Browsing by Author "Jennifer M. Ross"

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Jennifer M. Ross; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Sandra B. Munro; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi; Masoumeh Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Posi Emmanuel Aduroja; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mohammad Aghaali; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Ziyad Al-Aly; Samiah Alam; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Afshin Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Anemaw A. Asrat; Bahar Ataeinia; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared A. Asmare Aynalem; Abbas Azadmehr; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohamad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin A. Baig; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Zahra Baradaran-Seyed; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lingkan Barua; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Mulat Tirfie Bayih; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Robert S. Bernstein; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bharadwaj; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Setognal Birara; Minuye Biniam Biniam Birhane; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Antonio M. Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Collins Chansa; Jaykaran Charan; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ali Reza Chavshin; Mohammad Chehrazi; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Michael L. Collison; Michael A. Cork; Natalie Cormier; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera M. Costa; Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi; Baye Dagnew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Claudio Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Dereje Bayissa Demissie; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Assefa Desalew; Aniruddha Deshpande; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Huyen Phuc Do; Paul Narh Doku; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Manisha Dubey; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Ewerton Cousin; Andre R. Durães; Lucas Earl; Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Iqbal R. F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Adane Endalew; Melese Linger Endalifer; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Sajjad Farashi; Mohammad Fareed; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Hossein Farzam; Syeda Sadia Fatima; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Netsanet Fentahun; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; João C. Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Carsten Flohr; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Jana Förster; Joel Msafiri Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Hadush Gebremariam; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Gebretsadkan G. G. Gebretsadik; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G. M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Arunkumar Govindakarnavar; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Yadollah Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md. Mehedi Hasan; Milad Hasankhani; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Soheil Hassanipour; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Corinna Hawkes; Khezar Hayat; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D. de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Gillian Hollerich; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Neda Izadi; Jalil Jaafari; Anelisa Jaca; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Nader Jafari Balalami; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Fyezah Jehan; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Hamed Kalani; Leila L. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd A. Karim; Surendra Karki; Amir Kasaeian; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Andre Pascal Kengne; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Mojtaba Khaksarian; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Asad Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Mohammad Saud Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Maryam Khazaei-Pool; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Roba Khundkar; Ali Kiadaliri; Neda Kianipour; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Nuworza Kugbey; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Oluwatosin Kuti; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Mostafa Leili; Ian D. Letourneau; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mohammed Madadin; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P. Maghavani; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ali Manafi; Farzad Manafi; Navid Manafi; Narendar Dawanu Manohar; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Laurie B. Marczak; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Mohsen Mazidi; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Freshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Addisu Melese; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomasz Miazgowski; Neda Milevska Kostova; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Seyed Mostafa Mir; Mohammad Miri; Hamed Mirjalali; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Efat Mohamadi; Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Dara K. Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Amin Mokari; Ali H. Mokdad; Julio Cesar Montañez; Pablo A. Montero-Zamora; Yoshan Moodley; Maryam Moossavi; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Yousef Moradi; Mohammad Moradi-Joo; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Farhad Moradpour; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Dariush Mozaffarian; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Christopher J. L. Murray; G.V.S. Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Behnam Nabavizadeh; Mehdi Naderi; Girish N. Nadkarni; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Jobert Richie Nansseu; K. M. Venkat Narayan; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Vinod Nayak; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Dabere Nigatu; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Bogdan Oancea; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu; Muktar Omer Omer; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Kwaku Oppong Asante; Eyal Oren; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Alberto Ortiz; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Mahesh P. A; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Hadi Parsian; Tahereh Pashaei; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Mona Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; Ajay Patle; George C. Patton; Kebreab Paulos; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Norberto Perico; William A. Petri; Brandon V. Pickering; David M. Pigott; Majid Pirestani; Bakhtiar Piroozi; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Reza Pourmirza Kalhori; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Liliana Preotescu; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Sajjad ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Davide Rasella; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Sarah E. Ray; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Nima Rezaei; Shahab Rezaeian; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Alina Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Elias Merdassa Roro; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Enrico Rubagotti; Anas M. Saad; Seyedmohammad Saadatagah; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Saeed Safari; Yahya Safari; Hamid Safarpour; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Nasir Salam; Farkhonde Salehi; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Itamar S. Santos; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Sonia Saxena; Mehdi Sayyah; Alyssa N. Sbarra; Megan F. Schipp; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Amir Shamshirian; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Mehdi Sharif; Rajesh Sharma; Hatem Samir Shehata; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Kenji Shibuya; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Ambrish Singh; Pushpendra Singh; Virendra Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Malede Mequanent M. Sisay; Amin Soheili; Bija Soleymani; Farzaneh Soltani; Shahin Soltani; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Adel Spotin; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Rajni Kant Kant Srivastava; Antonina Starodubova; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Gerhard Sulo; Bruno F. Sunguya; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Koku Sisay Tamirat; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Nuno Taveira; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Nihal Thomas; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Khanh Bao Tran; Manjari Tripathi; Riaz Uddin; Irfan Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Ushotanefe Useh; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Olalekan A. Uthman; Marco Vacante; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Pascual R. Valdez; John VanderHeide; Elena Varavikova; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yasser Vasseghian; Yousef Veisani; Srinivasaraghavan Venkatesh; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Simone Vidale; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Sebastian Vollmer; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Haidong Wang; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Kirsten E. Wiens; Tissa Wijeratne; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Gelin Xu; Abbas Yadegar; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Leila Zaki; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Hadi Zarafshan; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Taddese Alemu Zerfu; Taye Abuhay Zewale; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju Zhao; Sanjay Zodpey; Kamiar Zomorodian; Francis Bruno Zotor; Ashkan Afshin; Simon I. Hay
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s).
Global, regional, and national age-specific progress towards the 2020 milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Jorge R. Ledesma; Jianing Ma; Meixin Zhang; Ann V. L. Basting; Huong Thi Chu; Avina Vongpradith; Amanda Novotney; Kate E. LeGrand; Yvonne Yiru Xu; Xiaochen Dai; Sneha Ingle Nicholson; Lauryn K. Stafford; Austin Carter; Jennifer M. Ross; Hedayat Abbastabar; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Hiwa Abubaker Ali; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Salahdein Aburuz; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Kishor Adhikari; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Abel Afework; Shahin Aghamiri; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Danish Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Haroon Ahmed; Mohammed Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Karolina Akinosoglou; Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-Ahdal; Nazmul Alam; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Abid Ali; Endale Alemayehu Ali; Liaqat Ali; Zahid Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Kasim Allel; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Reza Amani; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Jimoh Amzat; Jason R. Andrews; Abhishek Anil; Razique Anwer; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Damelash Areda; Anton A. Artamonov; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Sachin R. Atre; Avinash Aujayeb; Davood Azadi; Sina Azadnajafabad; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D. Badiye; Sara Bagherieh; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Biswajit Banik; Mainak Bardhan; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Zarrin Basharat; Pritish Baskaran; Saurav Basu; Maryam Beiranvand; Melaku Ashagrie Belete; Makda Abate Belew; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Apostolos Beloukas; Paulo J. G. Bettencourt; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Ashish Bhargava; Vivek Bhat; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Boris Bikbov; Veera R. Bitra; Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic; Danilo Buonsenso; Katrin Burkart; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Paulo Camargos; Yu Cao; Sinclair Carr; Felix Carvalho; Luca Cegolon; Muthia Cenderadewi; Muge Cevik; Yaacoub Chahine; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Patrick R. Ching; Hitesh Chopra; Eunice Chung; Mareli M. Claassens; Kaleb Coberly; Natália Cruz-Martins; Bashir Dabo; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Isaac Darban; Jiregna Darega Gela; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Mahmood Dashti; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Biniyam Demisse; Solomon Demissie; Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese; Kebede Deribe; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Arkadeep Dhali; Kuldeep Dhama; Sameer Dhingra; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Deepa Dongarwar; Haneil Larson Dsouza; John Dube; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Abdelaziz Ed-Dra; Ferry Efendi; Diyan Ermawan Effendi; Aziz Eftekharimehrabad; Nopryan Ekadinata; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Muhammed Elhadi; Legesse Tesfaye Elilo; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Ayesha Fahim; Alireza Feizkhah; Getahun Fetensa; Florian Fischer; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Aravind P. Gandhi; Rupesh K. Gautam; Miglas W. Gebregergis; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan; Kazem Ghaffari; Fariba Ghassemi; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Amador Goodridge; Anmol Goyal; Shi-Yang Guan; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Rashid Abdi Guled; Novianti Br Gultom; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Hailey Hagins; Semira Goitom Hailu; Wase Benti Hailu; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Harapan Harapan; Rumina Syeda Hasan; Shoaib Hassan; Johannes Haubold; Kamal Hezam; Sung Hwi Hong; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Belal Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Hong-Han Huynh; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Kevin S. Ikuta; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Md Rabiul Islam; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Faisal Ismail; Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Mahsa Jalili; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Nabi Jomehzadeh; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Zubair Kabir; Bhushan Dattatray Kamble; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Rami S. Kantar; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Gebrehiwot G. Kassa; Rimple Jeet Kaur; Navjot Kaur; Himanshu Khajuria; Faham Khamesipour; Yusra H. Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Khaled Khatab; Fatemeh Khatami; Min Seo Kim; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Kewal Krishan; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Nithin Kumar; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Iván Landires; Kamaluddin Latief; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Caterina Ledda; Munjae Lee; Seung Won Lee; Temesgen L. Lerango; Stephen S. Lim; Chaojie Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Platon D. Lopukhov; Hong Luo; Hengliang Lv; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan; Amir Ali Mahboobipour; Azeem Majeed; Elaheh Malakan Rad; Kashish Malhotra; Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik; Lesibana Anthony Malinga; Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi; Aseer Manilal; Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Roy Rillera Marzo; Hossein Masoumi-Asl; Vasundhara Mathur; Richard James Maude; Ravi Mehrotra; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Muayad Aghali Merza; Tomislav Mestrovic; Laurette Mhlanga; Sanjeev Misra; Arup Kumar Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Hussen Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Catrin E. Moore; Parsa Mousavi; Francesk Mulita; Fungai Musaigwa; Raman Muthusamy; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Pirouz Naghavi; Ganesh R. Naik; Gurudatta Naik; Sanjeev Nair; Tapas Sadasivan Nair; Zuhair S. Natto; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Hadush Negash; Dang H. Nguyen; Van Thanh Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi; Efaq Ali Noman; Shuhei Nomura; Bogdan Oancea; Kehinde O. Obamiro; Ismail A. Odetokun; Daniel Bogale Odo Odo; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; In-Hwan Oh; Chukwuma O. Okereke; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Eyal Oren; Edgar Ortiz-Brizuela; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Amel Ouyahia; P.A. Mahesh Padukudru; Pragyan Paramita Parija; Romil R. Parikh; Seoyeon Park; Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi; Shankargouda Patil; Shrikant Pawar; Minjin Peng; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Prince Peprah; João Perdigão; Norberto Perico; Hoang Tran Pham; Maarten J. Postma; Attur Ravindra Attur Prabhu; Manya Prasad; Akila Prashant; Elton Junio Sady Prates; Fakher Rahim; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Masoud Rahmati; Sathish Rajaa; Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy; Indu Ramachandra Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Deepthi Rapaka; Ahmed Mustafa Rashid; Zubair Ahmed Ratan; Nakul Ravikumar; Salman Rawaf; Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy; Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Luis Felipe Reyes; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Omid Rezahosseini; Mónica Rodrigues; Priyanka Roy; Guilherme de Andrade Ruela; Siamak Sabour; Basema Saddik; Umar Saeed; Sher Zaman Safi; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Soumya Swaroop Sahoo; Nasir Salam; Afeez Abolarinwa Salami; Samreen Saleem; Mohamed A. Saleh; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Sara Samadzadeh; Yoseph Leonardo Samodra; Rama Krishna Sanjeev; Aswini Saravanan; Susan M. Sawyer; Siddharthan Selvaraj; Sabyasachi Senapati; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Pritik A. Shah; Samiah Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Sunder Sham; Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran; Mohd Shanawaz; Medha Sharath; Samendra P. Sherchan; Ranjitha S. Shetty; Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski; Aminu Shittu; Emmanuel Edwar Siddig; João Pedro Silva; Surjit Singh; Paramdeep Singh; Harpreet Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Md Shahjahan Siraj; Siswanto Siswanto; Ranjan Solanki; Yonatan Solomon; Joan B. Soriano; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vijay Kumar Srivastava; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Chandan Kumar Swain; Takahiro Tabuchi; Mircea Tampa; Jacques J. L. Lukenze Tamuzi; Nathan Y. Tat; Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee; Gebrehiwot Teklay; Edosa Geta Tesfaye; Belay Tessema; Pugazhenthan Thangaraju; Rekha Thapar; Chern Choong Chern Thum; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Imad M. Tleyjeh; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Temesgen Mohammed Toma; Khai Hoan Tram; Aniefiok John Udoakang; Tungki Pratama Umar; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Seyed Mohammad Vahabi; Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan; Job F. M. van Boven; Shoban Babu Varthya; Ziyue Wang; Muktar S. A. Warsame; Ronny Westerman; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Sajad Yaghoubi; Siyan Yi; Vahit Yigit; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Fathiah Zakham; Moein Zangiabadian; Francis Zeukeng; Haijun Zhang; Yang Zhao; Peng Zheng; Magdalena Zielinska; Joshua A. Salomon; Robert C. Reiner; Mohsen Naghavi; Theo Vos; Simon I. Hay; Christopher J. L. Murray; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis for 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Jorge R. Ledesma; Jianing Ma; Avina Vongpradith; Emilie R. Maddison; Amanda Novotney; Molly H. Biehl; Kate E. Legrand; Jennifer M. Ross; Deepa Jahagirdar; Dana Bryazka; Rachel Feldman; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saira Afzal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Sajjad Ahmad Ahmad; Sepideh Ahmadi; Tarik Ahmed Rashid; Yusra Ahmed Salih; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Hanadi Al Hamad; Fares Alahdab; Yosef Alemayehu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Liaqat Ali; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Jason A. Anderson; Sofa Androudi; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Razique Anwer; Jalal Arabloo; Asrat Arja; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Sachin R. Atre; Gulrez Shah Azhar; B.B. Darshan; Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Fabio Barra; Amadou Barrow; Sanjay Basu; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Archith Boloor; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Danilo Buonsenso; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Mareli M. Claassens; Omid Dadras; Amare Belachew Dagnew; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Deepak Dhamnetiya; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Linh Phuong Doan; Sahar Eftekharzadeh; Muhammed Elhadi; Amir Emami; Shymaa Enany; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Eduarda Fernandes; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Tahvi D. Frank; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; Christian Garcia-Calavaro; Tushar Garg; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Mahaveer Golechha; Amador Goodridge; Bhawna Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Samer Hamidi; Asif Hanif; Shaful Haque; Harapan Harapan; Arief Hargono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Abdiwahab Hashi; Shoaib Hassan; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Rabia Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Ramaiah Itumalla; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Vardhmaan Jain; Fatemeh Javanmardi; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Zubair Kabir; Ashwin Kamath; Tanuj Kanchan; Himal Kandel; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Gbenga A. Kayode; Parkes J. Kendrick; Amene Abebe Kerbo; Himanshu Khajuria; Rovshan Khalilov; Khaled Khatab; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Min Seo Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Avinash Kumar; G. Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Alexander Kwarteng; Hassan Mehmood Lak; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Christine Lin; Xuefeng Liu; Platon D. Lopukhov; Rafael Lozano; Daiane Borges Machado; Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur; Deepak Madi; Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan; Azeem Majeed; Ahmad Azam Malik; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Saurabh Mehta; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Hayimro Edemealem Merie; Amanual Getnet Mersha; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah; Tomislav Mestrovic; Nour Mheidly Mheidly; Sanjeev Misra; Prasanna Mithra; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Mokhtar Mohammadi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafu Mohammed; Mariam Molokhia; Mohammad Ali Moni; Ahmed Al Montasir; Catrin E. Moore; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Sanjeev Nair; Suma Nair; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Javad Nazari; Sandhya Neupane Kandel; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Mpiko Ntsekhe; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Andrew T. Olagunju; Eyal Oren; P.A. Mahesh; Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; Sanjay M. Pattanshetty; Rajan Paudel; Pintu Paul; Shrikant Pawar; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Norberto Perico; Majid Pirestani; Roman V. Polibin; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Akila Prashant; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Priyanga Ranasinghe; Chythra R. Rao; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Marissa B. Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Melese Abate Reta; Nima Rezaei; Omid Rezahosseini; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Gholamreza Roshandel; Denis O. Roshchin; Siamak Sabour; K.M. Saif-Ur-rahman; Nasir Salam; Hossein Samadi Kafl; Mehrnoosh Samaei; Abdallah M. Samy; Satish Saroshe; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Susan M. Sawyer; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Allen Seylani; Omid Shafaat; Masood Ali Shaikh; Kiomars Sharaf; Ranjitha S. Shetty; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; João Pedro Silva; Jitendra Kumar Singh; Smriti Sinha; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Paschalis Steiropoulos; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufyan; Takahiro Tabuchi; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Zemenu Tamir; Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang; Yohannes Tekalegn; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Belay Tessema; Rekha Thapar; Imad I. Tleyjeh; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Bach Xuan Tran; Berhan Tsegaye; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Magdalene K. Walters; Joanna L. Whisnant; Mesfn Agachew Woldekidan; Befkadu Legesse Wubishet; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie; Yigizie Yeshaw; Siyan Yi; Vahit Yigit; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Ismaeel Yunusa; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Alimuddin Zumla; Ali H. Mokdad; Joshua A. Salomon; Robert C. Reiner; Stephen S. Lim; Mohsen Naghavi; Theo Vos; Simon I. Hay; Christopher J. L. Murray; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08–1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45–9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000–279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1·15 million (1·01–1·32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000–425 000) more deaths and 1·01 million (0·82–1·23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820–11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300–100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1·5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4·27 (3·69–5·02), 6·17 (5·48–7·02), and 1·17 (1·07–1·28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2·23 (2·03–2·44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1·06 (1·05–1·08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2018
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2022) Emily Haeuser; Audrey L. Serfes; Michael A. Cork; Mingyou Yang; Hedayat Abbastabar; E.S. Abhilash; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Saira Afzal; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Keivan Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Yonas Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Vahid Alipour; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Saeed Amini; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Davood Anvari; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; B.B. Darshan; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Atif Amin Baig; Maciej Banach; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Arielle Wilder Bell; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Somayeh Bohlouli; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Archith Boloor; Ivana Bozicevic; Zahid A. Butt; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Richard G. Cowden; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Eugene Kofuor Maafo Darteh; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; José das Neves; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Kebede Deribe; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dharmaratne; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Alireza Didarloo; Shirin Djalalinia; Fariba Dorostkar; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko; Maha El Tantawi; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Babak Eshrati; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Oghenowede Eyawo; Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Masoud Foroutan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Lemma Getacher; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Mahaveer Golechha; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Mohammad Rifat Haider; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Samer Hamidi; Abdiwahab Hashi; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Claudiu Herteliu; Hung Chak Ho; Ramesh Holla; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Rakibul M. Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Kimberly B. Johnson; Nitin Joseph; Vasna Joshua; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Behzad Karami Matin; Salah Eddin Karimi; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Maryam Keramati; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Khaled Khatab; Jagdish Khubchandani; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Iván Landires; Heidi Jane Larson; Savita Lasrado; Paul H. Lee; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Afshin Maleki; Preeti Malik; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Andreea Mirica; Babak Moazen; Osama Mohamad; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Masoud Moradi; Paula Moraga; Sumaira Mubarik; Getaneh Baye B. Mulu; Lillian Mwanri; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Muhammad Naveed; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Frida N. Ngalesoni; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Andrew T. Olagunju; Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Ahmed Omar Bali; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Adrian Pana; Ashok Pandey; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan; George C. Patton; Shrikant Pawar; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Maarten J. Postma; Liliana Preotescu; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Juwel Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Lemma Demissie Regassa; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Mavra A. Riaz; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer M. Ross; Enrico Rubagotti; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Rajesh Sagar; Biniyam Sahiledengle; Maitreyi Sahu; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Abdallah M. Samy; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Jae Il Shin; Roman Shrestha; Jasvinder A. Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Shahin Soltani; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Takahiro Tabuchi; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Nuno Taveira; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Rekha Thapar; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Jorge Hugo Villafañe; Francesco S. Violante; Bay Vo; Giang Thu Vu; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Richard G. Wamai; Yanzhong Wang; Paul Ward; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Katherine Wilson; Sanni Yaya; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Simon I. Hay; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still among the leading causes of disease burden and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and the world is not on track to meet targets set for ending the epidemic by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precise HIV burden information is critical for effective geographic and epidemiological targeting of prevention and treatment interventions. Age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence estimates are widely available at the national level, and region-wide local estimates were recently published for adults overall. We add further dimensionality to previous analyses by estimating HIV prevalence at local scales, stratified into sex-specific 5-year age groups for adults ages 15–59 years across SSA. Methods: We analyzed data from 91 seroprevalence surveys and sentinel surveillance among antenatal care clinic (ANC) attendees using model-based geostatistical methods to produce estimates of HIV prevalence across 43 countries in SSA, from years 2000 to 2018, at a 5 × 5-km resolution and presented among second administrative level (typically districts or counties) units. Results: We found substantial variation in HIV prevalence across localities, ages, and sexes that have been masked in earlier analyses. Within-country variation in prevalence in 2018 was a median 3.5 times greater across ages and sexes, compared to for all adults combined. We note large within-district prevalence differences between age groups: for men, 50% of districts displayed at least a 14-fold difference between age groups with the highest and lowest prevalence, and at least a 9-fold difference for women. Prevalence trends also varied over time; between 2000 and 2018, 70% of all districts saw a reduction in prevalence greater than five percentage points in at least one sex and age group. Meanwhile, over 30% of all districts saw at least a five percentage point prevalence increase in one or more sex and age group. Conclusions: As the HIV epidemic persists and evolves in SSA, geographic and demographic shifts in prevention and treatment efforts are necessary. These estimates offer epidemiologically informative detail to better guide more targeted interventions, vital for combating HIV in SSA. © 2022, The Author(s).
Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Brandon V. Pickering; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Laurie B. Marczak; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Michael L. Collison; Nathaniel J. Henry; Zegeye Abebe; Abdu A. Adamu; Victor Adekanmbi; Keivan Ahmadi; Olufemi Ajumobi; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Fares Alahdab; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Khalid Altirkawi; Saeed Amini; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Suleman Atique; Marcel Ausloos; Marco Avila; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Samad Azari; Alaa Badawi; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Quique Bassat; Kaleab Baye; Neeraj Bedi; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L. Bell; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Belete Biadgo; Boris Bikbov; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Roy Burstein; Zahid A. Butt; Josip Car; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Michael G. Chipeta; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael A. Cork; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Lucía Cuevas-Nasu; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Farah Daoud; Rajat Das Gupta; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Kebede Deribe; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Aniruddha Deshpande; Melaku Desta; Daniel Diaz; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; David Teye Doku; Manisha Dubey; Andre R. Durães; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren; Lucas Earl; Andem Effiong; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Ziad El-Khatib; Babak Eshrati; Mohammad Fareed; Andre Faro; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Takeshi Fukumoto; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Alireza Ghajar; Paramjit Singh Gill; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Ayman Grada; Yuming Guo; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Jason B. Hall; Samer Hamidi; Andualem Henok; Bernardo Hernández Prado; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Chi Linh Hoang; Michael K. Hole; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Guoqing Hu; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Ravi Prakash Jha; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Amaha Kahsay; Tanuj Kanchan; Manoochehr Karami; Amir Kasaeian; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Mona M. Khater; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sonali Kochhar; Soewarta Kosen; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Sheetal D. Lad; Faris Hasan Lami; Paul H. Lee; Aubrey J. Levine; Shanshan Li; Shai Linn; Rakesh Lodha; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Marek Majdan; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Benjamin K. Mayala; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Mulugeta Melku; Walter Mendoza; George A. Mensah; Tomasz Miazgowski; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Babak Moazen; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Yoshan Moodley; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jonathan F. Mosser; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Christopher J. L. Murray; Ghulam Mustafa; Mehdi Naderi; Mohsen Naghavi; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Son Hoang Nguyen; Jing Nie; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh; Peter S. Nyasulu; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Mahesh P. A; Adrian Pana; Anamika Pandey; Sanghamitra Pati; Snehal T. Patil; George C. Patton; Norberto Perico; David M. Pigott; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Ellen G. Piwoz; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Swayam Prakash; Hedley Quintana; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Fatemeh Rajati; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Rahul Rawat; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Carlos Rios-González; Leonardo Roever; Jennifer M. Ross; Ali Rostami; Nafis Sadat; Yahya Safari; Mahdi Safdarian; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Megan F. Schipp; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Teresa Shamah Levy; Mohammadbagher Shamsi; Kiomars Sharafi; Rajesh Sharma; Aziz Sheikh; Apurba Shil; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Jasvinder A. Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Moslem Soofi; Agus Sudaryanto; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A. Uthman; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Afsane Vaezi; Pascual R. Valdez; John Vanderheide; Yousef Veisani; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Giang Thu Vu; Linh Gia Vu; Yasir Waheed; Judd L. Walson; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Elizabeth N. Wangia; Andrea Werdecker; Gelin Xu; Tomohide Yamada; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Mahmoud Yousefifard; Chuanhua Yu; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Yunquan Zhang; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Simon I. Hay
Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. © 2020, The Author(s).
Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17
(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Kirsten E. Wiens; Paulina A. Lindstedt; Brigette F. Blacker; Kimberly B. Johnson; Mathew M. Baumann; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Ayenew Negesse Abejie; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mohsen Afarideh; Sohail Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Anwar E. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Noore Alam; Samiah Alam; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Mina Anjomshoa; Amir Anoushiravani; Fereshteh Ansari; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Benny Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Jalal Arabloo; Hany Mohamed Amin Aref; Olatunde Aremu; Bahram Armoon; Amit Arora; Krishna K. Aryal; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Seyyede Masoume Athari; Sachin R. Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Peter S. Azzopardi; Ebrahim Babaee; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Alaa Badawi; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Aleksandra Barac; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Vo Dinh Bay; Mohsen Bayati; Estifanos Baye; Neeraj Bedi; Mahya Beheshti; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Yaschilal Muche Belayneh; Michelle L. Bell; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Robert S. Bernstein; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Somayeh Bohlouli; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Soufiane Boufous; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Wagaye Fentahun Chanie; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Natalie Maria Cormier; Vera Marisa Costa; Carlos Culquichicon; Matiwos Soboka Daba; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Anh Kim Dang; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Aditya Prasad Dash; Gail Davey; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Dereje Bayissa Demissie; Getu Debalkie Demissie; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Aniruddha Deshpande; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Daniel Diaz; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Kerrie E. Doyle; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; Hisham Atan Edinur; Andem Effiong; Aziz Eftekhari; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Teshome Bekele Elema; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Hajer Elkout; Aisha Elsharkawy; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Aklilu Endalamaw; Daniel Adane Endalew; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Oluchi Ezekannagha; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Farshad Farzadfar; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Teshome Gebre; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Pramesh Raj Ghimire; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; Nelson G.M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Alessandra C. Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Dessalegn H. Haile; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Delia Hendrie; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos Degefa De Hidru; Thomas R. Hird; Chi Linh Hoang; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Praveen Hoogar; Mohammad Hoseini; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Mohammedaman Mama Hussen; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Ehimario U. Igumbor; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Neda Izadi; Anelisa Jaca; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Jost B. Jonas; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Hamed Kalani; Tanuj Kanchan; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki; Amir Kasaeian; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Yawukal Chane Kasahun; Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye; Gebrehiwot G. Kassa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Mihiretu M. Kebede; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Abraham Getachew Kelbore; Andre Pascal Kengne; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Rovshan Khalilov; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Junaid Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Ali Kiadaliri; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Niranjan Kissoon; K.M. Shivakumar; Sonali Kochhar; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Nuworza Kugbey; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Sheetal D. Lad; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Felix Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Van Charles Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Avula Laxmaiah; Paul H. Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Mostafa Leili; Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Aubrey J. Levine; Shanshan Li; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; DR. Mahadeshwara Prasad; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan B. Mahotra; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Navid Manafi; Ana Laura Manda; Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Joemer C. Maravilla; Gabriel Martinez; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Manu Raj Mathur; Benjamin K. Mayala; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Birhanu Geta Meharie; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Kala M. Mehta; Tefera Chane Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Seid Tiku Mereta; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie; Ted R. Miller; G.K. Mini; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Babak Moazen; Bahram Mohajer; Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad; Dara K. Mohammad; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh; Noushin Mohammadifard; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Catrin E. Moore; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Mohammad Moradi-Joo; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Linda Morales; Ilais Moreno Velásquez; Abbas Mosapour; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Miliva Mozaffor; Kindie Fentahun Muchie; Getahun Fentaw Mulaw; Sandra B. Munro; Moses K. Muriithi; Christoper J.L. Murray; G.V.S. Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Kovin S. Naidoo; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Dabere Nigatu; Solomon Gedlu Nigatu; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Marzieh Nojomi; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F. Norheim; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Soraya Nouraei Motlagh; Bogdan Oancea; Okechukwu Samuel Ogah; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Eyal Oren; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Frank B. Osei; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Mahesh P A; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Sangram Kishor Patel; Angel J. Paternina-Caicedo; Ashish Pathak; George C. Patton; Deepak Paudel; Kebreab Paulos; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Alexandre Pereira; Norberto Perico; Aslam Pervaiz; Julia Moreira Pescarini; Bakhtiar Piroozi; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Narayan Prasad; Liliana Preotescu; Hedley Quintana; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Shafiur Rahman; Fatemeh Rajati; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Davide Rasella; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Melese Abate Reta; Negar Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Maria Rios-Blancas; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Elias Merdassa Roro; Jennifer M. Ross; Enrico Rubagotti; Salvatore Rubino; Anas M. Saad; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Yahya Safari; Roya Safari-Faramani; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Hosni Salem; Marwa Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Kaushik Sarkar; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Edson Serván-Mori; Hosein Shabaninejad; Azadeh Shafieesabet; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Seifadin Ahmed Shallo; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Mohammad Bagher Shamsi; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Hamid Sharifi; Hatem Samir Shehata; Aziz Sheikh; B. Suresh Kumar Shetty; Kenji Shibuya; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Desalegn Markos Shifti; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Soraya Siabani; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Ambrish Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Narinder Pal Singh; Virendra Singh; Malede Mequanent Sisay; Eirini Skiadaresi; Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh; Anton Sokhan; Shahin Soltani; Ranjani Somayaji; Moslem Soofi; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Marufa Sultana; Bruno Fokas Sunguya; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Degena Bahrey Tadesse; Ingan Ukur Tarigan; Aberash Abay Tasew; Yonatal Mesfin Tefera; Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Berhe Etsay Tesfay; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Belay Tessema; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Nihal Thomas; Alemayehu Toma; Roman Topor-Madry; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Bach Xuan Tran; Khanh Bao Tran; Irfan Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu; Pascual R. Valdez; Santosh Varughese; Francesco S. Violante; Sebastian Vollmer; Feleke Gebremeskel Whawariat; Yasir Waheed; Mitchell Taylor Wallin; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Marcia Weaver; Bedilu Girma Weji; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Catherine A. Welgan; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Taweewat Wiangkham; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Getasew Taddesse Worku; Ai-Min Wu; Gelin Xu; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Alex Yeshaneh; Christopher Sabo Yilgwan; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z. Younis; Mahmoud Yousefifard; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Siddhesh Zadey; Zoubida Zaidi; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Hamed Zandian; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Taddese Alemu Zerfu; Yunquan Zhang; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Arash Ziapour; Sanjay Zodpey; Yves Miel H. Zuniga; Simon I. Hay; Robert C. Reiner
Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
(Nature Research, 2020) Damaris K. Kinyoki; Jennifer M. Ross; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Sandra B. Munro; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi; Masoumeh Abbasi; Hedayat Abbastabar; Ahmed Abdelalim; Amir Abdoli; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Nebiyu Dereje Abebe; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Posi Emmanuel Aduroja; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mohammad Aghaali; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Ziyad Al-Aly; Samiah Alam; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Afshin Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Adeladza Kofi Amegah; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya; Zohreh Arefi; Olatunde Aremu; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Anemaw A. Asrat; Bahar Ataeinia; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout; Marcel Ausloos; Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared A. Asmare Aynalem; Abbas Azadmehr; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohamad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin A. Baig; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Palash Chandra Banik; Zahra Baradaran-Seyed; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lingkan Barua; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Mulat Tirfie Bayih; Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Derrick A. Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Robert S. Bernstein; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bharadwaj; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Nigus Bililign; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Setognal Birara; Minuye Biniam Biniam Birhane; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Antonio M. Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle Britton; Shyam S. Budhathoki; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Jorge Cano; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Juan J. Carrero; Félix Carvalho; João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Collins Chansa; Jaykaran Charan; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ali Reza Chavshin; Mohammad Chehrazi; Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J. Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Michael L. Collison; Michael A. Cork; Natalie Cormier; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera M. Costa; Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi; Baye Dagnew; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Claudio Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Dereje Bayissa Demissie; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Rupak Desai; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Assefa Desalew; Aniruddha Deshpande; Sagnik Dey; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianati Nasab; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Girmaye Deye Dinsa; Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Huyen Phuc Do; Paul Narh Doku; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Manisha Dubey; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre R. Durães; Lucas Earl; Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Ziad El-Khatib; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny; Iqbal R. F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Shymaa Enany; Daniel Adane Endalew; Melese Linger Endalifer; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Sajjad Farashi; Mohammad Fareed; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Hossein Farzam; Syeda Sadia Fatima; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Netsanet Fentahun; Tomas Y. Ferede; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; João C. Fernandes; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Carsten Flohr; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Masoud Foroutan; Jana Förster; Joel Msafiri Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Hadush Gebremariam; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Gebretsadkan G. G. Gebretsadik; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Birhanu Geta; Agegnehu Bante Getenet; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Asadollah Gholamian; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G. M. Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Arunkumar Govindakarnavar; Ayman Grada; Michal Grivna; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Yadollah Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md. Mehedi Hasan; Milad Hasankhani; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Soheil Hassanipour; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Rasmus Havmoeller; Corinna Hawkes; Khezar Hayat; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Mario Herrero; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D. de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Gillian Hollerich; Enayatollah Homaie Rad; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Masako Horino; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Guoqing Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Neda Izadi; Jalil Jaafari; Anelisa Jaca; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Nader Jafari Balalami; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Fyezah Jehan; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Nitin Joseph; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Suresh Banayya Jungari; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Amaha Kahsay; Molla Kahssay; Hamed Kalani; Leila L. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Manoochehr Karami; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd A. Karim; Surendra Karki; Amir Kasaeian; Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun; Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa; Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Andre Pascal Kengne; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Mojtaba Khaksarian; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Rovshan Khalilov; Asad Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Mohammad Saud Khan; Muhammad Shahzeb Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Maryam Khazaei-Pool; Mohammad Khazaei; Salman Khazaei; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi; Roba Khundkar; Ali Kiadaliri; Neda Kianipour; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Shivakumar K. M. Kondlahalli; Ali Koolivand; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U. G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Nuworza Kugbey; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Oluwatosin Kuti; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Prabhat Lamichhane; Justin J. Lang; Van C. Lansingh; Savita Lasrado; Georgy Lebedev; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Mostafa Leili; Ian D. Letourneau; Sonia Lewycka; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Joshua Longbottom; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mohammed Madadin; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Dhaval P. Maghavani; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Narayan Bahadur Mahotra; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ali Manafi; Farzad Manafi; Navid Manafi; Narendar Dawanu Manohar; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Dadi Marami; Laurie B. Marczak; Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Mohsen Mazidi; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Freshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Addisu Melese; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomasz Miazgowski; Neda Milevska Kostova; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Seyed Mostafa Mir; Mohammad Miri; Hamed Mirjalali; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Efat Mohamadi; Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Dara K. Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi; Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Amin Mokari; Ali H. Mokdad; Julio Cesar Montañez; Pablo A. Montero-Zamora; Yoshan Moodley; Maryam Moossavi; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Yousef Moradi; Mohammad Moradi-Joo; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Farhad Moradpour; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Dariush Mozaffarian; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Christopher J. L. Murray; G.V.S. Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Behnam Nabavizadeh; Mehdi Naderi; Girish N. Nadkarni; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Gurudatta Naik; Farid Najafi; Jobert Richie Nansseu; K. M. Venkat Narayan; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Vinod Nayak; Javad Nazari; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Dabere Nigatu; Yesdhambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Bogdan Oancea; Richard Ofori-Asenso; Onome Bright Oghenetega; In-Hwan Oh; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Tinuke O. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu; Muktar Omer Omer; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Kwaku Oppong Asante; Eyal Oren; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Alberto Ortiz; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman; Mayowa Ojo Owolabi; Mahesh P. A; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Hadi Parsian; Tahereh Pashaei; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Ashish Pathak; Mona Pathak; Sanghamitra Pati; Ajay Patle; George C. Patton; Kebreab Paulos; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Norberto Perico; William A. Petri; Brandon V. Pickering; David M. Pigott; Majid Pirestani; Bakhtiar Piroozi; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Reza Pourmirza Kalhori; Akram Pourshams; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Liliana Preotescu; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Sajjad ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Saleem Muhammad Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Davide Rasella; Vahid Rashedi; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Salman Rawaf; David Laith Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Sarah E. Ray; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Nima Rezaei; Shahab Rezaeian; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Alina Rodriguez; Leonardo Roever; Elias Merdassa Roro; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Enrico Rubagotti; Anas M. Saad; Seyedmohammad Saadatagah; Yogesh Damodar Sabde; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Saeed Safari; Yahya Safari; Hamid Safarpour; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; Nasir Salam; Farkhonde Salehi; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Rashad Salem; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Itamar S. Santos; Bruno Piassi Sao Jose; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Abdur Razzaque Sarker; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Maheswar Satpathy; Sonia Saxena; Mehdi Sayyah; Alyssa N. Sbarra; Megan F. Schipp; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi; Faramarz Shaahmadi; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Amir Shamshirian; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Mehdi Sharif; Rajesh Sharma; Hatem Samir Shehata; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Kenji Shibuya; Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Ivy Shiue; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Tariq J. Siddiqi; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Biagio Simonetti; Ambrish Singh; Pushpendra Singh; Virendra Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Malede Mequanent M. Sisay; Amin Soheili; Bija Soleymani; Farzaneh Soltani; Shahin Soltani; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Adel Spotin; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Rajni Kant Kant Srivastava; Antonina Starodubova; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Gerhard Sulo; Bruno F. Sunguya; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Takahiro Tabuchi; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Koku Sisay Tamirat; Segen Gebremeskel Tassew; Nuno Taveira; Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot; Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Nihal Thomas; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Kenean Getaneh Tlaye; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcello Tonelli; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Khanh Bao Tran; Manjari Tripathi; Riaz Uddin; Irfan Ullah; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Ushotanefe Useh; Muhammad Shariq Usman; Olalekan A. Uthman; Marco Vacante; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Pascual R. Valdez; John VanderHeide; Elena Varavikova; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yasser Vasseghian; Yousef Veisani; Srinivasaraghavan Venkatesh; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Madhur Verma; Simone Vidale; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Sebastian Vollmer; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Haidong Wang; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Kirsten E. Wiens; Tissa Wijeratne; Haileab Fekadu Wolde; Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash; Tewodros Eshete Wonde; Adam Belay Wondmieneh; Ai-Min Wu; Gelin Xu; Abbas Yadegar; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Tomohide Yamada; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Yoosik Youm; Mustafa Z. Younis; Zabihollah Yousefi; Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Leila Zaki; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Hadi Zarafshan; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Taddese Alemu Zerfu; Taye Abuhay Zewale; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Xiu-Ju Zhao; Sanjay Zodpey; Kamiar Zomorodian; Francis Bruno Zotor; Ashkan Afshin; Simon I. Hay
A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s).
Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18: a modelling study
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Benn Sartorius; John D. VanderHeide; Mingyou Yang; Erik A. Goosmann; Julia Hon; Emily Haeuser; Michael A. Cork; Samantha Perkins; Deepa Jahagirdar; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Audrey L. Serfes; Kate E. LeGrand; Hedayat Abbastabar; Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Keivan Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Yonas Akalu; Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Noore Alam; Alehegn Aderaw Alamneh; Turki M. Alanzi; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Tilahun Ali; Vahid Alipour; Saeed Amini; Robert Ancuceanu; Fereshteh Ansari; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Wondwossen Niguse Asmare; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Marcel Ausloos; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Samad Azari; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar; Atif Amin Baig; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Maciej Banach; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma; Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bezabhe; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Boris Bikbov; Tsegaye Adane Birhan; Zebenay Workneh Bitew; Moses John Bockarie; Archith Boloor; Oliver J. Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Soosanna Kumary Chattu; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Aubrey J. Cook; Natalie Maria Cormier; Richard G. Cowden; Carlos Culquichicon; Baye Dagnew; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Giovanni Damiani; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; Farah Daoud; Ahmad Daryani; José das Neves; Nicole Davis Weaver; Meseret Derbew Molla; Kebede Deribe; Abebaw Alemayehu Desta; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Daniel Diaz; Shirin Djalalinia; Paul Narh Doku; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Lucas Earl; Jeffrey W. Eaton; Andem Effiong; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Rajesh Elayedath; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Oghenowede Eyawo; Sayeh Ezzikouri; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Alebachew Fasil; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Valery L. Feigin; Tomas Y. Ferede; Eduarda Fernandes; Florian Fischer; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis; Berhe Gebremichael; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Lemma Getacher; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Syed Amir Gilani; Themba G. Ginindza; Mustefa Glagn; Mahaveer Golechha; Philimon N. Gona; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rashid Abdi Guled; Brian J. Hall; Samer Hamidi; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Arief Hargono; Abdiwahab Hashi; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Claudiu Herteliu; Hagos Degefa de Hidru; Ramesh Holla; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mowafa Househ; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Ravi Prakash Jha; Kimberly B. Johnson; Vasna Joshua; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Naser Kamyari; Tanuj Kanchan; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Salah Eddin Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Getinet Kassahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Bayew Kelkay; Nauman Khalid; Gulfaraz Khan; Junaid Khan; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Khaled Khatab; Salman Khazaei; Yun Jin Kim; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Sonali Kochhar; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Sindhura Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Desmond Kuupiel; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carlo La Vecchia; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Jennifer O. Lam; Iván Landires; Savita Lasrado; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Paul H. Lee; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Bingyu Li; Xuefeng Liu; Platon D. Lopukhov; Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin; Deepak Madi; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Abdullah A. Mamun; Navid Manafi; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Benjamin K. Mayala; Birhanu Geta Meharie; Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu; Hagazi Gebre Meles; Mulugeta Melku; Walter Mendoza; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Abera M. Mersha; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ted R. Miller; Andreea Mirica; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Osama Mohamad; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Salahuddin Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Taklu Marama Mokonnon; Mariam Molokhia; Masoud Moradi; Yousef Moradi; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Jonathan F. Mosser; Sandra B. Munro; Ghulam Mustafa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Mohsen Naghavi; Muhammad Naveed; Vinod C. Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Samata Nepal; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Frida N. Ngalesoni; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Samuel Negash Nigussie; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Muktar Omer Omer; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Nikita Otstavnov; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Smita Pakhale; Adrian Pana; Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal; Urvish K. Patel; Mona Pathak; George C. Patton; Shrikant Pawar; Emmanuel K. Peprah; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadi Pourjafar; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Alireza Rafiei; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Pradhum Ram; Juwel Rana; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Satish Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Reza Rawassizadeh; Vishnu Renjith; Melese Abate Reta; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer M. Ross; Susan Fred Rumisha; Rajesh Sagar; Maitreyi Sahu; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Marwa Rashad Salem; Abdallah M. Samy; Brijesh Sathian; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Abdul-Aziz Seidu; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Mohammad Shahbaz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Feyisso Shaka; Aziz Sheikh; Kenji Shibuya; Jae Il Shin; K.M. Shivakumar; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Jasvinder A. Singh; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina; Amin Soheili; Shahin Soltani; Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Emma Elizabeth Spurlock; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Biruk Wogayehu Taddele; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Zemenu Tamir; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Frank C. Tanser; Nuno Taveira; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Yohannes Tekalegn; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Belay Tessema; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Bhaskar Thakur; Musliu Adetola Tolani; Roman Topor-Madry; Marco Torrado; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Eugenio Traini; Alexander C. Tsai; Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye; Irfan Ullah; Saif Ullah; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Constantine Vardavas; Francesco S. Violante; Bay Vo; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Richard G. Wamai; Yanzhong Wang; Paul Ward; Andrea Werdecker; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Tissa Wijeratne; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh; Tomohide Yamada; Sanni Yaya; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Tewodros Yosef; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Leila Zaki; Maryam Zamanian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Anasthasia Zastrozhina; Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Arash Ziapour; Simon I. Hay; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8–8120·3]) cases per 100 000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0–1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81·1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. Interpretation: Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license