downstream region. This knowledge can be useful for environmentalists, policymakers, and water resource managers to develop strategic plans to preserve the cultural and aesthetic worth of the Ganga River in the future. © 2024 The Authors.
Assessment of heavy metal pollution level, ecological and human health risks in surface water of Narmada River, India
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Deepak Gupta; Reetika Shukla; Pankaj Kumar Srivastava; Virendra Kumar Mishra
The present research focuses on the evaluation of selected heavy metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, & Pb) in the upper stretch of the Narmada River in central India to detect the pollution status, degree of heavy metals contamination, and threat to human health. The concentration of the selected heavy metals was in the order of Al > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd and Al > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season respectively. Further indices like the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) indicated that the water of the Narmada River was medium polluted, heavy metal pollution index (HPI) categorized the water as moderately to heavily polluted. The nemerrow pollution index (NPI) classified 8% of sampling sites as low polluted, 42% as medium polluted, and 50% as highly polluted in pre-monsoon. Similarly, for the post-monsoon, NPI classified 42% of sampling sites as low polluted, 33% as medium polluted, and 36% as highly polluted water. Total hazard risk indicated a non-carcinogen risk for children and adults. In both seasons, based on human health risk assessment, ingestion of heavy metals contaminated water especially with Cr was identified to be highly prone to cancer risk. This research will aid in the development of effective planning and policies for enhancing river water quality and reducing ecological and human health risks. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Characterization of groundwater potability and irrigation potential in Uttar Pradesh, India using water quality index and multivariate statistics
(IWA Publishing, 2024) Supriya Chaudhary; Gurudatta Singh; Deepak Gupta; Suruchi Singh Maunas; Virendra Kumar Mishra
This study includes groundwater quality data from 290 monitoring sites from 69 districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. The analysis of the data showed that 98.97, 24.48, 52.07, and 68.97% of groundwater samples had concentrations of electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), Mg2þ, and HCO3-, respectively, higher than the maximum permissible limit. Groundwater quality index (GWQI) was calculated for these 290 monitoring sites which revealed that 21 sites (7.24%) had inappropriate GWQI for drinking water, and 18 sites (6.21%) had an unsuitable index for irrigation. Most of the sampling sites (98.97%) showed high EC contents in groundwater with a mean value of 999.33 μS/cm. Fluoride content was found within the permissible limits in 95.52% of the samples, while 4.48% had high concentrations. The use of hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated all the sites into two clusters: one with high pollution and the other with low pollution. Significant correlations exist between physicochemical and irrigation indicators in the correlation matrix. High loadings of EC, TH, Ca2þ, Mg2þ, Naþ, Cl-, and SO42- were identified in the first principal component, which are thought to be pollution-controlled processes from anthropogenic sources. According to the Chadha diagram, CaHCO3 and Ca–Mg–HCl were the two most prevalent chemicals in the water. © 2024 The Authors.
Development of entropy-river water quality index for predicting water quality classification through machine learning approach
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Deepak Gupta; Virendra Kumar Mishra
Monitoring of river water is necessary to reveal its quality and pollution level so that we can protect human health and the environment. The present study explored the water quality of the Narmada River in India. To evaluate the water quality of the Narmada River, water samples were collected from 13 sites during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, and were analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. The results from the analysis were used for the development of the entropy-river water quality index (ERWQI). The ERWQI was used to estimate the Narmada river water quality for two different uses: drinking after disinfection (ERWQId) and bathing (ERWQIb). The machine-learning-based classification models, namely the Logistic regression (LR), Support Vector (SV), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) models were examined to predict and classify ERWQI. The precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The findings of this study identified the LR model as the most accurate classification model with the highest accuracy score for both the ERWQId and ERWQIb. Moreover, this study also revealed that the water quality of the Narmada River was unsuitable for drinking after disinfection and hence, before any further use it requires treatment through conventional or an advanced techniques. However, the ERWQIb of the Narmada River was categorized as excellent to fair. This study has broad implications for the classification of river water quality and can provide some very useful information to monitoring agencies and policymakers. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Fine particulate pollution and ambient air quality: A case study over an urban site in Delhi, India
(Springer, 2020) Janhavi Singh; Priyanshu Gupta; Deepak Gupta; Sunita Verma; Divya Prakash; Swagata Payra
Abstract: The current study discourses the impact of variation in PM2.5 concentration on the ambient air quality of Delhi. The 24-hourly PM2.5 concentration dataset was obtained from air quality measurement site (Anand Vihar) of Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) for the duration of April 2015 to December 2018. The annual and seasonal variability in the trend of ambient PM2.5 along with cumulative impact of meteorological parameters have been analyzed. The overall percentage increase in annual PM2.5 concentration, compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) guidelines, is observed to be 286.09%. The maximum concentration of fine particulate matter was recorded to be 788.6 µg/m3 during post-monsoon season and it was found to be associated with lower ambient temperature of 21.34°C and wind speed of 0.33 m/sec. Further, PM2.5 concentration was found to be correlated with CO (R = 0.6515) and NH3 (R = 0.6396) indicating similar sources of emission. Further, backward trajectory analysis revealed contribution in PM2.5 concentration from the states of Punjab and Haryana. The results indicated that particulate pollution is likely to occur in urban atmospheric environments with low temperatures and low wind speeds. Research highlights: PM2.5/PM10 ratio was observed to be highest in November, December and January, attributing aggravated levels of particle pollution to anthropogenic sources.Seasonal analysis of PM2.5 concentration indicated that particulate pollution was severe during post monsoon and winter months.Carbon monoxide (R = 0.6515; R2 = 0.4244) and Ammonia (R = 0.6396; R2 = 0.4088) were found to be correlated with PM2.5.Backward air mass trajectory depicted that air mass direction was coming to the receptor site (Anand Vihar) from the states of Haryana and Punjab. © 2020, Indian Academy of Sciences.
French Type Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland as a Sustainable Solution for Domestic Sewage Treatment
(Springer, 2025) Shivraj Anand; Deepak Gupta; Chhavi Siwach; Jens Nowak; Heribert Rustige; Virendra kumar Mishra
In order to mitigate the risk posed by discharge of untreated wastewater and enhance the quality of wastewater prior to its release or reuse, it is important to adopt nature based treatment technologies. The current study was performed with objective to treat the primary treated sewage collected from a traditional Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) based Sewage treatment plant (STP) by using a two-stage French Type Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (FVFCW). This pilot-scale study was undertaken in Banaras Hindu University Campus Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The wetland unit was a two-stage Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland system (VFCW) filled with two different filter media gravel & sand and planted with two different macrophytes Canna indica and Typha latifolia which was operated for Sustainable treatment of primary sewage. The VFCW was operated at three different Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) i.e. 1800, 2700, 3600 L/day for nine months. The VFCW performed for the treatment of different physicochemical parameters at given loading rates. The maximum removal efficiency of 72.37, 76.47, 100, 87.23, 41.41, 40.77 27.07% was recorded for COD, BOD, Turbidity, TSS, TDS, Phosphate and Ammonia respectively. Most of the Parameters showed maximum removal efficiency at HLR 2700 L/day. The study suggested that Experimental VFCW can be a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment in remote and rural areas of India as well small colonies due to its eco-friendly, cost-effective, low maintenance cost and lack of operational expertise. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Green-synthesized nanoparticles for treatment of wastewater: An environmentally sustainable pollution remediation technology
(Elsevier, 2021) Amit Kumar Patel; Deepak Gupta; Anubhuti Singh; Virendra Kumar Mishra; Naveen Kumar Sharma
Water is vital for life on Earth, and its unavailability or poor quality has severe consequences for all aspects of human life, including food, health, and environment. Anthropogenic activities have caused widespread pollution of water resources worldwide. Although some remediation methods and techniques have been developed, considering the extent, quantity, and varied nature of pollutants, new and sustainable technologies are urgent needed to remediate polluted water and wastewater. In recent times, the use of nanomaterials for the treatment of wastewater has gained considerable importance owing to their high accuracy and precise remediation. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity, high surface area, lower costs and energy requirements, and efficient regeneration for reuse, making them ideal materials for wastewater treatment. The conventional method of NP production is hazardous, and application of volatile chemicals results in secondary pollution, yet biogenic NPs are inexpensive and environmentally safe. Plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi produce a range of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, polymers, proteins, and numerous antioxidants that are effectively used as capping and stabilizing agents in NP synthesis. In this chapter, we discuss the synthesis of biogenic NPs from different organisms and their potential applications in wastewater remediation. Moreover, to supplement the existing research gaps, different strategies are also recommended. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Heavy metal distribution, fractionation, metal pollution and environmental risk assessment in surface sediment of Narmada River, India
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Deepak Gupta; Reetika Shukla; Virendra kumar Mishra
Owing to the rapid industrial and socioeconomic development, the heavy metal concentration in the river is gradually increasing, it has the potential to threaten the aquatic environment and mankind. The present investigation deals with the quantification and fractionation of heavy metals from the sediments of the Narmada River. The presence of these heavy metals can be toxic to human health and aquatic life, therefore different pollution indices were evaluated to identify the degree of threat that might be imposed by these contaminants in the surface water and sediment. In this context, risk assessment code (RAC), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) were calculated to examine the risk of heavy metal contamination on the human being. The important heavy metals and their concentration (in mg/kg, dry weight) have followed the following order, Fe > Al > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd. Pollution indices classified the surface sediments under the uncontaminated to moderately contaminated category; the major responsible heavy metals for different pollution levels were Cr, Mn, Cu and Pb. The RAC identified Mn and Cd as potential heavy metals which may cause a high risk to aquatic organisms. HQ, HI and TCR values confirmed no human health risk. However, the Cr concentration present in surface sediments might cause cancer via ingestion in children. The insights obtained from this study shall aware and encourage the competent legislative bodies to plan an appropriate regular monitoring campaign and take necessary measures to improve the health of the river. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Heavy metal distribution, fractionation, metal pollution and environmental risk assessment in surface sediment of Narmada River, India
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Deepak Gupta; Reetika Shukla; Virendra Kumar Mishra
Owing to the rapid industrial and socioeconomic development, the heavy metal concentration in the river is gradually increasing, it has the potential to threaten the aquatic environment and mankind. The present investigation deals with the quantification and fractionation of heavy metals from the sediments of the Narmada River. The presence of these heavy metals can be toxic to human health and aquatic life, therefore different pollution indices were evaluated to identify the degree of threat that might be imposed by these contaminants in the surface water and sediment. In this context, risk assessment code (RAC), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) were calculated to examine the risk of heavy metal contamination on the human being. The important heavy metals and their concentration (in mg/kg, dry weight) have followed the following order, Fe > Al > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd. Pollution indices classified the surface sediments under the uncontaminated to moderately contaminated category; the major responsible heavy metals for different pollution levels were Cr, Mn, Cu and Pb. The RAC identified Mn and Cd as potential heavy metals which may cause a high risk to aquatic organisms. HQ, HI and TCR values confirmed no human health risk. However, the Cr concentration present in surface sediments might cause cancer via ingestion in children. The insights obtained from this study shall aware and encourage the competent legislative bodies to plan an appropriate regular monitoring campaign and take necessary measures to improve the health of the river. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater quality in the Narmada River Basin (Central India)
(IWA Publishing, 2023) Deepak Gupta; Supriya Chaudhary; Anubhuti Singh; Reetika Shukla; Virendra Kumar Mishra
This study details the hydrochemical characterization and human health risk assessment of groundwater in the Narmada River Basin. The study was performed based on data collected from 305 groundwater sample stations in the Narmada River Basin. Hydrochemical evaluation illustrated that cationic ions in the upper and middle Narmada Basin were dominated by Ca2þ; however, in the lower basin it was dominated by Naþ ions. Similarly, anionic ions were dominated by HCO3- throughout the basin. A Chadha plot drawn from the collected data inferred that most groundwater belonged to the recharge water category (Ca-Mg-HCO3 type). Base-exchange indices of the collected data confirmed the presence of Naþ-SO42- type of groundwater. Meteoric genesis indices indicated deep meteoric percolation groundwater. Further, Gibbs plots categorized groundwater samples in the rock dominated section, while chloro-alkaline indices confirmed direct as well as reverse ion-exchange reactions governing groundwater quality. Water Quality Index values showed that groundwater ranged from excellent to very poor. Human health risk of the Narmada River confirmed the non-carcinogenic risk for Nitrate (NO3-) and Fluoride (F-) ions. However, several indices justified that groundwater was ideal for irrigation. However, groundwater treatment is recommended before direct consumption such as drinking. © 2023 The Authors.
Mechanisms controlling major ion chemistry and its suitability for irrigation of Narmada River, India
(IWA Publishing, 2022) Deepak Gupta; Sandeep Kaushik; Reetika Shukla; Virendra Kumar Mishra
Surface water chemistry of the upper Narmada River was investigated at 13 different locations for four consecutive years (2017–2020) during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The main objective of the study was to identify the processes governing the water chemistry of Narmada River and evaluate its suitability for irrigation. The physical parameters estimated were; pH (7.9 + 0.4 for pre- and 8 + 0.4 for post-monsoon seasons), EC (322.8+93.3 μS/cm for pre- and 312.1+80.2 μS/cm for post-monsoon) and TDS (203.4+41.5 mg/L for pre-and 213.4+48 mg/L for post-monsoon). The obtained concentration of cations and anions were in the order of Caþþ . Naþ . Mgþþ. Kþ and HCO3-. Cl-.SO4-. NO3-. PO4- respectively. Thus, the water of Narmada was found to be alkaline in nature. Piper diagram inferred that the water was dominated by Ca-Mg-HCO3- type of hydrochemical facies. Gibb’s plot clarified that rock-water interaction regulates the ion chemistry of the Narmada. Various indices like sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ration (SAR), Kelly index (Ki), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH) was calculated which showed that the surface water was suitable for irrigation. Lastly, one-way ANOVA (p, 0.05) confirmed no significant differences in water quality except for temperature, EC and SO4-, for pre- and post-monsoon season. © 2022 The Authors
Performance of horizontal flow constructed wetland for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater in a remote tribal area of Central India
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2021) Reetika Shukla; Deepak Gupta; Gurudatta Singh; Virendra Kumar Mishra
The purification of the primary treated domestic sewage was performed in the present study through the horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW) of 10 × 3.5 m dimension. The study was performed using three setups of CW 1 (Unplanted CW), CW 2 (CW planted with macrophyte Typha latifolia), and CW 3 (CW planted with two species of macrophyte T. latifolia and Commelina benghalensis). The purification experiments were performed by converting one type of CW into the other form sequentially, i.e., CW 1 was built first and after the experiments, it was converted into CW 2 and then CW 3. The CW was filled with a layer of coarse and fine gravel of 70 cm depth as filter media in 1:2 ratio. Each set of wetland was operated for 3 months (12 wk) during which the treatment performance of wetlands for basic physicochemical parameters was evaluated. The CW was operated in continuous mode at an average hydraulic loading rate of 250 L h− 1 and the treated effluent was analysed twice every week at four different sampling points having hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 12, 24, 36 and 48 h for important sewage quality parameters All the three setups of CW were able to clean the primary treated sewage significantly. Among the three sets of wetlands used, CW 3 was the best performer removing 79, 77, 79, 79, and 78% of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate respectively in 48 h HRT. Among the three sets of wetlands, the CW 3 removed the highest percent of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli as 64, 61 and 52% respectively. © 2021, The Author(s).
Phytoremediation performance of acorus calamus and canna indica for the treatment of primary treated domestic sewage through vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands: A field-scale study
(IWA Publishing, 2020) Mahesh Prasad Barya; Deepak Gupta; Tarun Kumar Thakur; Reetika Shukla; Gurudatta Singh; Virendra Kumar Mishra
Under the present investigation, vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCWs) planted with macrophytes treated domestic sewage in an environmentally sustainable manner. Treatment of domestic sewage with wetlands is an alternative method that decreases energy consumption and economic costs involved in the treatment of environmental contaminants. This study evaluates the potential efficiency of VSSFCWs using two different macrophytes, Acorus calamus and Canna indica for the treatment of domestic sewage. To perform this study, two chambers of VSSFCWs of dimensions 2.48 m 1.24 m 1.54 m were built. The wetland was fed with the primary treated sewage at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.67 m3/h (hours) in a batch flow. Treatment of primary sewage was observed from day 1 to day 6; once a day (i.e. 24 h to 144 h). The treatment of sewage was found to be significant up to day 6 (144 h); beyond this time, no significant removal was observed. The results revealed that both the wetland setups performed significant removal of TDS, BOD5, total nitrogen, and phosphate. The wetland planted with Canna indica was a better performer for the removal of TDS (22.31%), BOD5 (81.79%), total nitrogen (60.37%), and phosphate (80%). © IWA Publishing 2020.
Rhizospheric remediation of organic pollutants from the soil; a green and sustainable technology for soil clean up
(Elsevier, 2019) Akanksha Gupta; Amit Kumar Patel; Deepak Gupta; Gurudatta Singh; Virendra Kumar Mishra
During past few decades, the technological revolution has brought about the new technologies for water and soil remediation from various contaminants. Researches during this period focused on methods of cleanup which are inexpensive, sustainable, energy-efficient, and less complicated technology to remove organic contaminants from soil. Among various technologies for remediation of organic contaminants from the soil, rhizoremediation has been proven efficient and capable technology for the same. Rhizoremediation is a specific type of phytoremediation which involves the application of plant root and their associated rhizospheric microbes for the treatment of pollutants from the soil. The soil microflora can be contaminant degraders or can promote plant growth under stress conditions that promote the degradation of organic pollutants from the soil. Plant-microbe interaction plays very important role in removing contaminants from the soil. This chapter is focused on the potential and challenges of rhizoremediation of organic pollutants from the soils. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Simulating and predicting surface water quality for drinking and bathing purposes through combined approach of PCA, entropy-based WQI, and stochastic models
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Supriya Chaudhary; Abinayarajam Duraiyarasan; Deepak Gupta; Virendra Kumar Mishra
Freshwater resources, specially surface water are under threat due to over extraction, discharge of pollutants and improper waste disposal. This study investigates the present status of water quality of the River Ganga at Varanasi, India and further predict its future status using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Entropy water quality index (EWQI) and Stochastic models. To begin with, water quality data of 37 variables for eleven years were acquired followed by which PCA was applied which reduced the number of water quality variables from 37 to 13. EWQI of River Ganga was calculated for drinking and bathing purposes by using these 13 variables. Most of the physico-chemical variables were within the permissible limit. The EWQI values were calculated for all the samples indicated that none of the water sample was suitable for drinking without treatment. However, 74.24% of the samples were classified as fair, 10.60% as poor, and 15.15% as unfit for bathing. Five different time-series models with 10 different structures were accessed then compared the effectiveness of various time series models in predicting water quality with the help of data from the past eleven years. Finally, the chosen models were used to predict future water quality variables and EWQI for both drinking and bathing purposes. The optimized models were selected based on auto-correlation function and partial auto-correlation function as well as the use of Akaike information criteria and Bayesian Information Criteria. This research suggests that time series modelling can be a cost-effective and time-saving approach for long-term water quality monitoring. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Spatial and seasonal variability in the water chemistry of Kabar Tal wetland (Ramsar site), Bihar, India: multivariate statistical techniques and GIS approach
(IWA Publishing, 2021) Deepak Gupta; Rajesh Kumar Ranjan; Purushothaman Parthasarathy; Afroz Ansari
This study was performed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of major ions in water samples of a newly designated Ramsar site, namely Kabar Tal (KT) wetland of Bihar. Samples were collected during summer, monsoon, and winter seasons. The analytical and GIS results show that concentration of electrical conductivity, chloride, and nitrate are higher in summer than monsoon and winter. However, the concentration of major cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are higher in winter than monsoon and summer. In addition, major anions like sulphate and phosphate concentration is higher during monsoon than summer and winter. Multivariate statistical tool (discriminant analysis) results suggest that temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate, and potassium are the major parameters distinguishing the water quality in different seasons. The study confirms that seasonal variations are playing a major role in the hydrochemistry of KT wetland. Overall, this work outlines the approach towards proper conservation and utilization of wetlands and to assess the quality of surface water for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes. Overall, this work highlights the approach towards estimating the seasonal dynamics of chemical species in KT wetland and its suitability for irrigation purposes. © 2021 The Authors Water Science & Technology
Water quality assessment of Kusheshwar Asthan wetlands: recognizing its hydrogeochemical variability and suitability for agriculture use
(IWA Publishing, 2022) Rachana Singh; Deepak Gupta; Faiz Ahmad Siddiqui; Md. Aftab Alam; Prashant
Wetlands deliver many ecosystem services but are under continuous threat due to various anthropogenic activities. The present study has been carried out to examine the suitability of Kusheshwar-Asthan wetland’s water for agriculture. A total of 57 water samples were analyzed for various water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), major cations (Ca2þ, Mg2þ, Naþ, Kþ), and major anions (PO43–, SO42-, N-NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-). Overall, the water of the wetland was found to be alkaline. The pre-monsoon samples had a relatively higher concentration in most of analyzed parameters except for pH, DO, NO3-, PO43- and Cl-. The concentration of cations follows the order of Naþ . Ca2þ . Mg2þ . Kþ in both seasons and for anions it is HCO3- . SO42- . Cl- . NO3- . PO43- for pre-monsoon and HCO3- . Cl- . SO42- . NO3- . PO43- for post-monsoon. According to Piper diagram and Durov plot, Na-K-HCO3 was the major hydro chemical facies of the surface water. The various irrigation quality parameters showed that wetland water can be categorized as good to excellent quality. As a result, this finding can aid in the long-term sustainable use of the wetland water with regulated anthropogenic interventions. The study will be beneficial in designing long-term extensive management plans for the conservation of the wetland. © 2022 The Authors.
Water quality assessment of Narmada River along the different topographical regions of the central India
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Deepak Gupta; Reetika Shukla; Mahesh Prashad Barya; Gurudatta Singh; Virendra Kumar Mishra
This study was performed to assess water quality in the Narmada River, the third-longest river in India. Water samples were collected from 6 major sampling stations with 17 sampling points. Nine water quality parameters were analyzed to calculate the water quality index (WQI), followed by multivariate statistical evaluation. The results indicated that water quality in the upper Narmada varied from excellent to very poor–comprising excellent for approximately 12%, good for 17%, poor for 59%, and very poor for 12% of pre-monsoon samples, but excellent for 17%, good for 12%, and poor for 71% of post-monsoon. While the general water quality in the Narmada was poor, anthropogenic inputs such as domestic sewage and agricultural runoff influenced some parameters–e.g. BOD, nitrate, and total coliform. More studies are required for completing water quality evaluation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.