Browsing by Author "Jagdish Singh"

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A novel insight into transcriptional and epigenetic regulation underlying sex expression and flower development in melon (Cucumis melo L.)
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Mohd Aamir; Pradip Karmakar; Vinay Kumar Singh; Sarvesh Pratap Kashyap; Sudhakar Pandey; Binod Kumar Singh; Prabhakar Mohan Singh; Jagdish Singh
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important cucurbit and has been considered as a model plant for studying sex determination. The four most common sexual morphotypes in melon are monoecious (A-G-M), gynoecious (−-ggM-), andromonoecious (A-G-mm), and hermaphrodite (--ggmm). Sex expression in melons is complex, as the genes and associated networks that govern the sex expression are not fully explored. Recently, RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling, ChIP-qPCR analysis integrated with gene ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways predicted the differentially expressed genes including sex-specific ACS and ACO genes, in regulating the sex-expression, phytohormonal cross-talk, signal transduction, and secondary metabolism in melons. Integration of transcriptional control through genetic interaction in between the ACS7, ACS11, and WIP1 in epistatic or hypostatic manner, along with the recruitment of H3K9ac and H3K27me3, epigenetically, overall determine sex expression. Alignment of protein sequences for establishing phylogenetic evolution, motif comparison, and protein–protein interaction supported the structural conservation while presence of the conserved hydrophilic and charged residues across the diverged evolutionary group predicted the functional conservation of the ACS protein. Presence of the putative cis-binding elements or DNA motifs, and its further comparison with DAP-seq-based cistrome and epicistrome of Arabidopsis, unraveled strong ancestry of melons with Arabidopsis. Motif comparison analysis also characterized putative genes and transcription factors involved in ethylene biosynthesis, signal transduction, and hormonal cross-talk related to sex expression. Overall, we have comprehensively reviewed research findings for a deeper insight into transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of sex expression and flower development in melons. © 2021 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society
Antioxidant phytochemicals in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)
(2006) Jagdish Singh; A.K. Upadhyay; A. Bahadur; B. Singh; K.P. Singh; Mathura Rai
Eighteen different cabbage cultivars were assayed for variability between the cultivars for the antioxidant phytonutrients. The Vitamin C content ranged from 5.66 to 23.50 mg/100 g fresh weight. The maximum Vitamin C content was recorded in cultivar Sprint Ball (23.50 mg/100 g), followed by cv. Gungaless (12.86 mg/100 g). The β-carotene content in cabbage ranged from 0.009 to 0.124 mg/100 g fresh weight. The maximum β-carotene content was recorded in cv. Quisto (0.124 mg/100 g), followed by Green Challenger (0.115 mg/100 g) and Rare Ball (0.114 mg/100 g). The minimum values for β-carotene was noted in cv. Pusa Mukta (0.009 mg/100 g). Lutein content was also recorded in the cabbage cultivars, which ranged from 0.021 to 0.258 mg/100 g fresh weight. Maximum lutein content was recorded in Quisto (0.258 mg/100 g) and minimum in Pusa Mukta (0.021 mg/100 g). Vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol) was estimated only in 14 cabbage cultivars, which ranged from 0.030 to 0.509 mg/100 g fresh weight. Maximum α-tocopherol content was recorded in Rare Ball (0.509 mg/100 g) and minimum in Green Cornell (0.030 mg/100 g). Total phenol content was also estimated only in 14 cultivars and the values ranged from 12.58 to 34.41 mg/100 g fresh weight. Amongst the three different cultivated forms of cabbage, red cabbage had higher Vitamin C (24.38 mg/100 g), dl-α-tocopherol (0.261 mg/100 g) and phenolic content (101.30 mg/100 g) as compared to the white cabbage and savoy cabbage. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
De novo assembly, differential gene expression and pathway analyses for anthracnose resistance in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
(Springer, 2022) Rajesh Kumar; Ashutosh Rai; Avinash Chandra Rai; Vinay Kumar Singh; Major Singh; Prabhakar Mohan Singh; Jagdish Singh
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetable as well as spice crops grown worldwide for its wide usage. Production of chilli is profoundly affected by anthracnose disease which is one of the most serious and destructive fungal diseases of chilli, especially in tropical and subtropical regions causing around 60–80% yield loss under severe infection. In order to understand the pattern of gene expression and development of molecular markers in chilli for management of anthracnose disease, transcriptome analysis of a resistant (IIVRC-452) and susceptible (Pusa Jwala) genotypes was carried out. Transcriptome data yielded a total of 53,921,012 and 50,079,890 reads with HQ bases 5.18 GB and 4.78 GB of FASTAq sequences and were used for de novo assembly of transcriptome for IIVRC-452 and Pusa Jwala, respectively. More than 50 thousand unigenes were identified in each genotype and around 40,000 of them could be annotated with 30% cut off identity. Digital gene expression analysis revealed a total of 3124 transcripts differentially expressed in resistant and susceptible lines. A total of 871 differential transcripts were annotated and 814 differential genes were present in both resistant and susceptible lines. Furthermore, five key candidate genes (CaLOX, CaLAG-1, CaPG, CaCYP76A2, and CaSAP-13) in pathogen-responsive pathway were identified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Transcriptome data generated in the present study is a valuable resource for focused investigation on plant–pathogen-interaction, to study the pathways involved in resistance mechanism and to identify markers for use in resistance breeding programmes. © 2021, Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology.
Dietary Antioxidants and Minerals in Crucifers
(2004) Jagdish Singh; A.K. Upadhyay; Anant Bahadur; K.P. Singh
Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kale are rich sources of antioxidant phytochemicals and significant amounts of dietary fiber. This study was conducted to estimate the variability of some important antioxidants and minerals between, and within, the crucifer accessions in edible portions of plants. Significant variations for protein, carbohydrate, fiber, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and mineral content were observed between, and within, the crucifers. Total carbohydrate content ranged between 2.54 to 4.03 g/100 g, whereas, protein content ranged from 0.41 to 3.57 g/100 g of fresh weight. Mean fiber content ranged from 0.60 to 3.62 g/100 g. Vitamin C content ranged from 22.16 to 82.14 mg/100 g and β-carotene ranged from 1.56 to 9.09 mg/100 g on fresh weight basis. In general kale, broccoli and Brussels sprouts contained significantly higher amounts of vitamin C and β-carotene as compared to cabbage and cauliflower. The total nitrogen ranged from 1.36 to 4.6% and phosphorous from 0.39 to 0.81% dry weight. Sodium and potassium contents ranged from 0.17 to 0.34% and 2.18 to 3.77% respectively. The copper content was 0.01 to 0.02 mg-g−1, iron, 0.14 to 0.31 mg-g−1, manganese, 0.01 to 0.07 mg-g−1 and zinc, 0.01 to 0.12 mg-g−1. The variability of each compound within accessions can be used to estimate the potential maximum concentration of each phytochemical that can be achieved through genetic manipulation. © 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Effect of chitosan coating on postharvest quality and enzymatic activity of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Swati Sharma; R.N. Prasad; Shailesh Tiwari; S.N.S. Chaurasia; Shashi Shekhar; Jagdish Singh
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), an important fruit vegetable exhibits very limited postharvest marketability, particularly due to rapid moisture loss. This study assessed the variation due to chitosan coating on different eggplant cultivars (purple long, purple round, and white long). Fruit were coated with chitosan (1%) and stored at 10 ± 2°C. The chitosan-coated purple round cultivars (BR-14 and PR-5) had minimum weight loss and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity than long cultivars (Kashi Taru, IVBL-22, and Kashi Himani), while the functional quality (anthocyanins, total phenolics, and flavonoids) of long cultivars was higher. Chitosan was effective in minimizing weight loss by about two fold and retained higher flavonoids by about 1.2–2.3 fold over uncoated fruit in different eggplant cultivars. Chitosan-coated round (PR-5 and BR-14) and long (Kashi Himani, IVBL-22, and Kashi Taru) cultivars showed an increase in storability by 8 and 6 days, respectively, over uncoated fruit. Practical Applications: The coating of eggplants with chitosan is an easy to use, effective, economical, and biologically safe technique to enhance the postharvest keeping quality of eggplants. It can be employed in the postharvest supply chain to maintain quality and extend marketability of eggplants. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Effect of potassium and nitrogen on yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers
(2004) Gyanendra Kumar Rai; M.M. Verma; Jagdish Singh
A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sheila Dhar Institute of Soil Science, University of Allahabad during the year 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to study the effect of potassium and nitrogen on tuber yield, chlorophyll content in leaves and protein, potassium and nitrogen content in potato tubers. The tuber yield of potato increased significantly (31.41%) over control due to nitrogen application. Application of potassium also enhanced the tuber yield (169.66 to 217.77 kg ha-1). Maximum doses of nitrgen (120 kg ha-1) and potassium (100 kg ha-1) proved most effective in increasing tuber yield of potato. The chlorophyll content in leaves (0.235 to 0.425 mg/100g) increased significantly with-increasing levels of nitrogen (0-120 kg N ha-1). Protein content, potassium and nitrogen in potato increased significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen and potassium. Combined application of 120 kg N ha-1 along with 100 kg K ha-1 showed significant response in tuber yield, crude protein, nitrogen and potassium content.
Effect of sulphur, zinc, and iron on chlorophyll content, yield, protein harvest, and nutrient uptake of french bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.)
(1992) Kalyan Singh; S. Ghosal; Jagdish Singh
Field experiments were initiated to investigate the effects of sulphur, zinc and iron on chlorophyll content, yield, protein harvest and NPK uptake in french bean at the Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (India). Four main plot treatment combination each of sulphur (0 and 5 ppm) and zinc (0 and 5 ppm) with three subplot iron treatments (0, 2.5, and 5 ppm) were laid out in a split plot design replicated three times. Iron at 2.5 ppm significantly increased grain weight/plant. The result indicate that added iron could increase the yield of french bean grown on high pH soils which are continuously cropped under intensive rice-wheat and fertilized with high analysis fertilizers. Sulphur, zinc, and iron failed to initiation nodulation in the crop possibly either due to the added nitrogen or due to some unknown non-conducive factors. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Investigating NAC Transcription Factor Role in Redox Homeostasis in Solanum lycopersicum L.: Bioinformatics, Physiological and Expression Analysis under Drought Stress
(MDPI, 2022) Nagendra Rai; Krishna Kumar Rai; Manish Kumar Singh; Jagdish Singh; Prashant Kaushik
NAC transcription factors regulate stress-defence pathways and developmental processes in crop plants. However, their detailed functional characterization in tomatoes needs to be investigated comprehensively. In the present study, tomato hybrids subjected to 60 and 80 days of drought stress conditions showed a significant increase in membrane damage and reduced relative water, chlorophyll and proline content. However, hybrids viz., VRTH-16-3 and VRTH-17-68 showed superior growth under drought stress, as they were marked with low electrolytic leakage, enhanced relative water content, proline content and an enhanced activity of enzymatic antioxidants, along with the upregulation of NAC and other stress-defence pathway genes. Candidate gene(s) exhibiting maximum expression in all the hybrids under drought stress were subjected to detailed in silico characterization to provide significant insight into its structural and functional classification. The homology modelling and superimposition analysis of predicted tomato NAC protein showed that similar amino acid residues were involved in forming the conserved WKAT domain. DNA docking discovered that the SlNAC1 protein becomes activated and exerts a stress-defence response after the possible interaction of conserved DNA elements using Pro72, Asn73, Trp81, Lys82, Ala83, Thr84, Gly85, Thr86 and Asp87 residues. A protein–protein interaction analysis identified ten functional partners involved in the induction of stress-defence tolerance. © 2022 by the authors.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
(Elsevier Inc., 2007) Jagdish Singh; Surya Thakur
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is basically an emission spectroscopy technique where atoms and ions are primarily formed in their excited states as a result of interaction between a tightly focused laser beam and the material sample. The interaction between matter and high-density photons generates a plasma plume, which evolves with time and may eventually acquire thermodynamic equilibrium. One of the important features of this technique is that it does not require any sample preparation, unlike conventional spectroscopic analytical techniques. Samples in the form of solids, liquids, gels, gases, plasmas and biological materials (like teeth, leaf or blood) can be studied with almost equal ease. LIBS has rapidly developed into a major analytical technology with the capability of detecting all chemical elements in a sample, of real- time response, and of close-contact or stand-off analysis of targets. The present book has been written by active specialists in this field, it includes the basic principles, the latest developments in instrumentation and the applications of LIBS . It will be useful to analytical chemists and spectroscopists as an important source of information and also to graduate students and researchers engaged in the fields of combustion, environmental science, and planetary and space exploration. * Recent research work * Possible future applications * LIBS Principles. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Partial purification and kinetic properties of myrosinase from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
(Indian Society of Agricultural Biochemists, 2013) Om Prakash; Ajeet Kumar Rai; Jagdish Singh; P.M. Singh
Myrosinase is an important enzyme of cruciferous vegetables having several biological functions in the plant cells. In order to study its nature and behavior from a rather new source, it has been purified to apparent homogeneity from 5 days old germinated cauliflower seedlings having a specific activity of 12.71 units/mg protein with 54.6% recovery using ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The native molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated, using gel filtration, to be about 128kDa. The purified enzyme migrated as a single band on SDS-PAGE with molecular mass of about 64 kDa, suggesting that myrosinase from cauliflower seedling consists of two subunits of similar molecular mass. The enzyme exhibited its highest activity at pH 6.0. The optimum temperature for the purified enzyme was found to be 50°C but maintained nearly 60% of its activity even at 70°C. The purified enzyme remained stable at 4°C for several months. Using sinigrin as a substrate, the Km and Vmax values for the purified enzyme were estimated to be 117 μM and 550μMol min–1, respectively. The enzyme was strongly activated by 0.5 mM ascorbic acid. The results revealed that the cauliflower myrosinase being homodimer has wider pH and temperature optima, hence is suitable for wider applications. © 2013, Indian Society of Agricultural Biochemists. All rights reserved.
Potassium and water-deficient conditions influence the growth, yield and quality of ratoon sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in a semi-arid agroecosystem
(MDPI, 2021) Rajan Bhatt; Jagdish Singh; Alison M. Laing; Ram Swaroop Meena; Walaa F. Alsanie; Ahmed Gaber; Akbar Hossain
Groundwater and soil potassium deficiencies are present in northern India. Sugarcane is a vital crop in the Indian Punjab; it is grown on approximately 91,000 hectares with an average yield of 80 tonnes ha−1 and a sugar recovery rate of 9.59%. The role of potassium (K) fertilizer under both sufficient and deficient irrigation in ratoon sugarcane crops is not well documented. We conducted a split-plot ratoon cane experiment during 2020–2021 at the Gurdaspur Regional Research Station of Punjab Agricultural University, India, on K-deficient soils. Main treatments were fully irrigated (I1) and water stressed (I0) conditions, with sub-treatments reflecting K fertilizer application rates of 0 (M1), 67 (M2), 133 (M3), and 200 (M4) kg K ha−1. The ratoon sugarcane performance was assessed in terms of growth, productivity, sugar quality and incidence of key insect pests. At harvest, trends in the growth and yield parameters in I1 were improved over the I0 treatment, with cane height (+12.2%), diameter (+3.3%), number of internodes (+5.4%), biomass yield (+7.6%) and cane yield (+5.9%) all higher, although little significant difference was observed between treatments. Ratoon cane yield under irrigation was 57.1 tonnes ha−1; in water-stressed conditions, it was 54.7 tonnes ha−1. In terms of sugarcane quality parameters, measured 12 months after harvesting the initial seed crop, values of Brix (+3.6%), pol (+3.9%), commercial cane sugar percentage (+4.0%) and extractable sugar percentage (+2.8%) were all higher in the irrigated treatments than the water-stressed plot. Irrigated treatments also had a significantly lower incidence of two key insect pests: top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) was reduced by 18.5% and stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) by 21.7%. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in the highest cane yield and lowest incidence of insect pests compared to other K-fertilizer treatments. Economic return on K-fertilizer application increased with increasing fertilizer dosage. Under the potassium-deficient water-stressed conditions of the region of north India, a fertilizer application rate of 133 kg K ha−1 is recommended to improve ratoon sugarcane growth, yield, and quality parameters and economic returns for sugarcane farmers. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Significance of sulphhydryl groups in the activity of isocitrate lyase of castor endosperm
(1991) O.P. Malhotra; Jagdish Singh; P.K. Srivastava
Titration of isocitrate lyase of germinating castor endosperm, a tetrameric protein (mol. wt. 140 000; subunit mol. wt. 35 000), with 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) reveals the presence of 4.15 'accessible' sulphhydryl (SH) groups. Denatured enzyme is found to titrate for 7.9 SH groups per molecule. Half of the 'accessible' groups react more readily with DTNB than the remaining half. The enzyme is inactivated at low concentrations of p-chloromercury benzoate (p-CMB) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Under the conditions [p-CMB] ≫ [enzyme], the inactivation reaction is found to be biphasic in which half of the activity is lost more rapidly than the remaining half. With NEM (reagent in excess over enzyme), the activity is destroyed in a single exponential decay (pseudo-first order kinetics). The loss of activity is found to be linearly related to the blocking of accessible SH groups. Glyoxylate protects the enzyme strongly against attack by NEM. Protection by succinate is very much weaker. Significance of these results is discussed. © 1991.
Sinigrin (2-Propenyl Glucosinolate) content and myrosinase activity in brassica vegetables
(2007) Jagdish Singh; Mathura Rai; A.K. Upadhyay; Kundan Prasad
Cruciferous vegetables can contribute to a healthy human diet. This may be due to the presence of the phytochemical glucosinolate. The sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) content and the myrosinase activity were estimated in edible portions of five broccoli (B. oleraceaL. var. italicaPlenck), three white cabbage (B. oleraceavar. capitataL. f. alba1 DC), two each of Chinese cabbage [B. rapaL. subsp. pekinensis(Lour.) Olsson], and cauliflower (B. oleraceaL. var. botrytisL.), and one each of Brussels sprouts (B. oleraceaL. var. gemmiferaDC.), kohlrabi (B. oleraceaL. var. gongylodesL.), red cabbage [B. oleraceavar. capitataL. f. rubra(L.) Jhell], and Savoy cabbage (B. oleraceavar. sabaudaL.). Significant differences for sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosino-late) content and myrosinase activity were recorded between Brassicasubspecies. Broccoli (3.23 mg/100 g) and Brussels sprouts (2.10 mg/ 100 g) had higher sinigrin content as compared with other Brassica vegetables. The highest myrosinase specific activity was recorded in Brussels sprouts (0.343 units/mg protein), and broccoli (0.324 units/mg protein), and the lowest myrosinase activity was for Savoy cabbage (0.036 units/mg protein) and Chinese cabbage (0.041 units/mg protein). Levels of sinigrin and myrosinase activity are dependent on the subspecies. Significant intraspecific variability for sinigrin and myrosinase activity in some of the Brassicavegetables can be utilized for selecting genotypes for the genetic improvement of such vegetables for phytochemical content through conventional breeding.
Variability of carotenes, vitamin C, E and phenolics in Brassica vegetables
(2007) Jagdish Singh; A.K. Upadhyay; Kundan Prasad; Anant Bahadur; Mathura Rai
Antioxidant phytochemicals such as vitamin C, β-carotene, lutein, α-tocopherol, and total phenolics were estimated in fresh samples at the edible maturity stage in different genotypes of cruciferous vegetables using a reverse-phase HPLC system. Maximum mean vitamin C (52.9 mg/100 g), β-carotene (0.81 mg/100 g), lutein (0.68 mg/100 g), dl-α-tocopherol content (0.47 mg/100 g) and phenol content (63.4 mg/100 g) was recorded in broccoli. Results indicate that the cruciferous vegetables are a relatively good source of abundant antioxidants, and there is a substantial and significant variation, both within and between the subspecies, for the antioxidant phytochemicals. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.