Browsing by Author "Hayley D. Tymeson"

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Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2018) Max G. Griswold; Nancy Fullman; Caitlin Hawley; Nicholas Arian; Stephanie R. M. Zimsen; Hayley D. Tymeson; Vidhya Venkateswaran; Austin Douglas Tapp; Mohammad H. Forouzanfar; Joseph S. Salama; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Degu Abate; Solomon M. Abay; Cristiana Abbafati; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Zegeye Abebe; Victor Aboyans; Mohammed Mehdi Abrar; Pawan Acharya; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Tara Ballav Adhikari; Jose C. Adsuar; Mohsen Afarideh; Emilie Elisabet Agardh; Gina Agarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Sutapa Agrawal; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Mohammed Akibu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Deena H. Al Asfoor; Ziyad Al-Aly; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Ammar Albujeer; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Syed Danish Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala'A Alkerwi; Peter Allebeck; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Leopold N. Aminde; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Colin Angus; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K. Aryal; Reza Assadi; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Henok Tadesse Ayele; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B. Ayuk; Peter S. Azzopardi; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Maciej Banach; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Lope H. Barrero; Huda Basaleem; Estifanos Baye; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Yannick Béjot; Abate Bekele Belachew; Saba Abraham Belay; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Tina Beyranvand; Soumyadeeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Nigus Bililign; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Hailemichael Bizuneh; Peter Bjerregaard; Tone Bjørge; Guilherme Borges; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Hermann Brenner; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Bianca Calabria; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Ferrán Catalá-López; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Rafael M. Claro; Sara Conti; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H. Criqui; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Paul I. Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; José Das Neves; Kairat Davletov; Filipa De Castro; Barbora De Courten; Jan-Walter De Neve; Louisa Degenhardt; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Don C. Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Rupinder Singh Dhaliwal; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; David Teye Doku; Kerrie E. Doyle; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bruce B. Duncan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Dumessa Edessa; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Sergei Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E. Erskine; Alireza Esteghamati; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S. Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L. Feigin; Mariana Santos Felisbino-Mendes; Eduarda Fernandes; Alize J. Ferrari; Cleusa P. Ferri; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Irina Filip; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Abraham D. Flaxman; Richard Charles Franklin; Neal D. Futran; Silvano Gallus; Morsaleh Ganji; Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Reza Ghadimi; Lilian A. Ghandour; Mamata Ghimire; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Ababi Zergaw Z. Giref; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Carolyn C. Gotay; Alessandra C. Goulart; Felix Greaves; Giuseppe Grosso; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Murthy Gvs; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan Beyene Hagos; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Graeme J. Hankey; Hilda L. Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Behzad Heibati; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Norberto Francisco Hernández-Llanes; Claudiu Herteliu; Desalegn Ts Tsegaw Hibstu; Praveen Hoogar; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Mostafa Hosseini; Mihaela Hostiuc; Guoqing Hu; Hsiang Huang; Abdullatif Husseini; Bulat Idrisov; Bogdan Vasile Ileanu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Maria D. Jackson; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Moti Tolera Jalu; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Umesh Kapil; Amir Kasaeian; Tesfaye D. Dessale Kassa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Seifu Kebede; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Andre Pascal Kengne; Yousef Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M. Khater; Jagdish Khubchandani; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Sonali Kochhar; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Veena S. Kulkarni; Pushpendra Kumar; Alessandra Lafranconi; Arjun Lakshmana Balaji; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Hilton Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Qing Lan; Justin J. Lang; Sonia Lansky; Anders O. Larsson; Arman Latifi; Janet L. Leasher; Paul H. Lee; James Leigh; Mall Leinsalu; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Yichong Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Andrea Lobato-Cordero; Alan D. Lopez; Paulo A. Lotufo; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Isis Eloah Machado; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Jose Martinez-Raga; Pallab K. Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Martin McKee; Varshil Mehta; Toni Meier; Tesfa Mekonen; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Addisu Melese; Peter T. N. Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; Gk Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Babak Moazen; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Noushin Mohammadifard; Shafiu Mohammed; Lorenzo Monasta; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Kamarul Imran Musa; Aliya Naheed; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Mudavath Siva Durga Prasad Nayak; Chakib Nejjari; Subas Neupane; Sudan Prasad Neupane; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Yirga Legesse Nirayo; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Pedro R. Olivares; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Anu Mary Oommen; Eyal Oren; Heather M. Orpana; Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano; Justin R. Ortiz; Erika Ota; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Abayomi Samuel Oyekale; P.A. Mahesh; Adrian Pana; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D. H. Parry; Hadi Parsian; Ajay Patle; George C. Patton; Deepak Paudel; Max Petzold; Michael R. Phillips; Julian David Pillay; Maarten J. Postma; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Sree Bhushan Raju; Usha Ram; Saleem M. Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Robert C. Reiner; Cesar Reis; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Robin Room; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Gregory A. Roth; Ambuj Roy; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Basema Saddik; Saeid Safiri; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Zikria Saleem; Joshua A. Salomon; Sundeep Santosh Salvi; Juan Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Damian Francesco Santomauro; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. M. Santric Milicevic; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Mete Saylan; Michael P. Schaub; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J. C. Schneider; Ben Schöttker; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Falk Schwendicke; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehdi Sharif; Jun She; Aziz Sheikh; Jiabin Shen; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Kawkab Shishani; Ivy Shiue; Sharvari Rahul Shukla; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Natacha Torres Da Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Freddy Sitas; Adauto Martins Soares Filho; Moslem Soofi; Reed J. D. Sorensen; Joan B. Soriano; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Nadine Steckling; Dan J. Stein; Mu'Awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Patrick J. Sur; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Subash Thapa; Nihal Thomas; Roman Topor-Madry; Fotis Topouzis; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher E. Troeger; Thomas Clement Truelsen; Nikolaos Tsilimparis; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Job F. M. Van Boven; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov; Vasily Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Fasil Wagnew Shiferaw Wagnew; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; Elisabete Weiderpass; Fitsum Weldegebreal; Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Harvey A. Whiteford; Justyna Widecka; Tissa Wijeratne; Grant M. A. Wyper; Gelin Xu; Tomohide Yamada; Yuichiro Yano; Pengpeng Ye; Ebrahim M. Yimer; Paul Yip; Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Marcel Yotebieng; Mustafa Z. Younis; Geevar Zachariah; Zoubida Zaidi; Mohammad Zamani; Xueying Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Ali H. Mokdad; Mohsen Naghavi; Christopher J. L. Murray; Emmanuela Gakidou
Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-3·0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6·8% (5·8-8·0) of agestandardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3·8% (95% UI 3·2-4·3) of female deaths and 12·2% (10·8-13·6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2·3% (95% UI 2·0-2·6) and male attributable DALYs were 8·9% (7·8-9·9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1·4% [95% UI 1·0-1·7] of total deaths), road injuries (1·2% [0·7-1·9]), and self-harm (1·1% [0·6-1·5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27·1% (95% UI 21·2-33·3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18·9% (15·3-22·6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2019) Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Ashkan Afshin; Emmanuela Gakidou; Stephen S. Lim; Degu Abate; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Nooshin Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Jemal Abdela; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Molla Abebe; Zegeye Abebe; Semaw F. Abera; Olifan Zewdie Abil; Haftom Niguse Abraha; Aklilu Roba Abrham; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Pawan Acharya; Abdu A. Adamu; Akilew Awoke Adane; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Zanfina Ademi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Mina G. Adib; Amha Admasie; Jose C. Adsuar; Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi; Mohsen Afarideh; Gina Agarwal; Anju Aggarwal; Sargis Aghasi Aghayan; Anurag Agrawal; Sutapa Agrawal; Alireza Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari; Tomi Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Fares Alahdab; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Alaa Alashi; Seyed Moayed Alavian; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Komal Ali; Syed Mustafa Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ala’a Alkerwi; François Alla; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Walid Ammar; Nahla Hamed Anber; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Megbaru Debalkie Animut; Mina Anjomshoa; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Josep M. Antó; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Lambert Tetteh Appiah; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Krishna K. Aryal; Hamid Asayesh; Zerihun Ataro; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F.G.A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Rakesh Ayer; Tambe B. Ayuk; Peter S. Azzopardi; Arefeh Babazadeh; Hamid Badali; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Eyasu Tamru Bekru; Ezra Belay; Yihalem Abebe Belay; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Gilles Bergeron; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Mircea Beuran; Tina Beyranvand; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Donal Bisanzio; Tuhin Biswas; Tone Bjørge; Brigette F. Blacker; Archie Bleyer; Rohan Borschmann; Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J. Brady; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Richard T. Burnett; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Leah E. Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Yazan Chaiah; Hsing-Yi Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Aparajita Chattopadhyay; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Miao Li Chee; Ching-Yu Cheng; Adrienne Chew; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Abdulaal Chitheer; Jee-Young J. Choi; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Massimo Cirillo; Aaron J. Cohen; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Cyrus Cooper; Owen R. Cooper; Josef Coresh; Leslie Cornaby; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Megan Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Michael H. Criqui; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; David K. Cundiff; Alemneh Kabeta Daba; Berihun Assefa Dachew; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Sarah C. Darby; Paul I. Dargan; Ahmad Daryani; Rajat Das Gupta; José Das Neves; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Aditya Prasad Dash; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora; Fernando Pio De La Hoz; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P. Dellavalle; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Aniruddha Deshpande; Don C. Des Jarlais; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Gabrielle Aline Deveber; Subhojit Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Eric L. Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim R. Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Eyasu Ejeta Duken; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre R. Duraes; Natalie Ebert; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Soheil Ebrahimpour; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Anne Elise Eggen; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Ziad El-Khatib; Iqbal Rf Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Benjamin Er; Holly E. Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Hamed Fakhim; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Talha A. Farid; Carla Sofia E. Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Maryam S. Farvid; Mohammad Hosein Farzaei; Batool Fatima; Kairsten A. Fay; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Valery L. Feigin; Andrea B. Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Joao C. Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Irina Filip; Jonas David Finger; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Kyle J. Foreman; Takeshi Fukumoto; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; João M. Furtado; Neal D. Futran; Seana Gall; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Morsaleh Ganji; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Abadi Kahsu Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael; Tilayie Feto Gelano; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Peter W. Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Reza Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani; Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman; Mamata Ghimire; Rakesh Ghosh; Aloke Gopal Ghoshal; Simona Giampaoli; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; William W. Godwin; Srinivas Goli; Hector Gómez-Dantés; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C. Goulart; Ayman Grada; Morgan E. Grams; Giuseppe Grosso; Harish Chander Gugnani; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Daniela S. Gutiérrez-Torres; Juanita A. Haagsma; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Tekleberhan B. Hagos; Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Alexis J. Handal; Graeme J. Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L. Harb; Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan; Josep Maria Haro; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Caitlin N. Hawley; Simon I. Hay; Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Mohsen Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Ileana Heredia-Pi; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Desalegn T. Hibstu; Tarig B. Higazi; Esayas Haregot Hilawe; Hans W. Hoek; Howard J. Hoffman; Michael K. Hole; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Seyed Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Damian G. Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Guoqing Hu; Howard Hu; John J. Huang; Mamusha Aman Hussen; Chantal K. Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Nayu Ikeda; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Maria D. Jackson; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Leila Jahangiry; Nader Jahanmehr; Sudhir Kumar Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Spencer L. James; Simerjot K. Jassal; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Jost B. Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagaddala; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Ankur Joshi; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Rizwan Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Surya Kant; Chittaranjan Kar; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Corine Karema; Narges Karimi; Seyed M. Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Dessalegn H. Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Zhila Kazemi; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Adane Teshome Kefale; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Grant Rodgers Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Behzad Khafaei; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Alireza Khajavi; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Gulfaraz Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Muhammad Ali Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Mona M. Khater; Mohammad Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Abdullah T. Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D. Knibbs; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Sonali Kochhar; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Tufa Kolola; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kristopher J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Igor Kuzin; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carl Lachat; Deepesh P. Lad; Sheetal D. Lad; Alessandra Lafranconi; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Samantha Leigh Larson; Arman Latifi; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Paul H. Lee; James Leigh; Mostafa Leili; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Yichong Li; Juan Liang; Xiaofeng Liang; Yu Liao; Misgan Legesse Liben; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Alan D. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Tim C.D. Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Stefan Ma; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Ísis Eloah Machado; Fabiana Madotto; Hue Thi Mai; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Ana-Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani; Joemer C. Maravilla; Wagner Marcenes; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Sheila C.O. Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Winfried März; Melvin B. Marzan; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Varshil Mehta; Toni Meier; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Yohannes A. Melaku; Addisu Melese; Mulugeta Melku; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A. Mensah; Gert B.M. Mensink; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Anoushka I. Millear; Ted R. Miller; Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie; G.K. Mini; Mojde Mirarefin; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Habtamu Mitiku; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Moslem Mohammadi; Noushin Mohammadifard; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Fatemeh Momeniha; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Mehdi Moradinazar; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Marilita M. Moschos; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Dariush Mozaffarian; Kalayu Brhane Mruts; Achenef Asmamaw Muche; Kindie Fentahun Muchie; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Oumer Sada Muhammed; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Kate Muller; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Azin Nahvijou; Gurudatta Naik; Nitish Naik; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Bruce Neal; Nahid Neamati; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Subas Neupane; Charles Richard James Newton; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Anh Quynh Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Ha Thu Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Huong Thanh Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Nam Ba Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Jing Nie; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Yirga Legesse Nirayo; Nobuo Nishi; Molly R. Nixon; Marzieh Nojomi; Shuhei Nomura; Ole F. Norheim; Mehdi Noroozi; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Hamid Reza Nouri; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh; Mohammad Reza Nowroozi; Elaine O. Nsoesie; Peter S. Nyasulu; Carla M. Obermeyer; Christopher M. Odell; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Pedro R. Olivares; Helen Elizabeth Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin L. Ong; Sok King Ong; Eyal Oren; Heather M. Orpana; Alberto Ortiz; Erika Ota; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Simon Øverland; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Rosana Pacella; Abhijit P. Pakhare; Amir H. Pakpour; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D.H. 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Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Zohreh Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Fatemeh Rajati; Sasa Rajsic; Sree Bhushan Raju; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Prabhat Ranjan; Goura Kishor Rath; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; K. Srinath Reddy; Colin D. Rehm; Jürgen Rehm; Robert C. Reiner; Marissa B. Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu; Satar Rezaei; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; Juan A. Rivera; Kedir Teji Roba; Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez; Leonardo Roever; Yesenia Román; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Gregory A. Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; Lesley Rushton; Charumathi Sabanayagam; Perminder S. Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Hosein Safari; Yahya Safari; Roya Safari-Faramani; Mahdi Safdarian; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Haniye Sadat Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Zikria Saleem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Joshua A. Salomon; Devashri Digvijay Salvi; Inbal Salz; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta; Taren Sanders; Yingying Sang; Damian Francesco Santomauro; Itamar S. Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Mayank Sardana; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Shahabeddin Sarvi; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Arundhati R. Sawant; Monika Sawhney; Mete Saylan; Mehdi Sayyah; Elke Schaeffner; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J.C. Schneider; Ben Schöttker; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; James G. Scott; Soraya Seedat; Mario Sekerija; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Marc L. Serre; Edson Serván-Mori; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Hosein Shabaninejad; Gavin Shaddick; Azadeh Shafieesabet; Mehdi Shahbazi; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Teresa Shamah Levy; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammadbagher Shamsi; Heidar Sharafi; Kiomars Sharafi; Mehdi Sharif; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini; Hamid Sharifi; Jayendra Sharma; Meenakshi Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Aziz Sheikh; Peilin Shi; Kenji Shibuya; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Farhad Shokraneh; Haitham Shoman; Mark G. Shrime; Matthew S. Shupler; Si Si; Soraya Siabani; Abla Mehio Sibai; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; João Pedro Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A. Singh; Narinder Pal Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Vegard Skirbekk; David L. Smith; Mari Smith; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Soheila Sobhani; Ranjani Somayaji; Moslem Soofi; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Joan B. Soriano; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Angela Spinelli; Luciano A. Sposato; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Vladimir I. Starodubov; Nadine Steckling; Dan J. Stein; Murray B. Stein; Goran Stevanovic; Leo Stockfelt; Mark A. Stokes; Lela Sturua; Michelle L. Subart; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Gerhard Sulo; Bruno F. Sunguya; Patrick John Sur; Bryan L. Sykes; Cassandra E.I. Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Ken Takahashi; Nikhil Tandon; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Tigist Gashaw Tekalign; Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Habtamu Temesgen; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Omar Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Belay Tessema; Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Andrew Theis; Sathish Thirunavukkarasu; Hannah J. 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Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Parkes J. Kendrick; Marissa B. Reitsma; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Aidin Abedi; E.S. Abhilash; Victor Aboyans; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Shailesh M. Advani; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sohail Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Haroon Ahmed; Budi Aji; Yonas Akalu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Tilahun Ali; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Saeed Amini; Hubert Amu; Robert Ancuceanu; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Benny Antony; Davood Anvari; Jalal Arabloo; Nicholas D. Arian; Monika Arora; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Wondwossen Niguse Asmare; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Marcel Ausloos; Asma Tahir Awan; Getinet Ayano; Getie Lake Aynalem; Samad Azari; B.B. Darshan; Ashish D. Badiye; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Habib Benzian; Catherine P. Benziger; Adam E. Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Sadia Bibi; Ali Bijani; Antonio Biondi; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Andre R. Brunoni; Katrin Burkart; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Josip Car; Giulia Carreras; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Maria Sofia Sofia Cattaruzza; Jung-Chen Chang; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi; Dinh-Toi Chu; Sheng-Chia Chung; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Vera Marisa Costa; Rosa A. S. Couto; Baye Dagnew; Xiaochen Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Jiregna Darega Gela; Meseret Derbew Molla; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Meghnath Dhimal; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; Kristina Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Ibtihal Fadhil; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Medhat Farwati; Farshad Farzadfar; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Irina Filip; Filippos Filippidis; Florian Fischer; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Mohamed M. Gad; Silvano Gallus; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis; Lemma Getacher; Abera Getachew Obsa; Mansour Ghafourifard; Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Gabriela Fernanda Gil; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Michal Grivna; Avirup Guha; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Rajat Das Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Vin Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Randah R. Hamadeh; Graeme J. Hankey; Arief Hargono; Simon I. Hay; Golnaz Heidari; Claudiu Herteliu; Kamal Hezam; Thomas R. Hird; Ramesh Holla; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Thomas Hsiao; Junjie Huang; Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Jessica Y. Islam; Rakibul M. Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Hiroyasu Iso; Ramaiah Itumalla; Jalil Jaafari; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Sung-In Jang; Shubha Jayaram; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ravi Prakas Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Leila R. Kalankesh; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Neeti Kapoor; André Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Kindie Mitiku Kebede; Bayew Kelkay; Ryan David Kennedy; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Gyu Ri Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Mika Kivimäki; Soewarta Kosen; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Nuworza Kugbey; G. Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Ben Lacey; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Doo Woong Lee; Yo Han Lee; Janni Leung; Shanshan Li; Hualiang Lin; Wei Liu; Alessandra Lugo; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Narayana Manjunatha; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Santi Martini; Manu Raj Mathur; Prashant Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Martin McKee; Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís; Suresh Mehata; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Bartosz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Sanjeev Misra; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Shane Douglas Morrison; Tilahun Belete Mossie; Sumaira Mubarik; Erin C. Mullany; Christopher J. L. Murray; Shankar Prasad Nagaraju; Mohsen Naghavi; Nitish Naik; Mahdi Nalini; Vinay Nangia; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Muhammad Naveed; Javad Nazari; Sabina O. Nduaguba; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Keyvan Pakshir; Liping Pan; Adrian Pana; Demosthenes Panagiotakos; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Ashok Pandey; Utsav Parekh; Eun-Cheol Park; Eun-Kee Park; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Mona Pathak; Shrikant Pawar; Richard G. Pestell; Hai Quang Pham; Marina Pinheiro; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Akram Pourshams; Akila Prashant; Amir Radfar; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Pradhum Ram; Juwel Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Aziz Rezapour; Mavra A. Riaz; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ambuj Roy; Bedanta Roy; Basema Saddik; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Sana Salehi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Brijesh Sathian; Monika Sawhney; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Falk Schwendicke; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Omid Shafaat; Syed Mahboob Shah; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Kawkab Shishani; K.M. Shivakumar; Siddharudha Shivalli; Roman Shrestha; Soraya Siabani; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; João Pedro Silva; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Virendra Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Ali Soroush; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Dan J. Stein; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Stefan Stortecky; Kurt Straif; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Gerhard Sulo; Johan Sundström; Takahiro Tabuchi; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Minale Tareke; Md Ismail Tareque; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Bhaskar Thakur; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Rekha Thapar; Musliu Adetola Tolani; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Hayley D. Tymeson; Saif Ullah; Brigid Unim; Rachel L. Updike; Olalekan A. Uthman; Marco Vacante; Constantine Vardavas; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Simone Vidale; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yanzhong Wang; Kevin Welding; Andrea Werdecker; Joanna L. Whisnant; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Befikadu Legesse Wubishet; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Yuichiro Yano; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Yigizie Yeshaw; Mohammed Zewdu Yimmer; Naohiro Yonemoto; Zabihollah Yousefi; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Muhammed Shahriar Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Jianrong Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Chenwen Zhong; Yves Miel H. Zuniga; Emmanuela Gakidou
Background: Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods: We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings: In 2019, 273·9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258·5 to 290·9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4·72% (4·46 to 5·01). 228·2 million (213·6 to 244·7; 83·29% [82·15 to 84·42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15–19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age-standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: –1·21% [–1·26 to –1·16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0·46% [0·13 to 0·79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (−0·94% [–1·72 to –0·14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation: Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license