Browsing by Author "Elangovan Arumugam"

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Augmenting progress on the elimination of vertical transmissions of HIV in India: Insights from Spectrum-based HIV burden estimations
(Public Library of Science, 2023) Pradeep Kumar; Chinmoyee Das; Udayabhanu Das; Arvind Kumar; Nidhi Priyam; Varsha Ranjan; Damodar Sahu; Sanjay K. Rai; Sheela V. Godbole; Elangovan Arumugam; P.V.M. Lakshmi; Shanta Dutta; H. Sanayaima Devi; Arvind Pandey; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Mehendale; Shobini Rajan
The government of India has adopted the elimination of vertical transmission of HIV as one of the five high-level goals under phase V of the National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP). In this paper, we present the data from HIV estimations 2021 for India and select States detailing the progress as well as the attributable causes for vertical transmissions. The NACP spearheads work on mathematical modelling to estimate HIV burden based on the periodically conducted sentinel surveillance for guiding program implementation and pol-icymaking. Using the results of the latest round of HIV Estimations in 2021, we analysed the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) during the perinatal and postnatal (breastfeeding) period. In 2021, overall, around 5,000 [3,000–7,800] vertical transmissions were estimated nationally with 58% being perinatal infections and remaining during breastfeeding. MTCT at 6 weeks was around 12.95% [9.45–16.02] with the final transmission rate at 24.25% [18.50–29.50]. Overall, 57% of vertical transmissions were among HIV-positive mothers who did not receive ART during pregnancy or breastfeeding, 19% among mothers who dropped off ART during pregnancy or delivery, and 18% among mothers who were infected during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There were significant variations between States. Depending upon the States, the programme needs to focus on the intervention domains of timely engagement in antenatal care-HIV testing-ART initiation as well as programme retention and adherence support. Equally important would be strengthening the strategic information to generate related evidence for inputting India and State-specific parameters improving the MTCT-related modelled estimates. © 2023 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
District-level HIV estimates using the spectrum model in five states of India, 2017
(Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2021) Pradeep Kumar; Damodar Sahu; Shobini Rajan; Vishnu Vardhana Rao Mendu; Chinmoyee Das; Arvind Kumar; Nalini Chandra; Bilali Camara; Sanjay Rai; Elangovan Arumugam; Sheela Virendra Godbole; Shri Kant Singh; Shashi Kant; Arvind Pandey; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Mehendale
AbstractDecentralized response has been the hallmark of the National AIDS Control Programme in India. District-level HIV burden estimates quantifying the distribution of the epidemics are needed to enhance this decentralized response further to monitor the progress on prevention, testing, and treatment interventions. In this paper, we describe the methodology and results of district-level estimates using the Spectrum model piloted in 5 states of India under National AIDS Control Programme.Using state spectrum model for HIV estimations 2017, we disaggregated state results by the district in pilot states. Each district was considered a subepidemic and HIV epidemic configuration was carried out in its general population as well as in key population. We used HIV surveillance data from antenatal clinics and routine pregnant women testing to model the general population's epidemic curve. We used HIV prevalence data available from HIV sentinel surveillance and integrated biological and behavioral surveys to inform the epidemic curve for key population. Estimation and projection packgage classic platform was used for the curve fitting. District-wide estimates extracted from subpopulation summary in Spectrum results section were used to calculate relative burden for each district and applied to approved State HIV Estimations 2017 estimates.No district in Tamil Nadu had an adult HIV prevalence of higher than 0.5% except for one, and the epidemic seems to be declining. In Maharashtra, the epidemic has shown a decline, with all except 5 districts showing an adult prevalence of less than 0.50%. In Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh, few districts showed rising HIV prevalence. However, none had an adult prevalence of higher than 0.50%. In Mizoram, 6 of 8 districts showed a rising HIV trend with an adult prevalence of 1% or more in 5 districts.Disaggregation of state-level estimates by districts provided insights on epidemic diversity within the analyzed states. It also provided baseline evidence to measure the progress toward the goal of end of AIDS by 2030. © 2021 Authors. All rights reserved.
Diversity in HIV epidemic transitions in India: An application of HIV epidemiological metrices and benchmarks
(Public Library of Science, 2022) Pradeep Kumar; Chinmoyee Das; Arvind Kumar; Damodar Sahu; Sanjay K. Rai; Sheela Godbole; Elangovan Arumugam; P.V.M. Lakshmi; Shanta Dutta; H. Sanayaima Devi; Vishnu Vardhana Rao Mendu; Shashi Kant; Arvind Pandey; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Mehendale; Shobini Rajan
Background The Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) has emphasized on the incidence-prevalence ratio (IPR) and incidence-mortality ratio (IMR) to measure the progress in HIV epidemic control. In this paper, we describe the status of epidemic control in India and in various states in terms of UNAIDS’s recommended metrices. Method The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) of India spearheads work on mathematical modelling to estimate HIV burden based on periodically conducted sentinel surveillance for providing guidance to program implementation and policymaking. Using the results of the latest round of HIV Estimations in 2019, IPR and IMR were calculated. Results National level IPR was 0.029 [0.022–0.037] in 2019 and ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 in various States and Union Territories (UTs). Corresponding Incidence-Mortality Ratio was at 0.881 [0.754–1.014] nationally and ranged between 0.20 and 12.90 across the States/UTs. Conclusions Based on UNAIDS recommended indicators for HIV epidemic control, namely IPR and IMR; national AIDS response in India appears on track. However, the program success is not uniform and significant heterogeneity as well as expanding epidemic was observed at the level of States or UTs. Reinforcing States/UTs specific and focused HIV prevention, testing and treatment initiatives may help in the attainment of 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. © 2022 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Fungal diversity notes 1818–1918: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi
(Springer Nature, 2025) Ishara S. Manawasinghe; Kevin D. Hyde; Dhanushka Nadeeshan Wanasinghe; Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna; Sajeewa S.N. S N Maharachchikumbura; Milan C. Samarakoon; Hermann Voglmayr; Kalai Pang; Michael Wai Lun Chiang; Evan Benjamin Gareth Jones; Ramesh K. Saxena; Arun Kumar; K. C. Rajeshkumar; Laura Selbmann; Claudia Coleine; Yuwei Hu; Antony Martyn Ainsworth; Kare Liimatainen; Tuula Niskanen; Anna Berthe Ralaiveloarisoa; Elangovan Arumugam; V. Kezo; Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal; Sugantha Gunaseelan; Asha J. Dissanayake; Abdul Nasir Khalid; Achala Jeevani Gajanayake; Adam Flakus; Alireza Armand; André Aptroot; A. Rodrigues; Andrei G. Tsurykau; Ángela López-Villalba; Antonio Roberto Gomes de Farias; Antonio Sánchez; Aristóteles Góes-Neto; Bruno Tomio Goto; Carlos Alberto Fragoso de Souza; Charuwan Chuaseeharonnachai; Chuangen Lin; Cuijinyi G. Li; Cvetomir M. Denchev; Daniel Guerra-Mateo; Danushka Sandaruwan Tennakoon; Deping Wei; Dominik Begerow; Eduardo J. Alves; Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos; Enayra Silva Sousa; E. V. Medeiros; Ewald Johannes Langer; Fa Zhang; Francisco Adriano de Souza; Franco Magurno; Gabriel Ginane Barreto; Gabriel H. Moreno; Gajanan Mane; Genivaldo Alves-Silva; G. A. Silva; Guiyang Xia; Hongwei Shen; Heng Gui; Indunil Chinthani Senanayake; J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard; Jiawei Liu; Jiankui Liu; Jian Ma; Jieying Lin; José Evando Aguiar Beserra; José Francisco Francisco Cano-Lira; Josepa Gené; Kuniyil Harikrishnan; Li Lu; Lidiane Alves Dos Santos; Lijian Xu; Lorena Tigre Lacerda; Luís F. Pascholati Gusmão; M. E.S. Cáceres; M. P.S. Câmara; Maria Beatriz Barbosa De Barros-Barreto; Mark Seasat Calabon; Martin Kukwa; Martin Kemler; Maruzanete Pereira de Melo; Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad; Mei Luo; Mengmeng Ding; Mingkwan Doilom; Monthien Phonemany; Muhammad Usman; Naritsada Thongklang; Nattawut Boonyuen; Nikhil D. Ashtekar; Nuwan D. Kularathnage; Onden Paraparath Sruthi; Papichaya Kwantong; Parayelil Abdulsalim Ansil; Pepijn W. Kooij; Qi Zhao; R. F. Alfenas
This article is the 17th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series which allows the researchers to publish fungal collections with updated reports of fungus-host and fungus-geography. Herein we report 97 taxa with four new genera distributed in three phyla (Ascomycota, Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota), 11 classes, 38 orders and 62 families collected from various regions worldwide. This collection is further classified into taxa from 69 genera with four novel genera namely Jinshana, Lithophyllospora, Parapolyplosphaeria and Stegonsporiicola. Furthermore, 71 new species, 21 new records, one new combination and four novel phylogenetic placements are provided. The new species comprise Acrocalymma estuarinum, Aggregatorygma isidiatum, Alleppeysporonites elsikii, Amphibambusa aquatica, Apiospora hongheensis, Arthrobotrys tachengensis, Calonectria potisiana, Collariella hongheensis, Colletotrichum squamosae, Corynespora chengduensis, Diaporthe beijingensis, Dicellaesporites plicatus, Dicellaesporites verrucatus, Dictyoarthrinium endophyticum, Distoseptispora chiangraiensis, Dothiora eucalypti, Epicoccum indicum, Exesisporites chandrae, Fitzroyomyces pseudopandanicola, Fomitiporia exigua, Fomitiporia rondonii, Fulvifomes subthailandicus, Gigaspora siqueirae, Gymnopus ailaoensis, Hyalorbilia yunnanensis, Hygrocybe minimiholatra, H. mitsinjoensis, H. parviholatra, H. solis, H. vintsy, Helicogermslita kunmingensis, Jinshana tangtangiae, Kirschsteiniothelia dujuanhuensis, Lamproderma subcristatum, Leucoagaricus madagascarensis, Leucocoprinus mantadiaensis, Lithophyllospora australis, Marasmius qujingensis, Melomastia aquilariae, Monoporisporites jansoniusii, M. pattersonii, Monoporisporites valdiyae, Mucispora maesotensis, Mucor soli, Muyocopron yunnanensis, Nigrospora tomentosae, Ocellularia psorirregularis, Ophiocordyceps duyunensis, Oxneriaria nigrodisca, Oxydothis aquatica, O. filiforme, Phacidiella xishuangbannaensis, Phlebiopsis subgriseofuscescens, Pleurothecium takense, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Pseudochaetosphaeronema puerensis, Pseudodactylaria guttulate, Racheliella chinensis, Rhexoacrodictys fangensis, Roussoella neoaquatica, Rubroboletus pruinosus, Sanghuangporus subzonatus, Scytalidium assmuthi, Shrungabeeja kudremukhensis, Spirographa skorinae, Stanjehughesia bambusicola, Stegonsporiicola aurantiaca, Umbelopsis hingganensis, Vararia tenuata, Verruconis pakchongensis, Wongia bandungensis, and Zygosporium cymodoceae. The new combination is Parapolyplosphaeria thailandica (≡ Polyplosphaeria thailandica). The 21 new hosts, geographical and habitat records comprise Acrocalymma fici, Apiculospora spartii, Aspergillus subramanianii, Camposporium ramosum, Clonostachys rogersoniana, Colletotrichum brevisporum, C. plurivorum, Collybiopsis gibbosa, Dictyosporium tratense, Distoseptispora adscendens, Exosporium livistonae, Ganoderma gibbosum, Graphis mikuraensis, Gymnosporangium paraphysatum, Lasiodiplodia thailandica, Moesziomyces bullatus, Penicillium cremeogriseum, P. echinulonalgiovense, P. javanicum, P. lanosocoeruleum, P. polonicum, and Pleurotus tuber-regium. Graphis chlorotica, G. panhalensis and G. parilis are given as novel phylogenetic placements. In addition, we provide the morphology of Tarzetta tibetensis which was missing in the previous Fungal Diversity Notes 1611–1716. Identification of characterization of all these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Mushroom Research Foundation 2024.
Fungal diversity notes 1818–1918: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi
(Springer Nature, 2024) Ishara S. Manawasinghe; Kevin D. Hyde; Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe; Samantha C. Karunarathna; Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura; Milan C. Samarakoon; Hermann Voglmayr; Ka-Lai Pang; Michael Wai-Lun Chiang; E. B. Gareth Jones; Ramesh K. Saxena; Arun Kumar; Kunhiraman C. Rajeshkumar; Laura Selbmann; Claudia Coleine; Yuwei Hu; A. Martyn Ainsworth; Kare Liimatainen; Tuula Niskanen; Anna Ralaiveloarisoa; Elangovan Arumugam; Kezhocuyi Kezo; Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal; Sugantha Gunaseelan; Asha J. Dissanayake; Abdul Nasir Khalid; Achala Jeevani Gajanayake; Adam Flakus; Alireza Armand; André Aptroot; Andre Rodrigues; Andrei Tsurykau; Ángela López-Villalba; Antonio Roberto Gomes de Farias; Antonio Sánchez; Aristóteles Góes-Neto; Bruno T. Goto; Carlos A. F. de Souza; Charuwan Chuaseeharonnachai; Chuan-Gen Lin; Cuijinyi Li; Cvetomir M. Denchev; Daniel Guerra-Mateo; Danushka S. Tennakoon; De-Ping Wei; Dominik Begerow; Eduardo Alves; Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos; Enayra Silva Sousa; Erika Valente de Medeiros; Ewald Langer; Fa Zhang; Francisco A. de Souza; Franco Magurno; Gabriel G. Barreto; Gabriel Moreno; Gajanan Mane; Genivaldo Alves-Silva; Gladstone Alves da Silva; Guiyang Xia; Hong-Wei Shen; Heng Gui; Indunil C. Senanayake; Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard; Jia-Wei Liu; Jian-Kui Liu; Jian Ma; Jie-Ying Lin; José Evando Aguiar Beserra Jr; Jose F. Cano-Lira; Josepa Gené; Kuniyil Harikrishnan; Li Lu; Lidiane A. dos Santos; Lijian Xu; Lorena T. Lacerda; Luís F. P. Gusmão; Marcela E. S. Cáceres; Marcos Paz Saraiva Câmara; Maria B. B. de Barros-Barreto; Mark S. Calabon; Martin Kukwa; Martin Kemler; Maruzanete Pereira de Melo; Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad; Mei Luo; Mengmeng Ding; Mingkwan Doilom; Monthien Phonemany; Muhammad Usman; Naritsada Thongklang; Nattawut Boonyuen; Nikhil Ashtekar; Nuwan D. Kularathnage; Onden P. Sruthi; Papichaya Kwantong; Parayelil A. Ansil; Pepijn W. Kooij; Qi Zhao; Rafael Ferreira Alfenas; Rafael J. V. de Oliveira; Raghvendra Singh; Rejane Maria Ferreira da Silva; Rameshwar Avchar; Rashmi Morey; Rohit Sharma; Rong-Ju Xu; Rosa Mara B. da Silveira; Rui-Fang Xu; Ruvishika S. Jayawardena; Salna Nanu; Salilaporn Nuankaew; Saowaluck Tibpromma; Saranyapath Boonmie; Sayanh Somrithipol; Sherin Varghese; Silvino Intra Moreira; Soumyadeep Rajwar; Shu-Cheng He; T. K. Arun Kumar; Teodor T. Denchev; Thatsanee Luangharn; Thays Gabrielle Lins de Oliveira; Tian-Ye Du; Ting-Chi Wen; Tingting Du; Tong Wu; Veera Sri-Indrasutdhi; Vinson P. Doyle; Vladimir Baulin; Wei Dong; Wen-Li Li; Wen-Hua Lu; Wenhui Tian; Willie Anderson dos Vieira; Wolfgang von Brackel; Xian-Dong Yu; Xian Zhang; Xiang-Fu Liu; Xing-Can Peng; Yanpeng Chen; Yanyan Yang; Ying Gao; YinRu Xiong; Yongxin Shu; Yong-Zhong Lu; Yuan-Min Shen; Yueyan Zhou; Yun Xia Zhang; Wei Zhang; Zong-Long Luo; Manawaduge Ayesha Madushani; Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon; Jia Ge Song; Biao Xu
This article is the 17th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series which allows the researchers to publish fungal collections with updated reports of fungus-host and fungus-geography. Herein we report 97 taxa with four new genera distributed in three phyla (Ascomycota, Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota), 11 classes, 38 orders and 62 families collected from various regions worldwide. This collection is further classified into taxa from 69 genera with four novel genera namely Jinshana, Lithophyllospora, Parapolyplosphaeria and Stegonsporiicola. Furthermore, 71 new species, 21 new records, one new combination and four novel phylogenetic placements are provided. The new species comprise Acrocalymma estuarinum, Aggregatorygma isidiatum, Alleppeysporonites elsikii, Amphibambusa aquatica, Apiospora hongheensis, Arthrobotrys tachengensis, Calonectria potisiana, Collariella hongheensis, Colletotrichum squamosae, Corynespora chengduensis, Diaporthe beijingensis, Dicellaesporites plicatus, Dicellaesporites verrucatus, Dictyoarthrinium endophyticum, Distoseptispora chiangraiensis, Dothiora eucalypti, Epicoccum indicum, Exesisporites chandrae, Fitzroyomyces pseudopandanicola, Fomitiporia exigua, Fomitiporia rondonii, Fulvifomes subthailandicus, Gigaspora siqueirae, Gymnopus ailaoensis, Hyalorbilia yunnanensis, Hygrocybe minimiholatra, H. mitsinjoensis, H. parviholatra, H. solis, H. vintsy, Helicogermslita kunmingensis, Jinshana tangtangiae, Kirschsteiniothelia dujuanhuensis, Lamproderma subcristatum, Leucoagaricus madagascarensis, Leucocoprinus mantadiaensis, Lithophyllospora australis, Marasmius qujingensis, Melomastia aquilariae, Monoporisporites jansoniusii, M. pattersonii, Monoporisporites valdiyae, Mucispora maesotensis, Mucor soli, Muyocopron yunnanensis, Nigrospora tomentosae, Ocellularia psorirregularis, Ophiocordyceps duyunensis, Oxneriaria nigrodisca, Oxydothis aquatica, O. filiforme, Phacidiella xishuangbannaensis, Phlebiopsis subgriseofuscescens, Pleurothecium takense, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Pseudochaetosphaeronema puerensis, Pseudodactylaria guttulate, Racheliella chinensis, Rhexoacrodictys fangensis, Roussoella neoaquatica, Rubroboletus pruinosus, Sanghuangporus subzonatus, Scytalidium assmuthi, Shrungabeeja kudremukhensis, Spirographa skorinae, Stanjehughesia bambusicola, Stegonsporiicola aurantiaca, Umbelopsis hingganensis, Vararia tenuata, Verruconis pakchongensis, Wongia bandungensis, and Zygosporium cymodoceae. The new combination is Parapolyplosphaeria thailandica (≡ Polyplosphaeria thailandica). The 21 new hosts, geographical and habitat records comprise Acrocalymma fici, Apiculospora spartii, Aspergillus subramanianii, Camposporium ramosum, Clonostachys rogersoniana, Colletotrichum brevisporum, C. plurivorum, Collybiopsis gibbosa, Dictyosporium tratense, Distoseptispora adscendens, Exosporium livistonae, Ganoderma gibbosum, Graphis mikuraensis, Gymnosporangium paraphysatum, Lasiodiplodia thailandica, Moesziomyces bullatus, Penicillium cremeogriseum, P. echinulonalgiovense, P. javanicum, P. lanosocoeruleum, P. polonicum, and Pleurotus tuber-regium. Graphis chlorotica, G. panhalensis and G. parilis are given as novel phylogenetic placements. In addition, we provide the morphology of Tarzetta tibetensis which was missing in the previous Fungal Diversity Notes 1611–1716. Identification of characterization of all these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Mushroom Research Foundation 2024.
Programmatic mapping and population size estimation of key population in India: Method and findings
(Public Library of Science, 2025) Pradeep Vignesh Kumar; Chinmoyee Das; Bhawani Singh Khushwaha; Saiprasad Prabhakar Bhavsar; Shantanu Kumar Purohit; Arvind Kumar; Subrata Biswas; Nidhi Priyam; Lalit Singh Kharayat; Shajan Mathew; Akhilesh Srivastava; Jyotsana Pal; Shreena Ramanathan; Abhina Aher; Deepika Srivastava Joshi; Rajatashuvra Adhikary; Shajy K. Isac; Hanjabam Sanayaima Devi; Pinnaka Venkata Maha Lakshmi; Elangovan Arumugam; Sanjay Kumar Rai; Sheela V. Godbole; S. K. Singh; Himanshu Kumar Chaturvedi; Dr Shanta Dutta; Shashi Kant; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Madhav Mehendale; Shobini Rajan
India has the world’s second-largest HIV burden. Key populations of female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), hijra/transgender (H/TG) people, and people who inject drugs (PWID), are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. A community-led programmatic mapping and population size estimation (PMPSE) was carried out in 651 districts of 32 States and Union Territories of India. The goal was to identify the hotspots, network operators, and estimate the size of key population groups. This involved documenting the known hotspots, visiting them for rapid field assessment through key informants’/ network operators interviews, and identifying additional hotspots/ network operators through the snow-balling approach from the existing hotspots. For each identified hotspot, network operator, and village, size of each key population group was estimated after adjusting for the duplications and overlaps. These estimates were then aggregated to arrive at district, State, and ultimately national-level estimates. PMPSE estimated a total of 9,95,499 (9,02,277–10,88,712) FSWs, 3,51,020 (3,13,860–3,88,175) MSM, 2,88,717 (2,53,024-3,24,407) PWIDs, and 96,193 (85,206-1,07,174) H/TG individuals. The number of FSWs per 1000 adult women in different States/Union Territories (UT) varied from 0.34 to 17.25; MSM estimates ranged from 0.07 to 7.35 per 1000 adult men, H/TG persons ranged from 0.03 to 2.75 per 1000 adult men, and PWIDs ranged from 0.01 to 31.30 per 1000 adult men. Additionally, approximately 14% of FSWs, 7% of MSM, and 8% of H/TG individuals were estimated to operate exclusively through network operators. The community-led PMPSE has updated the size estimates for FSWs, MSM, PWIDs, and H/TG individuals at a granular level. This approach has emphatically quantified the presence of network operators. The methodological simplicity of the present round of PMPSE is likely to encourage and facilitate its periodic implementation for better tracking of population level changes in HIV burden based on more reliable denominators. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Progress and challenges towards eliminating vertical transmission of HIV in India
(Nature Research, 2025) Pradeep Vignesh Kumar; Chinmoyee Das; Vishal Singh Deo; Himanshu Kumar Chaturvedi; Subrata Biswas; Nidhi Priyam; Lalit Singh Kharayat; Sanjay Kumar Rai; Sheela V. Godbole; Elangovan Arumugam; Pinnaka Venkata Maha Lakshmi; Dr Shanta Dutta; Hanjabam Sanayaima Devi; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Arvind Kumar Singh; Rashmi G. Shinde; Damodar Sahu; Shashi Kant; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Madhav Mehendale; Shobini Rajan
India has intensified efforts towards elimination of vertical transmission of HIV (EVTH) as part of National AIDS and STD Control Programme-V (NACP-V). We present the progress in achieving NACP-V’s EVTH goal as of year 2023-24. We analysed the 2023 state level data using Spectrum model in 2023 to measure the coverage of anti-retroviral treatment among pregnant women, annual paediatric HIV case incidence rate and final vertical transmission rate. UNAIDS and WHO definitions for these indicators were used. In 2023, around 2350 new paediatric infections were estimated by vertical transmission. However, 44% of these transmissions resulted from incident HIV infections among pregnant and breastfeeding women. Overall, paediatric HIV incidence per 100,000 live births decreased from 25.2 (14.7–46.6) in 2019 to 10.4 (6.1–19.3) in 2023. During the same reference period, final vertical transmission rate (inclusive of breastfeeding period) decreased from 25.28% (17.06–37.99) in 2019 to 11.75% (7.93–17.66) in 2023. The 2023 India HIV estimates, using recent data and global modelling tools, highlighted progress in eliminating vertical transmission of HIV. Early identification of HIV-positive mothers and starting them on lifelong ART is crucial. Additionally, generating local evidence is needed on interventions like safe practices, repeat testing, and feeding practices to inform policy decisions. © The Author(s) 2025.
Projected impact of fast-tracking of antiretroviral treatment coverage on vertical transmission of HIV in India
(Public Library of Science, 2024) Pradeep Kumar; Chinmoyee Das; Subrata Biswas; Nidhi Priyam; Lalit Singh Kharayat; Damodar Sahu; Sanjay K. Rai; Sheela V. Godbole; Elangovan Arumugam; P.V.M. Lakshmi; Shanta Dutta; H. Sanayaima Devi; Arvind Pandey; Dandu Chandra Sekhar Reddy; Sanjay Mehendale; Shobini Rajan
One of the five high-level goals under Phase V of the National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) of the Government of India is the elimination of vertical transmission of HIV. In this paper, we estimate the potential impact of maintaining and enhancing the antiretroviral treatment under the NACP in terms of averting new infections and vertical transmission rates vis-à-vis no intervention scenario. We used India’s HIV Estimates 2022 models to create treatment coverage scenarios of no interventions, status quo, business as usual, on-track and fast-track scenarios from 2023 to 2030. Our analysis indicates that fast-tracking scale-up of treatment services would avert almost 41000 child infections from 2023 to 2030 leading to a vertical transmission rate of around 7.70% in 2030 vis-a-vis no interventions scenario. Higher and sustained ART coverage would not only take the country closer to the elimination goals but would also prevent thousands of vertical transmissions, thus bringing a lot of benefits to HIV-positive pregnant women and their families. Supported by efforts for the prevention of new infections in the general population, India is on track for the attainment of elimination of vertical transmission of HIV by 2030. © 2024 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.