Browsing by Author "Divya Singh"

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A note on the Fan-Fabric Structures in the late Palaeoproterozoic Kajrahat Limestone, Katni, M.P., India
(Palaeontological Society Of India, 2021) Uday Bhan; Divya Singh; Mukund Sharma; Deepak Singh; S.K. Pandey
Present study records the Fan-Fabric Structures from the late Palaeoproterozoic Kajrahat Limestone of the Vindhyan Supergroup, India exposed in Katni district, M. P. Centimeter (cm) size carbonate fans (1 to 10 cm in length) radiating in upward direction are part of a stromatolite dominated Kajrahat Limestone in the area. The Kajrahat FFS represent their wide-spread occurrence in the Proterozoic successions of India. Our study establishes that these fans were originally precipitated and not the result of a late diagenesis or any other post sedimentation process. These fan-fabric structures were deposited in intertidal to sub-tidal environments. Globally, fan-fabrics structures are considered a common feature of the Archaean to early Mesoproterozoic carbonate platforms. © 2021 Palaeontological Society Of India. All rights reserved.
Acrolein induces unilateral hypertrophy and associated histopathalogical changes during germ cell differentiation in mature rat ovary
(2009) Ajit K. Saxena; Divya Singh; Gajendra Singh
Acrolein is an important chemical molecule of the global environment. It has dual importance as a by product of industrial wastes, automobile exhaust, and secondly an active metabolite of cyclophosphamide metabolic pathway. Acrolein is highly reactive unsaturated three carbon aldehyde. The importance of this chemical molecule increased several folds because of high reactivity; therefore, study has been designed with the aim to evaluate the effect of low dose (1mg/kg body wt. /day), continuous exposure (i.p.) of acrolein alone or with ascorbate (5 mg/kg body wt) for 10 days to rats .Reproductive performance of the treated rats were observed by serial mating experiments with opposite sex of the same strain. Infertility (33%) was observed when compared with controls. Most interesting finding is significant reduction (P<0.001) in the size of germ cell - populations i.e. primary, secondary and graafian follicles in medulla as well as in cortex region of the ovary as observed in experimental group. In another set of experimental group where antioxidant (ascorbic acid) was supplemented along with acrolein which shows regeneration of germ cells proliferation, suggesting ascorbate help to prevent cell-damage during cell-division in female gonads. The study was also further extended to observed genetic damage in term of chromosomal aberrations assay which reveals that significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed when compared with control groups.
Amino acids assisted growth of methylammonium lead iodide cuboidal crystals for solar cell applications
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Saurav K. Ojha; Divya Singh; Aditya Kumar; Arvind Singh; Ranjan K Singh; Animesh K. Ojha
The cuboidal crystals of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) with controlled shapes and sizes are successfully synthesized by monitoring their growth in the precursor solution using different α-amino acids. The directional growth of MAPbI3 crystals is carried out by promoting crystallization at molecular level in the presence of an optimum concentration of α-amino acids. Alanine (ALA), having relatively larger value of dipole moment, induces directional growth to the MAPbI3 crystals at low concentration. The optical and electrical properties of the thin films formed by the grown MAPbI3 crystals are also enhanced. The dipole moment of the amino acids plays an important role in directional growth of MAPbI3 crystals. The least area of I-V hysteresis curve in the thin film prepared with 1.5 wt% of isoleucine (ISO) indicates minimum loss of energy which makes it suitable for application in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
An end to end trained hybrid CNN model for multi-object tracking
(Springer, 2022) Divya Singh; Rajeev Srivastava
A robust MOT (multi-object tracking) is very crucial for computer vision applications such as crowd density estimation and autonomous vehicles. Most of the existing mot approaches perform object tracking in a two task manner such as motion estimation and Re-identification but these approaches pose some drawbacks like the model is not end-to-end trained, the Re-Id required lots of identity switches thus incurred computational overhead and the performance further degrades in complex crowd scenarios. To overcome such drawbacks we are motivated to design an end-to-end trained DNN for MOT. The proposed model utilizes a matching technique that utilizes the relative scale between the boundary boxes and relative position calculates the relative distance between the objects for MOT. To solve the problems, we proposed a matching technique that poses two subtasks to efficiently scale up a single shot DNN tracking approach for an indefinite number of objects in the video frames. The proposed method uses a relative scale and relative position to matching between the detected and targeted objects. The achieved state-of-the-art results of the tasks allow to obtain high accuracy of tracking with detection and surpasses existing state-of-the-art methods by a huge margin on various public datasets. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Application of Perovskite Oxides for Removal of Emerging Organic Pesticides
(Apple Academic Press, 2025) Darshana Rajput; Toshika Talele; Annika Durve Gupta; Divya Singh; José Herrera-Celis; L. G. Arriaga; Yunny Meas Vong; Goldie H. Oza
Pesticide residues in water bodies and soil are increasing at an alarming rate and are becoming a serious health hazard. Thus, efficient remediation technologies are necessary to convert these pollutants into their non-toxic forms. Perovskite oxides (POs) are a class of semiconductors well known for their photocatalytic activity and have drawn a lot of attention due to their numerous synthesis mechanisms, facile surface modification, abundance, and inexpensive cost. They possess many advantages, such as abundant oxygen vacancies, easily tunable structural morphology, stable crystal state, highly active metal sites, and a wide photo response range. Their thermal stability and catalytic properties make POs suitable candidates for the efficient cleanup of environmental pollutants. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the applications of POs towards pesticide remediation through adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. Current developments in the application of inorganic POs, such as lanthanum-based POs, rare earth metal-based POs, composites of POs and metal oxide nanoparticles, and metal-doped POs for pesticide removal are highlighted in this chapter. A detailed study of the photocatalytic mechanism of perovskite oxides, their composites, and their photocatalytic characteristics is also summarized in this chapter. © 2026 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Assessment of malathion toxicity on cytophysiological activity, DNA damage and antioxidant enzymes in root of Allium cepa model
(Nature Research, 2020) Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava; Divya Singh
The current study was emphasized to assess the effect of malathion on root system (cell division and kinetics of the root elongation) and stress related parameters in Allium cepa L. The roots were exposed to different concentrations (0.05, 0.13, 0.26, 0.39 and 0.52 g/L) of malathion for different treatment periods (4, 8 and 18 h). The results revealed that malathion application affected the growth rate and cell division in root tips. The root elongation kinetics were impaired at 0.13 to 0.52 g/L concentrations. Reduction in tissue water content (TWC) indicated the limited osmotic adjustment due to membrane damage. Further, a decrease in sucrose content was observed in contrast to the accumulation of proline (upto 0.39 g/L). Moreover, malathion exposure elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation followed by changes in antioxidant enzymes status. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were down-regulated whereas the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were up-regulated except in 0.52 g/L malathion. The molecular docking study of malathion with CAT, GST, SOD, APX and GR also supported of above results for their activity. All these physiological responses varied with increasing malathion concentration and duration of treatment. The single cell gel electrophoresis results showed that all concentrations of malathion induced DNA damage in root cells. The findings depicted that malathion application induces cytotoxic and phytotoxic effects mediated through oxidative stress and subsequent injuries. © 2020, The Author(s).
Bio-inspired remediation of wastewater: A contemporary approach for environmental clean-up
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Divya Singh; Rahul Kumar Goswami; Komal Agrawal; Venkatesh Chaturvedi; Pradeep Verma
Overuse of water has led to the degradation and scarcity of limited water resources, which prompted the modern world to adopt sustainable measures to save water by increasing its reuse and recycling. The use of microbial-based green technology to treat wastewater has appeared to outweigh conventional wastewater treatment (WWT) technologies because this emerging technology overcomes many of the shortcomings of conventional treatment systems. The main objective of this review is to illustrate different types of microorganisms used in various bioreactor configurations for the treatment of polluted water. This review also emphasizes the benefits and applications of using microbes, which play a dual role in treating the wastewater as well as serving as a source of value-added products such as biofuels and biofertilizers. Furthermore, it provides a critical account of the recent integrated green technology approaches such as consortia between microorganisms for the treatment of wastewater. It also critically illustrates the limitations related to green technology, which needs serious attention to facilitate its full-scale development. This review also provides the advantages of green technology and how it preponderates over disadvantages and contributes towards sustainability. © 2022 The Authors
Carbonate Fan Fabric Structures (FFS) in time and space: A case study from the Palaeoproterozoic Kajrahat Limestone, Vindhyan Supergroup, India
(Palaeontological Society Of India, 2021) Divya Singh; Mukund Sharma; Uday Bhan; Bindhyachal Pandey; S.K. Pandey; Deepak Singh
This paper describes and discusses the origin of the carbonate Fan Fabric Structures (FFS), a rare and typical feature of the Precambrian Eon, observed in the Kajrahat Limestone near the Kota area, Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh, India. In the Kajrahat Limestone, FFS escaped later recrystallization and subsequent dolomitization which otherwise obliterates the depositional texture as noted in most of the Proterozoic carbonate deposits. Characteristic FFS is noted exclusively in the upper part of the Kajrahat Limestone, Semri Group, Vindhyan Supergroup. The FFS varies from microscopic to mesoscopic in size. The depositional environment of the hosting carbonate units is inferred with the help of FFS morphology and configuration. The absence of actual microfossils, however, is conspicuous suggesting very rapid lithification. The origin of aragonite crystals and the possible role of organisms in the formation of FFS are discussed. The study reveals that these carbonate fans were formed below the sediment-water interface by the interplay of sedimentation and vertically upward nucleation of the crystal. Low diversity of stromatolites is also present in the Kajrahat Limestone and the overlying Salkhan Limestone. The Rohtasgarh Limestone, the top-most unit of the Lower Vindhyan is, however, completely devoid of FFS and stromatolites therefore, it is inferred that the FFS are restricted in time and space. © 2021 Palaeontological Society Of India. All rights reserved.
Centeromeric breakage and fragile site expression in cryptorchidism - A case report
(Scientific Publishers of India, 2010) Ajit Kumar Saxena; Divya Singh; Gajendra Singh
The present case was phenotypically male except that testes were not present in the scrotum. Hence in this case of cryptorchidism, the genetic study becomes imperative for thorough analysis. Chromosomal study revealed more than 13.3% centromeric breaks per cell in metaphase. The high incidence (3.6%) of common fragile sites expression (7q11, 2q21, 3p14) were also noticed after addition of 5-azacytidine. These genetic factors might influence the weight of the testis or alter hormonal level which is essential for normal growth and descent of testis in mammals.
Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Tulsi, Triphala, and Aloe Vera against Streptococcus mutans Relative to Chlorhexidine
(Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 2025) Divya Singh; A. Rao; Vishwas Saralaya; Sheetal Dinkar Ullal; Priyanka Gautam; Ramya Kudpi Shenoy; Suprabha Baranya Srikrishna
Aim and background: Long-term use of chlorhexidine as an antibacterial mouthwash has been associated with several adverse effects. 80% of the population in developing countries relies on traditional medicines and natural products to meet their primary healthcare needs. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of herbal extracts and to compare their effectiveness with that of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse. Methods: The herbal extracts used were Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), a mixture of Emblica Officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia belericia (triphala), and Aloe Barbadensis Miller (aloe vera). Blood agar plates were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans, and inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. Results: Chlorhexidine exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, followed by tulsi, triphala, and aloe vera. The mean inhibition zone diameters (in mm) were 22.33 ± 0.8, 11 ± 0.603, 8.6 ± 0.77, and 8 ± 0.6, respectively. Intergroup comparison revealed statistically significant differences (p = 0.00), favoring chlorhexidine over the herbal extracts. Intragroup analysis also showed significant differences (p = 0.00), with tulsi demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity among the herbal extracts, followed by triphala and aloe vera. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, all tested herbal extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against S. mutans. However, chlorhexidine showed the highest efficacy. Among the herbal extracts, tulsi demonstrated the most potent antibacterial activity, followed by triphala, while aloe vera exhibited the least effectiveness. Clinical significance: As the plant extracts demonstrated a notable efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of oral bacteria, this suggests that these extracts could be formulated into an herbal antibacterial mouth rinse option suitable for individuals seeking herbal alternatives. ©TheAuthor(s). 2025OpenAccess.
Conductivity and dielectric studies of Li3+-irradiated PVP-based polymer electrolytes
(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018) Divya Singh; D. Kanjilal; G.V.S. Laxmi; Pramod K Singh; S.K. Tomar; Bhaskar Bhattacharya
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) complexed with sodium iodide (NaI) is synthesized to investigate the ionic conductivity of alkaline-based polymer electrolytes. In this article, we report the modification of electrical properties of a new ion-conducting polymer electrolyte, namely, PVP complexed with NaI. Modification of polymer electrolyte was carried out before and after the exposure of films by bombarding them at different fluences with respect to Li3+ ion beam at 60 MeV. The preparation and detailed characterization of PVP:NaI is being reported. Further, a correlation with conductivity and dielectric constant has also been established. The modulation in the conductivity is explained in terms of number of charge carriers (n) and its mobility (μ), which confirms the behavior of the polymer electrolyte as an alternative strategy to improve the conductivity. © The Author(s) 2018.
Cyanobacteria: Applications in Biotechnology
(Elsevier, 2018) Jay Kumar; Divya Singh; Madhu B. Tyagi; Ashok Kumar
Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-evolving group of photosynthetic Gram-negative prokaryotes, are unique among microbial world and grow in diverse habitats. Cyanobacteria synthesize a vast array of novel secondary metabolites including biologically active compounds with antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Certain other important metabolites reported from cyanobacteria, include enzymes, toxins, UV-absorbing pigments, and certain fluorescent dyes. Furthermore, biofuel production by cyanobacteria constitutes one of the most promising areas for biotechnological applications. In addition, production of alcohols and isoprenoids, biopolymers, recombinant proteins, and single-cell protein employing modern tools of genetic engineering seems attractive. In the field of agriculture, potent N2-fixing cyanobacteria could be exploited as bio-factory to produce biofertilizer for enriching the fertility of soil. There is a need to develop suitable genome engineering tools in cyanobacteria to produce fuels, value-added compounds, and feedstocks in a sustainable way. In this chapter, an overview of the potential applications of cyanobacteria in various sectors of biotechnology is presented. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN CANCER THERAPY
(Elsevier, 2023) Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava; Divya Singh; Rajesh Kumar Singh
Drug-delivery Systems of Phytochemicals as Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Therapy elucidates the importance of various phytochemicals in cancer therapy and explains various routes/methods to deliver phytochemicals for overcoming the problems associated with delivery systems in cancer treatment. Several nanotechnological methods are presented to enhance drug solubility, sustainability, bioavailability, and gastrointestinal permeability of these phytochemicals. Current understanding of the relevant information presented on therapeutic strategies in cancer therapy fulfils the requirements of oncologists, molecular biologists, pharmacologist and related researchers who want to work in the areas of drug development targeting phytochemicals for cancer therapy. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Endophytic and epiphytic modes of microbial interactions and benefits
(Springer Singapore, 2017) Jay Kumar; Divya Singh; Paushali Ghosh; Ashok Kumar
Plants and microbes are the important components of ecosystem, and their interactions help in regulating the biogeochemical cycle in the environment. Plant-associated microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and some algae. They may be endophytic and/or epiphytic depending upon their location on the host plants. These microbes use host plants for their growth, colonization, and proliferation; however, they offer a variety of benefits to the hosts. Colonization of microorganisms on host plants takes place through air, water, and insects, or they may also be present in germinating plant parts. Endophytic microbial interactions influence the internal part, while epiphytic microbial interactions influence the exterior surface of the plants. These microbes are not harmful to the plants; however, they secrete some beneficial substances which may help in plant growth promotion, resistance to pathogenic microbes, removal of harmful contaminants, and production of secondary metabolites. In such a way, microbes contribute in agricultural crop improvement, food safety, and industries. This chapter briefly deals with the ecology, interactions, and benefits of plant-microbe interaction, especially in the area of sustainable agriculture and crop improvement. © 2017, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Endophytic microbes: Prospects and their application in abiotic stress management and phytoremediation
(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Divya Singh; Vipin Kumar Singh; Amit Kishore Singh
Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metals are the major limiting factors associated with plants, causing collectively more than 50% yield losses worldwide. These unavoidable stresses impair life-sustaining normal physiological and biochemical processes of plants by disrupting the plant-water relationships, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ion toxicity inside plant cells. Consequently, reduced photosynthetic activity, abrupt changes in vital physiological processes, and degradation of cellular biomolecules lead to reduced crop productivity. Past decade researches have indicated that the microbes play key role in abiotic stress management due to their ubiquitous nature, colonization activity, unique physiology, production of useful secondary metabolites (antimicrobial compounds, VOCs), and most importantly, their application in sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, present-day scientists consider the endophyte-plant partnerships to be more appealing and advantageous as compared to rhizospheric microbes because of their intimate association with host-cell environment that provide the plant's ability to circumvent various biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Therefore, present chapter endeavors to review the dynamic role of endophytes in abiotic stress management and their possible application in environmental cleanup for sustainable environment development. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
Evaluation of malathion-induced cytogenetical effects and oxidative stress in plants using Allium test
(Polish Academy of Sciences, 2017) Divya Singh; Bijoy Krishna Roy
The present study emphasized to explore the toxicity effect of malathion on plants using Allium test. The experiments explored the mitotic inhibition, growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in roots of Allium cepa at different concentrations (50, 125, 250 and 375 ppm) of malathion under different exposure periods (3, 9 and 18 h). The results revealed that all concentrations of malathion were capable to decline the root growth. Malathion-induced mitotic alterations varying from reduction in mitotic index (MI), relative division rate (RDR) and phase distribution along with large number of chromosomal aberrations. These changes were of varying degree depending on the concentration and treatment period. The roots treated with malathion (375 ppm) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase than the control, while the activity of peroxidase was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) low. At 375 ppm malathion, malondialdehyde content was significantly high (p ≤ 0.05) that was increased with the treatment period. Findings concluded that variations in mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, alterations in malondialdehyde content and activities of antioxidant enzyme could serve as the useful indicators for monitoring the effects of malathion exposures in the real scenario. Superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme play vital roles in the antioxidant defence mechanisms under malathion toxicity. According to the data on the malondialdehyde content show malathion to be capable of producing superoxide radicals indirectly, and to result in membrane damage and oxidative stress. © 2017, Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.
Evolutionary Diversity as a Source for Anticancer Molecules
(Elsevier Science Ltd., 2020) Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava; Vinod Kumar Kannaujiya; Rajesh Kumar Singh; Divya Singh
Evolutionary Diversity as a Source for Anticancer Molecules discusses evolutionary diversity as source for anticancer agents derived from bacteria, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. The book goes over the isolation of anticancer agents and the technologyenabled screening process used to develop anticancer drugs. The book also includes discussion of the nutraceuticals and natural products derived from invertebrates that can be used as part of cancer treatment. Evolutionary Diversity as a Source for Anticancer Molecules also deals with some of the current challenges in the prevention of cancer as well as the side effects of conventional drugs used for cancer patients. This book is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, and any member of the biomedical field interested in understanding more about natural products with anticancer potential. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Evolutionary mechanism for biosynthesis of diverse molecules
(Elsevier Science Ltd., 2020) Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava; Arpana Yadava; Divya Singh
Evolution alters in gene sequence and/or genetic construction that change in mechanisms for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Plants synthesize a different array of lineage-specific specialized (secondary) metabolites for the fitness of the plants as defense against herbivores and microbes and also as signal factors to entice pollinators and fruit dispersers. The evolution of secondary metabolites also depends on alteration in the enzymatic manipulation of primary precursors. Plant metabolites play a vital role in plant adaptation, in human nutrition and medicine. The diversification of plant metabolic enzymes and primary metabolism evolves potential compounds for cellular homeostasis in selection pressure that is usually supposed to be conserved over the plant kingdom. The enormous changes in chemical diversity of secondary metabolites are occurred during evolution, which play vital role in treatment of severe diseases including cancer. This chapter explains the evolution of secondary metabolites through various evolutionary events occurring in plant system. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Functional Potential of Plant Microbiome for Sustainable Agriculture in Conditions of Abiotic Stresses
(Springer, 2023) Sudhakar Srivastava; Divya Singh
The growth and yield of crop plants are threatened by a variety of factors like soil and irrigation water quality, climate change, and abiotic and biotic stresses. Among these, abiotic stresses like drought, salinity and metal(loid)s, such as arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) constitute three major constraints inducing huge yield losses and quality deterioration of crop produce throughout the world. To enable plants to combat these stresses and to obtain sustainable increases in crop yields, the help is required from its associated microorganisms. Microbiome constitutes all microorganisms intricately linked to plants in above and below-ground part of plants. Microbiomes affect plant growth, development, and yield both in normal and under-stressed conditions via several mechanisms. These effects include changes in bioavailability of essential and toxic metal(loid)s, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone synthesis, and water uptake. The microbiome functions like an extended genome of plants and these microbial associations change dynamically in presence of stress and also influence the effect of stresses on plants in reverse. The research on this dynamic microbe–plant interaction has yielded valuable mechanistic information and identified potential microbes that can be used to achieve sustainable crop production in coming years. The present chapter discusses microbiome and its role in abiotic stresses. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
Graph Convolutional Network-based Centre-Object Tracking for the multi-dynamic agents for Autonomous Vehicles
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Divya Singh; Rajeev Srivastava
Multi-Object tracking goals to localize, classify and track all object instances of each class throughout an image sequence. It is very useful to understand the video scenes and very desirable for computer vision-based applications that require detailed pixel-level information, such as video editing and autonomous driving. Our method involves Detection-based tracking, which generally requires detected objects with a tracker that links the boundary boxes (bboxes) to generate target trajectory. To optimize the similarity between tracked and detected objects are the basic part of multi-object tracking (MOT) frameworks. To mark this issue, ongoing works concurrently enhance the matching technique of data modules with joint MOT structure, which has expressed improved execution. The key thought behind our GCNN approach is to take into consideration and learn the distinctive or selective features for local and global matching. It takes into account the relations between nearby objects in a frame sequence and thus provides a better tracking performance as compared to the existing models. We demonstrated our model on the MOT datasets that showed the viability of our GCNN-based joint MOT approach which includes the Hungarian algorithm to assign the identity of the object in the next frame. © 2021 IEEE.