Browsing by Author "Gaurav Gupta"

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A new topology for multilevel inverter
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Vivek Kumar Sharma; Varun Anand; Gaurav Gupta; Vishakha Vaish
Single-Phase multilevel converters are suitable for medium power applications as photovoltaic systems and switched reluctance machines, whereas, three-phase inverters are widely used in industries for high power applications. A new single phase topology and its three-phase applications with reduced device count is proposed so that the complexity as well as the cost of the system gets reduced to a larger extent. A new control scheme known as, zero level control, is introduced to maintain the voltage of DC-link capacitors. Simulation results have also been presented to validate the proposed control scheme. © 2015 IEEE.
Advances in Lung Cancer Treatment Using Nanomedicines
(American Chemical Society, 2023) Akshansh Sharma; Devanshi Shambhwani; Sadanand Pandey; Jay Singh; Hauzel Lalhlenmawia; Murali Kumarasamy; Sachin Kumar Singh; Dinesh Kumar Chellappan; Gaurav Gupta; Parteek Prasher; Kamal Dua; Deepak Kumar
Carcinoma of the lungs is among the most menacing forms of malignancy and has a poor prognosis, with a low overall survival rate due to delayed detection and ineffectiveness of conventional therapy. Therefore, drug delivery strategies that may overcome undesired damage to healthy cells, boost therapeutic efficacy, and act as imaging tools are currently gaining much attention. Advances in material science have resulted in unique nanoscale-based theranostic agents, which provide renewed hope for patients suffering from lung cancer. Nanotechnology has vastly modified and upgraded the existing techniques, focusing primarily on increasing bioavailability and stability of anti-cancer drugs. Nanocarrier-based imaging systems as theranostic tools in the treatment of lung carcinoma have proven to possess considerable benefits, such as early detection and targeted therapeutic delivery for effectively treating lung cancer. (Figure presented) Several variants of nano-drug delivery agents have been successfully studied for therapeutic applications, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, and micelles. In this Review, we present a comprehensive outline on the various types of overexpressed receptors in lung cancer, as well as the various targeting approaches of nanoparticles. © 2022 The Authors.
Algorithm for even power sharing using feed forward space vector modulation technique in multilevel inverter
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Varun Anand; Vivek Kumar Sharma; Gaurav Gupta; Vishakha Vaish
Advances in multilevel inverter topologies has been comprehended by advent of newer control strategies. One such strategy is feed forward space vector modulation which can be applied on single phase multilevel inverters. The algorithm, being flexible in manipulation, can be easily implemented with a digital controller. This paper proposes a feed-forward space vector modulation method with equal power sharing. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB and experimental validation has been done for a particular load on a five-level topology to verify the concept. © 2015 IEEE.
An overview of circular RNAs
(Springer New York LLC, 2018) Rajendra Awasthi; Anurag Kumar Singh; Gaurav Mishra; Anand Maurya; Dinesh Kumar Chellappan; Gaurav Gupta; Philip Michael Hansbro; Kamal Dua
Circular RNAs (cirRNAs) are long, noncoding endogenous RNA molecules and covalently closed continuous loop without 5′–3′ polarity and polyadenylated tail which are largely concentrated in the nucleus. CirRNA regulates gene expression by modulating microRNAs and functions as potential biomarker. CirRNAs can translate in vivo to link between their expression and disease. They are resistant to RNA exonuclease and can convert to the linear RNA by microRNA which can then act as competitor to endogenous RNA. This chapter summarizes the evolutionary conservation and expression of cirRNAs, their identification, highlighting various computational approaches on cirRNA, and translation with a focus on the breakthroughs and the challenges in this new field. © 2018, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Common variant c.-22 + 155C > T of BDNF as a genetic risk factor of opium addiction
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Anit Kumar; Sheikh Nizamuddin; Niraj Rai; Biswajit Roy; Manju Kashyap; Gaurav Gupta; Vineet Kaswan; Naveen Kumar Kaushik; Jatin Bodwal; Poonam Rana; Anshuman Mishra; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; H.T. Marc Timmers; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Amit Kaushik
Opioid use disorder is largely genetic in nature. The common genetic variants present in population might be modulating the risk by affecting expression level of genes in the brain. Here, we study common variants in promoter region of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) in a highly prevalent opium addiction geographical region. We identify highly expressed isoforms using CAGE datasets and its associated promoter. Common variants were extracted from promoters and genotyped in addicts compared to controls. The associated variants obtained through hitchhiking events were removed and eQTL analysis was performed. We identified two mutations (rs7944119:G > T and rs13306221:C > T) in the promoter of BDNF to be significantly associated with the addiction. In the dominant inheritance model, both rs7944119 and rs13306221 increases the risk of addiction. Of these two, rs7944119 was in linkage disequilibrium with rs13306221 and showed association due to hitchhiking. The rs13306221-T was associated with a lower expression level of the short BDNF isoform in the Cerebellar cortex. This finding suggests that rs13306221 (c.-22 + 155C > T) could increase risk of addiction by decreasing the expression level of the short isoform of BDNF, therefore, changes in the expression of the BDNF might not be the effect, but rather a cause of opium addiction disorder. Or, subjects with less expression of BDNF are more prone to addiction and addiction further decreases expression of BDNF short isoform in the brain. Although, it should be explored further in more detail. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Direct Urea Fuel Cells: A Review on Roadmap, Mechanism, Bottleneck, and Future Perspective
(American Chemical Society, 2025) Suraj Goswami; Shankab J. Phukan; Gaurav Gupta; Ranjith Krishna Pai; Sujoy Rana; Manas Roy; Pravin Kumar; Somenath Garai
Direct urea fuel cells (DUFCs) have emerged as an exceptionally viable option for sustainable energy production by utilizing urine- or urea-contaminated wastewater or AdBlue as fuel. In spite of the significant theoretical gravimetric power density, the poor electro-kinetics of the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) obstruct its operational feasibility. Therefore, an improvement of the electrode materials is needed to realize a faster electro-kinetic rate to achieve the scaled-up goals of DUFCs. This review is essential to address the latest developments in urea electrolysis and its mechanistic pathways as explored by the scientific community. Consequently, a panoramic view of the origins, underlying principles, and mechanisms of the UOR-based fuel cells are also highlighted. Additionally, the contemporary progress on transition metal oxides and their alloy-based, mixed oxide-based “nanocarbon” materials, such as carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based electrocatalysts for UOR in alkaline electrolytes discussed in detail. Furthermore, upon optimizing energy efficiency and mitigating capital investments, the economic viability of various catalytic designs is also highlighted, including structural modulation and elemental doping to accelerate the rate of UOR from the very outset to the most recent findings. Finally, the significant challenges impeding the advancement of UOR catalyst-derived DUFCs are also laid out with futuristic perspectives. © 2025 American Chemical Society.
Enhancement of immune surveillance in breast cancer by targeting hypoxic tumor endothelium: Can it be an immunological switch point?
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Juvin Ann Thomas; Athira Gireesh Gireesh Moly; Hima Xavier; Priya Suboj; Amit Ladha; Gaurav Gupta; Santosh Kumar Singh; Partha Palit; Suboj Babykutty
Breast cancer ranks second among the causes of cancer-related deaths in women. In spite of the recent advances achieved in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, further study is required to overcome the risk of cancer resistance to treatment and thereby improve the prognosis of individuals with advanced-stage breast cancer. The existence of a hypoxic microenvironment is a well-known event in the development of mutagenesis and rapid proliferation of cancer cells. Tumor cells, purposefully cause local hypoxia in order to induce angiogenesis and growth factors that promote tumor growth and metastatic characteristics, while healthy tissue surrounding the tumor suffers damage or mutate. It has been found that these settings with low oxygen levels cause immunosuppression and a lack of immune surveillance by reducing the activation and recruitment of tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs). The immune system is further suppressed by hypoxic tumor endothelium through a variety of ways, which creates an immunosuppressive milieu in the tumor microenvironment. Non responsiveness of tumor endothelium to inflammatory signals or endothelial anergy exclude effector T cells from the tumor milieu. Expression of endothelial specific antigens and immunoinhibitory molecules like Programmed death ligand 1,2 (PDL–1, 2) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) by tumor endothelium adds fuel to the fire by inhibiting T lymphocytes while promoting regulatory T cells. The hypoxic microenvironment in turn recruits Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs), Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs) and T regulatory cells (Treg). The structure and function of newly generated blood vessels within tumors, on the other hand, are aberrant, lacking the specific organization of normal tissue vasculature. Vascular normalisation may work for a variety of tumour types and show to be an advantageous complement to immunotherapy for improving tumour access. By enhancing immune response in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, via immune-herbal therapeutic and immune-nutraceuticals based approaches that leverage immunological evasion of tumor, will be briefly reviewed in this article. Whether these tactics may be the game changer for emerging immunological switch point to attenuate the breast cancer growth and prevent metastatic cell division, is the key concern of the current study. Copyright © 2023 Thomas, Gireesh, Xavier, Suboj, Ladha, Gupta, Singh, Palit and Babykutty.
Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2020) Spencer L. James; Chris D. Castle; Zachary V. Dingels; Jack T. Fox; Erin B. Hamilton; Zichen Liu; Nicholas L. S. Roberts; Dillon O. Sylte; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Matthew Cunningham; Nathaniel J. Henry; Kate E. Legrand; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Jose C. Adsuar; Shailesh M. Advani; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Tauseef Ahmad; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Suliman A. Alghnam; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Saqib Ali; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Khalid Altirkawi; Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Davood Anvari; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Amit Arora; Malke Asaad; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Ghasem Azarian; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Ahad Bakhtiari; Arun Balachandran; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Amrit Banstola; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Akbar Barzegar; Mohsen Bayati; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Habte Belete; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Archith Boloor; Guilherme Borges; Rohan Borschmann; Antonio Maria Borzì; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Traolach Brugha; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Joht S. Chandan; Jens Robert Chapman; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Irini Chatziralli; Neha Chaudhary; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young J. Choi; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; João M. Coelho; Vera M. Costa; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Ahmad Daryani; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Diego De Leo; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Diana Dias Da Silva; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Hoa Thi Do; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Maysaa El Sayedzaki; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Oghenowede Eyawo; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Florian Fischer; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Hadush Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Leake G. Gebremeskel; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Berhe Gebremichael; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Gaurav Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Brian James Hall; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Josep Maria Haro; Amir Hasanzadeh; Shoaib Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Delia Hendrie; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Martha Híjar; Hung Chak Ho; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Sudha Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Jost B. Jonas; Kelly M. Jones; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Teshome Abegaz Kamil; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Amir Kasaeian; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Taras Kavetskyy; Gbenga A. Kayode; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Abraham Getachew Kelbore; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Maseer Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; Tripti Khanna; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Roba Khundkar; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Nuworza Kugbey; Nithin Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Faris Hasan Lami; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Arman Latifi; Paolo Lauriola; Carlo La Vecchia; Janet L. Leasher; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Alan D. Lopez; Paulo A. Lotufo; Ronan A. Lyons; Daiane Borges Machado; Mohammed Madadin; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Marek Majdan; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Navid Manafi; Amir Manafi; Ana-Laura Manda; Narayana Manjunatha; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Joemer C. Maravilla; Amanda J. Mason-Jones; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik; Peter T. N. Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Atte Meretoja; Hayimro Edemealem Merie; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Efat Mohamadi; Yousef Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Masoud Moradi; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Lidia Morawska; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Shane Douglas Morrison; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Atalay Goshu Muluneh; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najaf; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod Nayak; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Heather M. Orpana; Erika Ota; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; A.P. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Keyvan Pakshir; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Eun-Kee Park; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; Kebreab Paulos; Amy E. Peden; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Jeevan Pereira; Michael R. Phillips; Roman V. Polibin; Suzanne Polinder; Farshad Pourmalek; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Swayam Prakash; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Parul Puri; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Mohammad Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Ata Rafee; Alireza Rafei; Fakher Rahim; Siavash Rahimi; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Ivo Rakovac; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Vishnu Renjith; Serge Resnikoff; Aziz Rezapour; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Carlos Miguel Rios González; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Basema Saddik; Hamid Safarpour; Mahdi Safdarian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Payman Salamati; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Hosni Salem; Inbal Salz; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Lidia Sanchez Riera; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Mehdi Sayyah; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Feng Sha; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Aziz Sheikh; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Soraya Siabani; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Amin Soheili; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Mark A. Stokes; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Yonatal Mesfin Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Ayenew Kassie Tesema Tesema; Berhe Etsay Tesfay; Rekha Thapar; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Roman Topor-Madry; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Alexander C. Tsai; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yousefi Veisani; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Taweewat Wiangkham; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Habte Woldeyes; Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Grant M. A. Wyper; Rajaram Yadav; Ali Yadollahpour; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Pengpeng Ye; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousef; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Hamed Zandian; Fatemeh Zarei; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Rakhi Dandona; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Simon I. Hay; Ali H. Mokdad; David M. Pigott; Robert C. Reiner; Theo Vos
Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2020) Spencer L. James; Chris D. Castle; Zachary V. Dingels; Jack T. Fox; Erin B. Hamilton; Zichen Liu; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Dillon O. Sylte; Nathaniel J. Henry; Kate E. LeGrand; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Aidin Abedi; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Marcela Agudelo-Botero; Tauseef Ahmad; Rushdia Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Fares Alahdab; Genet Melak Alamene; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Animut Alebel; Niguse Meles Alema; Suliman A. Alghnam; Samar Al-Hajj; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Saqib Ali; Mahtab Alikhani; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Khalid Altirkawi; Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Amit Arora; Malke Asaad; Babak Asghari; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Eleni Bagli; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Ahad Bakhtiari; Arun Balachandran; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Amrit Banstola; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Akbar Barzegar; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Habte Belete; Corina Benjet; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Soufiane Boufous; Alexandra Brazinova; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Ester Cerin; Joht S. Chandan; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Irini Chatziralli; Neha Chaudhary; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Samantha M. Colquhoun; Maria-Magdalena Constantin; Vera M. Costa; Giovanni Damiani; Ahmad Daryani; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Afshin Derakhshani; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Aziz Eftekhari; Elham Ehsani-Chimeh; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Daniel Adane Endalew; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Yousef Fatahi; Wubalem Fekadu; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Berhe Gebremichael; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Birhanu Geta; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Asadollah Gholamian; Tiffany K. Gill; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Gaurav Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli; Brian James Hall; Randah R. 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Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Mutation analysis of mthfr gene in Indian women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages; Folic acid supplementation improves pregnancy outcomes
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Nalini J. Gupta; Gaurav Gupta; Swarup K. Chakrabarti; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Lalji Singh; Baidyanath Chakravarty
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is classically defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive clinically recognized pregnancy losses that end prior to twenty weeks. The cause(s) of RPL are elusive, often idiopathic, and multifactorial that is frustrating for the couples and the physicians. Many RPL results from chromosomal or genetic abnormalities and are random events. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with many cases of RPL. The activity of the MTHFR enzyme is markedly reduced in people with C677T gene polymorphisms that decreases the conversion of homocysteine into methionine resulting in homocysteine accumulation in the blood, a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia that has been described as a risk factor for the idiopathic RPL or recurrent miscarriages, however its role has not been firmly established in RPL till date. Furthermore, plasma folic acid levels have been observed to be lower in individuals with (MTHFR) C677T genotype. In the present study, we investigated the role of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in hyperhomocysteinemia leading to RPL in Indian women. Moreover, the effect of folic acid supplementation on RPL in Indian women with MTHFR C677T polymorphism was also investigated. Indian female patients of various age groups (24-39 years) with unexplained recurrent miscarriages including PCOS were selected (case group) for this study. They were genotyped for MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and homocysteine levels in the plasma were also measured. A total of 302 Indian female patients with the history of recurrent miscarriage/RPL were studied along with 100 control patients. Female patients with no PCOS were selected as control group for this study. Written consents were taken from all the patients. Peripheral blood from the patients was collected and the plasma homocysteine levels were measured. MTHFR C677T polymorphism was measured using sequencer and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). 21% of cases were found to be heterozygous for the point mutation at 677 C > T in MTHFR gene. All of them had elevated homocysteine levels. Odds Ratio (OR) was found to be 2.2405 at 95% of confidence interval (CI) and the Risk ratio was observed to be 1.9476, thereby indicating a strong positive correlation between the mutation and the RPL as observed in this study. Thus, the detection of wild type, homozygous/heterozygous status of mutation 677 C > T in the patients could predict risk factors for miscarriages and subsequent fetal health foundation. Furthermore, the mutational analysis will also be helpful to identify possible correlation with other health complications and diseases through case studies. Moreover, in this study we observed beneficial effect of folic acid supplementation in lowering homocyteine levels in patients with RPL. However, large prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to further ascertain the beneficial role of folic acid supplementation in the precise management of RPL. © 2021 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.