Browsing by Author "Indramani L. Singh"

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Comparing preparation effect in predictable and random task switching
(Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2014) Shalini Dubey; Indramani L. Singh; Sudha Srivastava
Humans can flexibly shift between two or more competing tasks to meet the changing need of environment and accomplish their desired goal. However, this benefit can be achieved with high reaction times and error rates. The present study compares the cost when switching from one task to another in two different predictability conditions. In first condition task switched in predictable and predetermined sequence. This condition utilized implicit spatial cues whereas, in other condition, the task switched randomly and an explicit cue informed regarding upcoming task. Three response stimulus intervals were provided as preparation time to improve performance. Results revealed that task predictability is an important factor in determining the task switch cost. The overall performance was better in predictable task switching condition while switch costs were smaller in random switching condition. Preparation time improved performance in both switch condition but it reduced switch cost more in random than in predictable switch condition © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Covert orienting of attention: An overview
(Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2016) Richa Singh; Anurag Upadhyay; Indramani L. Singh
Orienting is a gateway to attention and is defined as aligning of attention with a source of sensory signal. Covert orienting is the shifting of attention without eye or head movement. It enhances performances by detecting the targets faster and more accurately. Posner's location cueing paradigm has been used to study this phenomenon scientifically and it has become one of the most important topics of research in cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience. In this paradigm, cue is used to orient the attention covertly where the target is likely to appear. The present paper is an endeavor to systematically define covert orienting, focus on its historical background, study this phenomenon scientifically based on the paradigm used, and explain the factors such as cue type, cue location, cue validity and SOA levels, which affects it and its exogenous and endogenous components. © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Does caffeine-induced arousal reduce mental workload during high-demanding vigilance task?
(2011) Trayambak Tiwari; Anju L. Singh; Indramani L. Singh
This paper investigates whether or not caffeine-induced arousal reduces mental workload of high - demanding vigilance task. Thirty students of Banaras Hindu University (14 men, 16 women, age range: 19-26 years) participated in this study. A 2 (Mental workload: Pre and Post) × 4 (Treatment conditions: placebo, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg) factorial design with repeated measure on last factor was used. NASA-Task Load Index scale was used before (pre-session) and after (post-session) final sessions for the assessment of mental workload associated with the vigilance task. Perceptual sensory task in the shape of square was used as the vigilance task. Participants were required to detect infrequently occurring critical signals. The task was designed on SuperLab® 4.0 and displayed through a 15quot; colour monitor. The obtained post weighted mean scores on global mental workload revealed that participants of placebo condition perceived high workload than did any of the three caffeine conditions. These weighted mean scores of global mental workload with regard to treatment conditions suggested caffeine benefit occurring differently from pre- to posttask sessions. © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Effects of task load and cue validity on simultaneous sustained attention search task performance
(Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2018) Tarun Mishra; Naveen; T. Tiwari; Indramani L. Singh; Rakesh Pandey; Tara Singh; A.L. Singh
The present study aimed to examine the effect of task load on visual search sustained attention task performance. Cue works as a signal and may facilitate or deteriorate the performance. These effects depend on cue validity and its temporal properties. Present study used cue validity to observe the effect of cue on participant’s performance. Ninety participants were randomly assigned into different experimental conditions. A 2 (Task load: High and Low event rate) X3 (Cue validity: Valid, Invalid and Neutral) X4 (time block: 10 minutes each) mixed factorial design with repeated measure on the last two factors was used. Correct detection, incorrect detection and reaction time were recorded as performance measures to analyze sustained attention task performance. Results revealed that correct detection and perceptual sensitivity was higher under low task load condition in comparison to high task load condition. Moreover, response latency was found better under low task load condition than high task load. Ample evidences have proven that attentional tasks are resource demanding, when the temporal load of task increases it works as a catalyst to diminish our ability to perform on task. The present study holds promises to counter such decrement with the help of cue. © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Effects of training and automation reliability on monitoring performance in a flight simulation task
(Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2000) Indramani L. Singh; Hari Om Sharma; Raja Parasuraman
The phenomenon of 'complacency' in highly reliable systems under multiple task situations has been demonstrated in several studies. The 'complacency' effect has been attributed to operators trusting reliable automation and not devoting sufficient attentional resources to monitoring the automated system. It has been reported that subjects exhibited poorer monitoring performance under constant reliability than under variable reliability automation while subjects received short (10-min) manual training on multi-tasks before monitoring the automated task. Extended training on multiple tasks may be required to allow subjects to develop time-sharing skill. Manual training of short duration could be one of the potential factors leading to complacency. To investigate the effects of training on monitoring performance, the present study varied the amount of manual training prior to the automated blocks. It was hypothesized that increased manual training would enhance monitoring performance under constant reliability compared to variable reliability automation. Results indicated that extended manual training could not reduce automation-induced complacency.
Individual differences in working memory capacity and task switching performance
(Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 2018) Shalini Dubey; Anil Kumar Yadav; Indramani L. Singh
The present study was designed to examine individual differences in working memory capacity on task switching ability. Eighty-six students whose age ranged from 18 to 30 years voluntarily participated in this study. A 2 (Working memory span group: high vs. low) x 3 (Preparation Time: 200 ms, 600 ms and 1000 ms) x 2 (Trial type: repeat and switch) mixed factorial design was employed. Participants who scored in the upper and lower quartiles on the Operation span working memory task were designated to high and low-working memory span groups respectively. Both groups performed a digit and letter classification task in alternating-runs paradigm of task switching. In this task, participant switched back and forth between digit and letter tasks in which they were required to classify either digits as odd/even or letter as vowel/consonant. Three preparation intervals were also provided between trials to prepare for forthcoming task. Results revealed that high-working memory participants were faster and more accurate in classification of digits and letters on both switch and repeat trials. High-working memory span participants endowed smaller switch cost though they showed lesser improvement with increase in preparation time. Findings of the study provide evidences for executive attention view of working memory capacity. © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Monitoring performance and mental workload in an automated system
(Springer Verlag, 2007) Indramani L. Singh; Anju L. Singh; Proshanto K. Saha
Human performance in computer-aided system has engrossed inevitably human issues in cognitive functioning. The present endeavor focuses on the associated influence of training, automation reliability on the monitoring performance and workload in multi-task ambience. MAT battery was utilized with engine-system monitoring, two dimensional tracking, and fuel resource management tasks were the concerned elements, in which only system engine-monitoring task was automated in the training as well as in the final test sessions. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 3, mixed factorial design was employed. Monitoring performance, false alarms, reaction time and root mean square error performance were recorded as dependent measures. Results revealed that automation-induced complacency might be the feature of multi-task condition where subjects detected automation failures under high static system reliability. Results further showed that mental workload significantly reduced from pre- to post-sessions. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.
Personality correlates and perceptual detectability of locomotive drivers
(1989) Indramani L. Singh
In this study an attempt was made to determine the relationship of personality correlates with the vigilance performance of locomotive drivers in a continuous white noise background. Eighty locomotive drivers of Varanasi were selected, with a mean age of 35 yr. Each subject was instructed to detect critical signals which had slightly more height than the signals immediately after the presentation. The correct detection of tachistoscopic critical signals were recorded as the index of vigilance performance. Three personality scales viz. the occupational stress index (OSI), the job anxiety scale (JAS) and the 16 PF scale were administered after the completion of data regarding detection performance. Results were interpreted in terms of means, standard deviations and coefficients of correlation. A step wise multiple regression analysis was also done. The findings indicated that the personality correlates were significantly associated with sustained attention performances in different ways. © 1989.
Top-down and stimulus driven control over visual orienting during vigilance
(2013) Indramani L. Singh; Shalini Dubey; Trayambak Tiwari
Endogenous and exogenous orienting affect vigilance performance differently. Symbolically-presented endogenous cue is said to fabricate top-down control, whereas stimulus cue presented in exogenous orienting produces automatic and stimulus driven control on visual orienting. Present study examines the effect of these two modes of orienting on vigilance performance. Twenty students of Banaras Hindu University, with mean age of 21.5 years (age ranged from 19-24 years) participated in sensory visual detection task. An arrow was used as a cue in endogenous condition while a star was used as a stimulus cue in exogenous condition. These cues had high predictive value. Participants were required to detect randomly presented peripheral target (i.e., square of 3.3cm) over non-target (i.e., square of 3cm) in 40-minute vigilance task. Results revealed that exogenous cue type elicited faster detection of target than endogenous cue. Furthermore, participants in both the cue types showed facilitatory effect of valid cues and inhibitory effect of invalid cues on vigilance performance.© Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.