Browsing by Author "Gurmeet Singh"

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Long term and electrochemical corrosion investigation of cold worked AISI 316L and 316LVM stainless steels in simulated body fluid
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014) Mohd Talha; C.K. Behera; Sudershan Kumar; Om Pal; Gurmeet Singh; O.P. Sinha
AISI 316L and 316LVM stainless steels in annealed (solution quenched from 1050°C) and rolled (10% and 20% cold work) conditions were assessed for their long term and electrochemical corrosion behavior in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C. The techniques used for the characterization of their corrosion resistance were the weight loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the surface morphologies of the alloys after the polarization tests. Surface analysis of the films formed on the steels in SBF was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The weight loss and corrosion rate decreased with increasing degree of cold working. The resistance of a passive film is directly related to the material's corrosion resistance and increases on cold working, indicating the formation of a larger protective oxide layer on the surface of cold worked samples. The corrosion current density (Icorr) decreased with increasing degree of cold working and, simultaneously, the corrosion potentials (Ecorr) became more positive. On observing the pit morphologies using SEM, shallower and smaller pits were associated with cold worked samples as compared to annealed samples. The XPS results indicated that the main elements in the passive oxide layer were Cr, Fe and Mo. The Cr-oxide (ox):Cr-hydroxide (hy) ratio and the Fe-oxide (ox):Fe-hydroxide (hy) ratio were observed to be higher for rolled materials than for annealed materials, indicating that the passive films on rolled materials are more protective and improve the corrosion resistance. This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2014.
Mesoporous polymeric nanoparticles for effective treatment of inflammatory diseases: an in vivo study
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025) Divya Pareek; Md Zeyaullah; Sukanya Patra; Oviya Alagu; Gurmeet Singh; Kirti Wasnik; Prem Shankar Gupta; Pradip Paik
Acute inflammatory diseases require suitable medicine over the existing therapeutics. In this line, the present work is focused on developing polymeric nanomedicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Herein, cell viable nanoparticles (GlyNPs) of size 180-250 nm in diameter and pore size of 4-5 nm in diameter, based on glycine and acryloyl chloride, have been developed and proved to be a potential anti-inflammatory agent without using any conventional drugs. These particles exhibit colloidal stability (with a zeta potential of −35.6 mV). A network pharmacology-based computational study has been executed on 9076 genes and proteins responsible for inflammatory diseases, out of which 10 are selected that have a major role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In silico docking study has been conducted to find out the targeted efficiency of the GlyNPs considering 10 inflammation-specific markers, namely IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR-4, STAT-1, MAPK-8, MAPK-14, iNOS, NF-κβ and COX-2. The results revealed that the GlyNPs could be an excellent anti-inflammatory component similar to aspirin. The in vitro inflammation activity of these GlyNPs has also been checked on an inflammation model generated by LPS in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Then, the in vitro anti-inflammation efficiency has been checked with 10-150 μg mL−1 of GlyNP doses. The treatment efficiency has been checked on inflammation-responsible immune markers (NO level, NF-κβ, INF-γ, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and it was found that the GlyNPs are an excellent component in reducing inflammation. The in vivo therapeutic response of GlyNPs on the induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model has been evaluated by measuring the morphological, biochemical and immune-cytokine and interferon levels responsible for the inflammation, using a 2 g kg−1 dose (sample to weight of rat). The anti-inflammatory efficiency of GlyNPs without using additional drugs was found to be excellent. Thus, GlyNPs could be paramount for the potential treatment of various inflammatory diseases. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Neurogenic and angiogenic poly(N-acryloylglycine)-co-(acrylamide)-co-(N-acryloyl-glutamate) hydrogel: preconditioning effect under oxidative stress and use in neuroregeneration
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Kirti Wasnik; Prem Shankar Gupta; Gurmeet Singh; Somedutta Maity; Sukanya Patra; Divya Pareek; Sandeep Kumar; Vipin Rai; Ravi Prakash; Arbind Acharya; Pralay Maiti; Sudip Mukherjee; Yitzhak Mastai; Pradip Paik
Traumatic injuries, neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress serve as the early biomarkers for neuronal damage and impede angiogenesis and subsequently neuronal growth. Considering this, the present work aimed to develop a poly(N-acryloylglycine)-co-(acrylamide)-co-(N-acryloylglutamate) hydrogel [p(NAG-Ac-NAE)] with angiogenesis/neurogenesis properties. As constituents of this polymer modulate their vital role in biological functions, inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine regulates neuronal homeostasis, and glutamatergic signalling regulates angiogenesis. The p(NAG-Ac-NAE) hydrogel is a highly branched, biodegradable and pH-responsive polymer with a very high swelling behavior of 6188%. The mechanical stability (G′, 2.3-2.7 kPa) of this polymeric hydrogel is commendable in the differentiation of mature neurons. This hydrogel is biocompatible (as tested in HUVEC cells) and helps to proliferate PC12 cells (152.7 ± 13.7%), whereas it is cytotoxic towards aggressive cancers such as glioblastoma (LN229 cells) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC; MDA-MB-231 cells) and helps to maintain the healthy cytoskeleton framework structure of primary cortical neurons by facilitating the elongation of the axonal pathway. Furthermore, FACS results revealed that the synthesized hydrogel potentiates neurogenesis by inducing the cell cycle (G0/G1) and arresting the sub-G1 phase by limiting apoptosis. Additionally, RT-PCR results revealed that this hydrogel induced an increased level of HIF-1α expression, providing preconditioning effects towards neuronal cells under oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and initiating neurogenic and angiogenic signalling. This hydrogel further exhibits more pro-angiogenic activities by increasing the expression of VEGF isoforms compared to previously reported hydrogels. In conclusion, the newly synthesized p(NAG-Ac-NAE) hydrogel can be one of the potential neuroregenerative materials for vasculogenesis-assisted neurogenic applications and paramount for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Pharmaceutical Standardization and Comparative Study of Varunadi Kvatha Churna as Varunadi Ghana Vati/Tablet and Varunadi Pravahi Kvatha
(Informatics Publishing Limited, 2024) Gurmeet Singh; Priyanka Chaudhary; Mohit Sharma; Vaishnavi; Ankit Kumar Yadav; Saurabh Singh; Bimlesh Kumar; Narendra Kumar Pandey; Sachin Kumar Singh; Anand Kumar Choudhary; Dileep Singh Baghel
Background: In Ayurveda, there are many types of potent dosage forms available with their different specifications, anupan, preparation procedure and shelf life. The preparation of medicines of herbal drug origin is generally included in the Bhaishajya Kalpana section. In Bhaishajya Kalpana there are five basic dosage forms necessary to prepare formulations from herbal origin drugs i.e. Swarasa, Kalka, Kvatha, Hima and Phanta. These five basic formulations are potent dosage forms which can moulded into different finished formulations. Aim: The objectives of this study were to prepare and standardise the Varunadi Kvatha Churna as Varunadi Ghana Vati/Tablet and Varunadi Pravahi Kvatha with a comparative study. Methods: Firstly, kvatha churna was prepared as per the master formula. The kvatha churna was then used in two different ways i.e. firstly it was used to prepare Varunadi Ghana Vati (Tablet) without using any additives as it acts as a self-binder. On the other hand, Pravahi kvatha was prepared which is a self-generated alcohol formulation, in which dhataki pushpa, gudda and babool are added as a fermentation initiator and additives. Results: Physicochemical parameters do not show significant variation. According to the TLC profile, the Ghana Vati has six spots i.e. having much more active constituents than the Pravahi kvatha having two spots. Therefore, according to the parameters, it might be stated that the Pravahi kvatha has much more stability than the Ghana Vati. But as far as palatability and activity are concerned Ghana Vati is comparatively better than Pravahi kvatha Conclusion: Converting Varunadi Kvatha Churna into Varunadi Ghana Vati, Varunadi Pravahi Kvatha provides several benefits related to ease of use, dosage precision, and patient preference. Hence based on observation we stated that the Varunadi Ghana Vati has a better choice of dosage form as compared to Varunadi Pravahi Kvatha, although it has better stability. © 2024, Informatics Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.
Poly(N-acryloyl-l-phenylalanine) nanoparticles for potential treatment of inflammation in selective organs
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025) Divya Pareek; Sukanya Patra; Md Zeyaullah; Gurmeet Singh; Taniya Das; Prakriti Sundar Samanta; Aman Srikant Kudada; Anjali Ramsabad Mourya; Kirti Wasnik; Rajalaxmi Pradhan; Yitzhak Mastai; Pradip Paik
Systemic inflammation can lead to multi-organ failure. The existing anti-inflammatory agents show adverse side effects, and the present situation demands new drugs with high therapeutic efficiency. Polymeric nanoparticles based on amino acids could be one of the best alternative solutions due to their cytocompatibility and immune responses. Herein, we synthesized polymeric nanoparticles (Phe NPs) with a size of 20-30 nm using N-acryloyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester as a precursor. The biological and immune responses of Phe NPs were found to be commanding, which was proven using immune cells (RAW 264.7 macrophages). In vitro study revealed an easy uptake of these NPs (∼98%) by the immune cells and that they can reduce inflammation by improving the immune response. In silico molecular docking results revealed that Phe NPs could potentially interact with immune cytokines such as IL-6, NF-κβ, TNF-α, COX2 and IL-1β. Phe NPs exhibit a similar type of binding and interaction as ibuprofen (IBF), which confirms its immune response to control inflammation. The anti-inflammatory response of Phe NPs was established through an in vitro inflammation model developed using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, an LPS-induced in vivo rat model was developed, which revealed that Phe NPs are useful for the treatment of systemic inflammation. Blood-based biochemical parameters such as C-reactive protein, lactate and procalcitonin levels were determined, and the anti-inflammatory responses of Phe NPs were confirmed through RT-PCR analysis by measuring the levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6 and VEGF. Finally, an in vivo systemic inflammation rat model was used to examine the systemic organs (brain, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs and heart) before and after treatment with Phe NPs to prove their anti-inflammatory responses. H&E histological analysis of different organs further revealed that even at a low dose of 100 μg kg−1, Phe NPs are immune-responsive/protective and anti-inflammatory in nature. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Poly(N-acryloylglycine-acrylamide) Hydrogel Mimics the Cellular Microenvironment and Promotes Neurite Growth with Protection from Oxidative Stress
(American Chemical Society, 2023) Kirti Wasnik; Prem Shankar Gupta; Sudip Mukherjee; Alagu Oviya; Ravi Prakash; Divya Pareek; Sukanya Patra; Somedutta Maity; Vipin Rai; Monika Singh; Gurmeet Singh; Desh Deepak Yadav; Santanu Das; Pralay Maiti; Pradip Paik
In this work, the glycine-based acryloyl monomer is polymerized to obtain a neurogenic polymeric hydrogel for regenerative applications. The synthesized poly(N-acryloylglycine-acrylamide) [poly(NAG-b-A)] nanohydrogel exhibits high swelling (∼1500%) and is mechanically very stable, biocompatible, and proliferative in nature. The poly(NAG-b-A) nanohydrogel provides a stable 3D extracellular mimetic environment and promotes healthy neurite growth for primary cortical neurons by facilitating cellular adhesion, proliferation, actin filament stabilization, and neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, the protective role of the poly(NAG-b-A) hydrogel for the neurons in oxidative stress conditions is revealed and it is found that it is a clinically relevant material for neuronal regenerative applications, such as for promoting nerve regeneration via GSK3β inhibition. This hydrogel additionally plays an important role in modulating the biological microenvironment, either as an agonist and antagonist or as an antioxidant. Furthermore, it favors the physiological responses and eases the neurite growth efficiency. Additionally, we found out that the conversion of glycine-based acryloyl monomers into their corresponding polymer modulates the mechanical performance, mimics the cellular microenvironment, and accelerates the self-healing capability due to the responsive behavior towards reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the p(NAG-b-A) hydrogel could be a potential candidate to induce neuronal regeneration since it provides a physical cue and significantly boosts neurite outgrowth and also maintains the microtubule integrity in neuronal cells. © 2023 American Chemical Society.
Poly[(N-acryloyl glycine)-co-(acrylamide)]-induced cell growth inhibition in heparanase-driven malignancies
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025) Kirti Wasnik; Gurmeet Singh; Desh Deepak Yadav; Sukanya Patra; Prem Shankar Gupta; Alagu Oviya; Sandeep Kumar; Divya Pareek; Pradip Paik
In the present work, glycine, the monomer N-acryloylglycine (NAG), and polymeric units of poly[(N-acryloylglycine)-co-(acrylamide)] p(NAG-co-Ac) are examined using density functional theory (DFT), and experimental evidence is provided for their use in the therapy of cancer with a poor prognosis. Glycine plays a pivotal role in cell survival, and most anti-cancer agents alter glycine metabolomics and suppress cancer cell proliferation. Herein, we have utilized Frontier Molecular Orbital theory (FMO), and the results revealed that the introduction of acrylamide/divinyl benzene into the glycine-based polymer increased its biological activity by lowering the energy band gap. Heparanase and proteases are important in invasive tumor progression and worsening of prognosis. In this context, we have synthesized co-polymeric p(NAG-co-Ac) and revealed its protease inhibitory activities. It is revealed that the cross-linked homo-polymeric and cross-linked hetero-polymeric tetrameric arrangements inhibit heparanase activity via interacting at heparanase binding domain II (HBDII) with a docking score of ∼−11.08 kcal mol−1 (Ki) and at heparanase binding domain III (HBD III). The bathochromically shifted CD spectrum shows that the hydrogel interacts with heparanase and disturbs the secondary protein structure of the synthesized p(NAG-co-Ac) polymer. It is found that the synthesized p(NAG-co-Ac) hydrogel has anti-proliferative activity, acts as a migratory inhibitor of cancer cells, and favors programmed cell death. Further, the p(NAG-co-Ac) hydrogel exhibited anti-angiogenic behavior. In conclusion, p(NAG-co-Ac), with its anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic capabilities, has a future as a potential anticancer polymer for the treatment of heparanase-driven invasive malignancies without using any additional anticancer drugs, and is promising for cancer treatment. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Self-assembled amino acid-based copolymer nanoparticles for wound healing and tissue regeneration: structure studied through molecular dynamic simulation
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025) Sukanya Patra; Desh Deepak Yadav; Gurmeet Singh; Jyotirmayee; Prakriti Sundar Samanta; Divya Pareek; Aman Srikant Kudada; Anjali Ramsabad Mourya; Debdip Bhandary; Pradip Paik
Amino acid-based block copolymer nanoparticles with cross-linkers have garnered growing interest in recent years. However, its intricate synthesis and purification difficulties, along with stability concerns linked to intermicellar crosslinking, restrict their potential use in healthcare and therapeutic applications. Thus, the present work aimed to design amphiphilic block copolymer nanoparticles of N-acryloyl glycine and N-acryloyl-(l-phenylalanine methyl ester), i.e., p(NAG-co-NAPA)wc, without the use of a crosslinker via miniemulsion free radical polymerization. The self-assembled π-π stacking structural arrangement of the copolymer at different temperatures has been confirmed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which corroborated the structural stability of the copolymer nanoparticles at physiological temperature (37 °C). The cell migration results of the p(NAG-co-NAPA)wc nanoparticles are complementary to those of the CEMA assay, revealing their tissue regeneration properties. Furthermore, the in vivo wound healing study demonstrated that within 13 days post-treatment, ∼97% of the wound can be healed, whereas for the control, it was found to be only ∼80%. Additionally, the RT-PCR results revealed that the p(NAG-co-NAPA)wc nanoparticles possess anti-inflammatory and tissue regeneration properties by downregulating TNF-α and IL-1β and upregulating PECAM-1 and VEGF-A, respectively. In conclusion, these p(NAG-co-NAPA)wc nanoparticles are paramount with an extensive clinical potential for the regeneration of acute wounds and can be used for other therapeutic applications. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.