Browsing by Author "Harish"

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Coping with the challenges of abiotic stress in plants: New dimensions in the field application of nanoparticles
(MDPI AG, 2021) Vishnu D. Rajput; Tatiana Minkina; Arpna Kumari; Harish; Vipin Kumar Singh; Krishan K. Verma; Saglara Mandzhieva; Svetlana Sushkova; Sudhakar Srivastava; Chetan Keswani
Abiotic stress in plants is a crucial issue worldwide, especially heavy-metal contami-nants, salinity, and drought. These stresses may raise a lot of issues such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane damage, loss of photosynthetic efficiency, etc. that could alter crop growth and developments by affecting biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes, causing a significant loss in productivity. To overcome the impact of these abiotic stressors, many strategies could be considered to support plant growth including the use of nanoparticles (NPs). However, the majority of studies have focused on understanding the toxicity of NPs on aquatic flora and fauna, and relatively less attention has been paid to the topic of the beneficial role of NPs in plants stress response, growth, and development. More scientific attention is required to understand the behavior of NPs on crops under these stress conditions. Therefore, the present work aims to comprehensively review the beneficial roles of NPs in plants under different abiotic stresses, especially heavy metals, salinity, and drought. This review provides deep insights about mechanisms of abiotic stress alleviation in plants under NP application. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Endophytic Nanotechnology: An Approach to Study Scope and Potential Applications
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Mukesh Meena; Andleeb Zehra; Prashant Swapnil; Harish; Avinash Marwal; Garima Yadav; Priyankaraj Sonigra
Nanotechnology has become a very advanced and popular form of technology with huge potentials. Nanotechnology has been very well explored in the fields of electronics, automobiles, construction, medicine, and cosmetics, but the exploration of nanotecnology’s use in agriculture is still limited. Due to climate change, each year around 40% of crops face abiotic and biotic stress; with the global demand for food increasing, nanotechnology is seen as the best method to mitigate challenges in disease management in crops by reducing the use of chemical inputs such as herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides. The use of these toxic chemicals is potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, using NPs as fungicides/ bactericides or as nanofertilizers, due to their small size and high surface area with high reactivity, reduces the problems in plant disease management. There are several methods that have been used to synthesize NPs, such as physical and chemical methods. Specially, we need ecofriendly and nontoxic methods for the synthesis of NPs. Some biological organisms like plants, algae, yeast, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi have emerged as superlative candidates for the biological synthesis of NPs (also considered as green synthesis). Among these biological methods, endophytic microorganisms have been widely used to synthesize NPs with low metallic ions, which opens a new possibility on the edge of biological nanotechnology. In this review, we will have discussed the different methods of synthesis of NPs, such as top-down, bottom-up, and green synthesis (specially including endophytic microorganisms) methods, their mechanisms, different forms of NPs, such as magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs), copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs), β-d-glucan nanoparticles (GNPs), and engineered nanoparticles (quantum dots, metalloids, nonmetals, carbon nanomaterials, dendrimers, and liposomes), and their molecular approaches in various aspects. At the molecular level, nanoparticles, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and RNA-interference molecules, can also be used as molecular tools to carry genetic material during genetic engineering of plants. In plant disease management, NPs can be used as biosensors to diagnose the disease. © Copyright © 2021 Meena, Zehra, Swapnil, Harish, Marwal, Yadav and Sonigra.
Functional characterization of microbes and their association with unwanted substance for wastewater treatment processes
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Prashant Swapnil; Laishram Amarjit Singh; Chandan Mandal; Abhishek Sahoo; Farida Batool; Anuradha; Mukesh Meena; Pritee Kumari; Harish; Andleeb Zehra
Nowadays, microorganisms can be used to eliminate a variety of pollutants such as toxic metal ions from wastewater. These emergences of harmful elements in wastewater, high-priced cultivation of microbes and technical hitches in industrial scale production appeared as main challenges for thriving coupling of microbes with wastewater. These microbes serve as potential sorbents by following suitable adsorption mechanisms. There are some photobioreactors have been also mentioned in this review which is based on microbial biofilm and emerged as an alternative technology to predictable photosynthetic systems for treatment of wastewater based on biomass production at low cost. Bioremediation using different microbes showed contrast results to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Microorganism such as Nostoc sp., Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus lentulus and Aspergillus niger remediate 99.6, 99.89, 99.7 and 98 % of Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni, respectively. In this review, mechanistic approaches and distinct pathways of the microbes for removal of various inorganic and organic compounds from wastewater have been methodically discussed. We have also discussed some major commercial production challenges such as techno-economic feasibility genetic engineering research and biorefinery approach. Overall the review discussed the microbial biodiversity in wastewater and their role in remediation of wastewater and their ability to be a potent candidate headed for sustainable industrial wastewater treatment applications through different approaches such as phytoremediation and bioremediation. This article provides valuable insights into multiple aspects of environmental biotechnology, including photobioreactors, metal uptake capacity of microorganisms, heavy metal contamination and its effects and bioremediation using molecular approaches and wastewater treatment through phytoremediation. Moreover, it contributes to our understanding of these topics and can help in the development of sustainable solutions for environmental remediation and pollution control in wastewater though microorganisms. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
Genetic homogeneity of guava plants derived from somatic embryogenesis using SSR and ISSR markers
(2012) Manoj K. Rai; Mahendra Phulwaria; Harish; Amit K. Gupta; N.S. Shekhawat; U. Jaiswal
To evaluate genetic homogeneity of 1-year-old guava (Psidium guajava L.) plants developed from in vitro somatic embryogenesis, DNA from leaf tissues of seven randomly selected plants along with the mother plant, was isolated and subjected to molecular analysis. A total of six Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primer pairs, producing reproducible and clear bands ranging from 100 to 300 bp in size, resulted in amplification of single band (allele), corresponding homozygous individuals. Moreover, of 10 different inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers screened, six produced resolvable, reproducible and scorable bands. All these ISSRs produced a total of 25 bands, ranging between 300 and 1,200 bp length, and the number of scorable bands, for each primer varied from three to six with an average of 4.1 bands per primer. The amplification products were monomorphic across all the micropropagated plants produced by all SSR and ISSR primers applied. The monomorphic banding pattern in micropropagated plants and the mother plant confirms the genetic homogeneity of the in vitro raised plants and demonstrates the reliability of our in vitro propagation system for guava. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Multifarious Responses of Forest Soil Microbial Community Toward Climate Change
(Springer, 2023) Mukesh Meena; Garima Yadav; Priyankaraj Sonigra; Adhishree Nagda; Tushar Mehta; Prashant Swapnil; Harish; Avinash Marwal; Sumit Kumar
Forest soils are a pressing subject of worldwide research owing to the several roles of forests such as carbon sinks. Currently, the living soil ecosystem has become dreadful as a consequence of several anthropogenic activities including climate change. Climate change continues to transform the living soil ecosystem as well as the soil microbiome of planet Earth. The majority of studies have aimed to decipher the role of forest soil bacteria and fungi to understand and predict the impact of climate change on soil microbiome community structure and their ecosystem in the environment. In forest soils, microorganisms live in diverse habitats with specific behavior, comprising bulk soil, rhizosphere, litter, and deadwood habitats, where their communities are influenced by biotic interactions and nutrient accessibility. Soil microbiome also drives multiple crucial steps in the nutrient biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur cycles). Soil microbes help in the nitrogen cycle through nitrogen fixation during the nitrogen cycle and maintain the concentration of nitrogen in the atmosphere. Soil microorganisms in forest soils respond to various effects of climate change, for instance, global warming, elevated level of CO2, drought, anthropogenic nitrogen deposition, increased precipitation, and flood. As the major burning issue of the globe, researchers are facing the major challenges to study soil microbiome. This review sheds light on the current scenario of knowledge about the effect of climate change on living soil ecosystems in various climate-sensitive soil ecosystems and the consequences for vegetation-soil-climate feedbacks. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PGPR-mediated induction of systemic resistance and physiochemical alterations in plants against the pathogens: Current perspectives
(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2020) Mukesh Meena; Prashant Swapnil; Kumari Divyanshu; Sunil Kumar; Harish; Yashoda Nandan Tripathi; Andleeb Zehra; Avinash Marwal; Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are diverse groups of plant-associated microorganisms, which can reduce the severity or incidence of disease during antagonism among bacteria and soil-borne pathogens, as well as by influencing a systemic resistance to elicit defense response in host plants. An amalgamation of various strains of PGPR has improved the efficacy by enhancing the systemic resistance opposed to various pathogens affecting the crop. Many PGPR used with seed treatment causes structural improvement of the cell wall and physiological/biochemical changes leading to the synthesis of proteins, peptides, and chemicals occupied in plant defense mechanisms. The major determinants of PGPR-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) are lipopolysaccharides, lipopeptides, siderophores, pyocyanin, antibiotics 2,4-diacetylphoroglucinol, the volatile 2,3-butanediol, N-alkylated benzylamine, and iron-regulated compounds. Many PGPR inoculants have been commercialized and these inoculants consequently aid in the improvement of crop growth yield and provide effective reinforcement to the crop from disease, whereas other inoculants are used as biofertilizers for native as well as crops growing at diverse extreme habitat and exhibit multifunctional plant growth-promoting attributes. A number of applications of PGPR formulation are needed to maintain the resistance levels in crop plants. Several microarray-based studies have been done to identify the genes, which are associated with PGPR-induced systemic resistance. Identification of these genes associated with ISR-mediating disease suppression and biochemical changes in the crop plant is one of the essential steps in understanding the disease resistance mechanisms in crops. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the PGPR-mediated innovative methods, focusing on the mode of action of compounds authorized that may be significant in the development contributing to enhance plant growth, disease resistance, and serve as an efficient bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture. The review also highlights current research progress in this field with a special emphasis on challenges, limitations, and their environmental and economic advantages. © 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH
Plant-Microbe Interaction - Recent Advances in Molecular and Biochemical Approaches: Volume 1: Overview of Biochemical and Physiological Alteration During Plant-Microbe Interaction
(Elsevier, 2023) Prashant Swapnil; Mukesh Meena; Harish; Avinash Marwal; Selvakumar Vijayalakshmi; Andleeb Zehra
Plant-Microbe Interaction - Recent Advances in Molecular and Biochemical Approaches: Overview of Biochemical and Physiological Alteration During Plant-Microbe Interaction, Volume One covers the role of these plant microbes and their interaction between plants and microbes. These beneficial microbes, such as bacteria and fungi are also known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) through a biochemical reaction that may improve induced systemic resistance in the plant host via indirectly (against phytopathogens) or directly (the solubilization of mineral nutrients) by producing phytohormones and specific enzymes such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. The book covers biochemical processes such as physiological, metabolic, etc. of plant and microbe interactions, the biochemistry of biological systems, the interaction of biological systems above-ground or within the rhizosphere, and the history of growth promoting microbiomes, their roles in phytoremediation efficiency, physiological and biochemical studies, chemical communication and signaling mechanisms. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Plant-Microbe Interaction - Recent Advances in Molecular and Biochemical Approaches: Volume 2: Agricultural Aspects of Microbiome Leading to Plant Defence
(Elsevier, 2023) Prashant Swapnil; Mukesh Meena; Harish; Avinash Marwal; Selvakumar Vijayalakshmi; Andleeb Zehra
Plant-Microbe Interaction - Recent Advances in Molecular and Biochemical Approaches: Agricultural Aspects of Microbiome Leading to Plant Defence, Volume Two continues the work of Volume One, covering the role of these plant microbes and their interaction between plants and microbes. These beneficial microbes, such as bacteria and fungi are also known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) through a biochemical reaction that may improve induced systemic resistance in the plant host via indirectly (against phytopathogens) or directly (the solubilization of mineral nutrients) by producing phytohormones and specific enzymes such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. The book covers biochemical processes such as physiological, metabolic, etc. of plant and microbe interactions, the biochemistry of biological systems, the interaction of biological systems above-ground or within the rhizosphere, and the history of growth promoting microbiomes, their roles in phytoremediation efficiency, physiological and biochemical studies, chemical communication and signaling mechanisms. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Conservation of Endangered Plant Species, Chlorophytum tuberosum—Potential Medicinal Plant Species
(MDPI, 2023) Andleeb Zehra; Mukesh Meena; Dhanaji M. Jadhav; Prashant Swapnil; Harish
The present review paper is an attempt to examine and provide an overview of the various conservation strategies and regulatory framework to protect endangered plants, including Chlorophytum tuberosum, popularly known as Safed Musli in the local language. C. tuberosum belongs to the family Liliaceae and is being used in the indigenous systems of medicine as a galactagogue, aphrodisiac, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-ageing, antimicrobial, etc. This plant has great medicinal and commercial value and is part of the Biological Diversity Act, but due to a lack of effective conservation, it is on the verge of extinction because of natural and manmade reasons, such as loss of habitat, climate change, pollution, excessive harvesting, etc. The most valuable medicinal plants have great importance; hence, many conservation techniques are being employed to protect them. In furtherance to the conservation of such plant species, strategic efforts, in the form of laws and policies, are laid; however, existing legislative mechanisms and policy parameters are not sufficient to overcome the challenges of conservation of such plant species, including Safed Musli, hence, this plant has been considered as a critically endangered plant in India. It is pertinent to note that we do not have specific legislation enacted for the protection of plant species; however, efforts are being made to conserve it under various laws, such as the Forest Conservation Act, Biological Diversity Act 2002, and many other allied legislations. This basic legislation of the Biological Diversity Act also lacks focal attention on the conservation of endangered plant species. Moreover, decentralization of power and actual community participation in conservation practices are also missing. A cumulative effect of both scientific measures and legal mechanisms supported by community participation may produce better results in the conservation of plant species, including Safed Musli. The protection of rich sources and biological diversity is not being taken as seriously as it ought to be, hence, it is necessary to improve awareness and public participation in conservation techniques with effective legislation for the conservation of highly endangered plant species. © 2023 by the authors.
The role of abscisic acid in plant tissue culture: A review of recent progress
(2011) Manoj K. Rai; N.S. Shekhawat; Harish; Amit K. Gupta; M. Phulwaria; Kheta Ram; U. Jaiswal
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a significant role in the regulation of many physiological processes of plants. It is often used in tissue culture systems to promote somatic embryogenesis and enhance somatic embryo quality by increasing desiccation tolerance and preventing precocious germination. ABA is also employed to induce somatic embryos to enter a quiescent state in plant tissue culture systems and during synthetic seed research. Application of exogenous ABA improves in vitro conservation and the adaptive response of plant cell and tissues to various environmental stresses. ABA can act as anti-transpirant during the acclimatization of tissue culture-raised plantlets and reduces relative water loss of leaves during the ex vitro transfer of plantlets even when non-functional stomata are present. This review focuses on the possible roles of ABA in plant tissue culture and recent developments in this area. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Unraveling the role of antimicrobial peptides in plant resistance against phytopathogens
(Springer Nature, 2024) Sumit Kumar; Lopamudra Behera; Rajesh Kumari; Dipanjali Bag; Vanama Sowmya; Chetan Keswani; Tatiana Minkina; Ali Chenari Bouket; Pranab Dutta; Yasser Nehela; Rohini; Udai B. Singh; Aarti Bairwa; Harish; Abhishek Sahoo; Prashant Swapnil; Mukesh Meena
The current reports on phytopathogens multidrug resistance have become a significant issue for plant health and global food security. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have recently gained generous attention as potential alternatives to prevent plant disease resistance because of their potent, multifarious antimicrobial activity. AMPs are low-weight protein molecules. Living organisms secrete a wide range of AMPs, with some synthesised by canonical gene expression, known as ribosomal AMPs, and non-ribosomal AMPs, synthesised by modular enzyme-generating systems. Plants produce an array of AMPs, yet they are still unknown to many infection processes of causal agents. Plant-derived AMPs have a wide range of structures and functions, and they induce an innate immune system in plants. The biologically active AMPs in plants mainly depend on direct and indirect interactions with membrane lipids. Transgenic plants have expressed several AMPs, the basis for the model of new synthetic analogues, to provide support against diseases. These peptides have shown significant ability to manage plant diseases and can provide an eco-friendly alternative to hazardous conventional methods. Here, we have a comprehensive study on AMPs to identify their role in plant pathogen stress suppression activities and their mode of action. This would surely facilitate a bottomless insight into AMPs' mode of action against pathogen infections. An improved understanding of the mechanism will facilitate the development of the next generation of antimicrobial peptides, potentially employing a multitargeted approach. © The Author(s) 2024.
Vital roles of carotenoids in plants and humans to deteriorate stress with its structure, biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and functional aspects
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Prashant Swapnil; Mukesh Meena; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Umesh Praveen Dhuldhaj; Harish; Avinash Marwal
Carotenoids are long conjugated isoprenoid molecules with over 1117 identified structures, belongs to the class of hydrocarbons, involved in a range of biological processes in plants and humans. In plant cells, plastids are the organelles that play a central role in governing biosynthesis, stability and activity of carotenoids, and their diversity. In photosynthetic tissues, carotenoids act as accessory light‐harvesting pigments and extend the range of light absorption, and also play a very important role in photoprotection. In non-photosynthetic tissues carotenoids act as colorants and precursors for isoprenoid. While in human cells, carotenoids contribute to the maintenance of skin health by increasing basal dermal defense against UV. Each of these phytochemicals produces a kind of protection against diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we precise current knowledge of the genes and enzymes involved in carotenoids metabolism, their regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation. This review also discuss the impact of various types of plastids on carotenoids biosynthesis, accumulation, their metabolic engineering and functions as stress signals in plants. © 2021