Browsing by Author "Kailash Chandra"

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Degree of association and cause-effect analysis for spot blotch disease resistance and ancillary characters of yield in barley (Hordeum vulgarel.)
(Plant Archives, 2020) Kailash Chandra; Ravindra Prasad; L.C. Prasad; Kuduka Madhukar; Rashmi Reddy; Padma Thakur
Ninety-six genotypes of Barley were tested under natural as well as epiphytotically created biotic stress condition for spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker at Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi which is a hot spot for spot blotch. The objective of this experiment was to know the nature of the association between pairs of characters associated with disease-resistant in spot blotch and seed yield at the phenotypic level and thereby compare the direct and indirect effect of character under study. Phenotypic correlation revealed that under natural condition association estimates have shown AUDPC has a significant negative relationship with grain yield (r = -0.46) followed by thousand-grain weight (r = -0.233), days to maturity (-0.168). Whereas, under biotic stress condition also it has significant and negative relationship with important yield and yield attributing traits viz. grain yield g/plant (r = -0.65) followed by days to maturity (r = -0.43), thousand grain weight (r = -0.27), grain filling duration (r = -0.23) and spike number per plant (r = -0.23). Thus implies that indirect selection for these traits helps in the development of spot blotch resistant genotypes. From the path coefficient analysis based on correlations, it was observed that under natural conditions maximum direct negative effect on AUDPC was exhibited by grain yield per plant (-0.478). However, the direct positive effect on AUDPC was observed for grain filling duration (0.030) and plant height (0.120) while under biotic stress condition maximum direct negative effect on AUDPC was exhibited by grain yield per plant (-0.589) followed by days to maturity (-0.381). Therefore, the characters which show negative direct effect may play a significant role in the formation of selection criteria for breeding the resistant genotypes. Thus, direct selection for these traits in order to achieve yield improvement will be fruitful. Thus, these characters play an important role in the formation of selection criteria to enhance the resistance to spot blotch in Barley. The present investigation suggests that selection in Barley germplasm based on the degree of association and causes effect analysis will be effective in selecting superior plants for yield parameters and spot blotch resistance in isolating high yielding disease resistant genotype in Barley. © 2020 Plant Archives. All rights reserved.
Effect of moisture stress on key physiological traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars
(Society for Plant Research, 2017) R. Gobu; B. N. Harish Babu; Kailash Chandra; M. Shankar; Om Prakash
Brinjal, commonly called as aubergine or eggplant need to have drought tolerant cultivars. Present investigation was carried out to identify the effect of moisture stress on key physiological traits and to identify the drought tolerant cultivars. Sixty five genotypes were transplanted after 30 days of sowing in three replications for moisture stress and normal conditions in pots having two plants per pot. The observations on plant height, root length, root: shoot ratio, SPAD chlorophyll reading, relative water content and membrane stability index were recorded in both moisture stress and non-stress plants. Change in percent mean under moisture stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was computed and found that plant height, root length and relative water content was reduced by 30.86, 21.23 and 46.85 percent respectively, whereas root: shoot ratio, membrane stability index and SPAD chlorophyll Reading were increased by 10.19, 4.13 and 14.98 percent respectively in moisture stress condition compared to non-stress condition. Among the 65 genotypes, Pusa Shaymala, IIHR-7, IIHR-322, R-2585, L-3268, Pusa Purple Long, Annamalai, Long Green, Jawahar Brinjal-69, Jawahar Brinjal-64, Pusa Upkar, Early Round, Swarna Shyamali, Arka Shirish and Raidurga Green Round were found to be moisture stress tolerant cultivars. © 2017, SPR, All Rights Reserved.
Estimation of genetic variability, heat susceptibility index and tolerance efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for timely and late sown environments
(Indian Society of Plant Breeders, 2020) Padma Thakur; Lal Chand Prasad; Ravindra Prasad; Kailash Chandra; K. Rashmi
The present investigation was conducted to determine the genetic variability, Heat Susceptibility Index (HSI) and Heat Tolerance Efficiency (HTE) in 17 wheat genotypes including the checks over timely and late sown condition of rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. On the basis of HSI for yield per plant, K1006, CG1507, PBW343 and HUW234 while UP2847, RWP 2015-22 and CG 1507 were observed to be tolerant in in 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. HSI for 1000 grain weight was observed to be tolerant in genotypes K 1006, RWP 2015-22, CG 1505, Lok-1 and NW 1014 in 2016-17and in genotypes K 1006, HD 2967 and DBW 14 in 2017-18, respectively. For HTE, CG 1507 (92.8%) and NW 1014 (113%) were best in 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The genetic parameters showed significant variability among the genotypes and high broad sense heritability was observed for plant height in 2016-17 and for yield per plant and plant height in 2017-18. © 2020, Indian Society of Plant Breeders.
Genetic variability of barley germplasm (Hordeum vulgare) for spot blotch disease resistance in natural and artificial epiphytotic condition
(Indian Society of Plant Breeders, 2019) Kailash Chandra; Ravindra Prasad; L.C. Prasad; Kuduka Madhukar; K. Rashmi; Padma Thakur
Spot blotch is having a severe impact on barley per se performance; therefore an experiment was conducted during rabi season 2016-17 at, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (also known as hot spot for spot blotch) in natural and artificial ephiphytotic condition, in order to find out genetic variability existing among released varieties of barley for disease resistance under consideration. The finding of this investigation showed that spot blotch resistant components and all the yield related traits showed a highly significant difference. Therefore efforts have been made to screen these varieties to find out the disease reaction based on the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and which will be available to research domain for further utilization in trait specific crop breeding. The study showed that without sacrificing the grain yield, variety HUB 113 was found to be resistant to this hot spot. It has the genetic capability to restrict the pathogen in order to maximize the yield level. © Indian Society of Plant Breeders.
Heterosis and combining ability of indigenous and exotic crosses of barley
(Plant Archives, 2017) Sweta Singh; L.C. Prasad; Kuduka Madhukar; Kailash Chandra; R. Prasad
The present investigation was conducted at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) during Rabi seasons of 20014-15 and 2015-16. The experimental material included 30 genotypes and data were recorded on the following characters viz., days to 75 per cent flowering, days to maturity, number of effective tillers/plant, number of grains/main ear, ear length (cm), awn length (cm), biological yield/plant (gm), harvest index (%), grain weight (1000-grain weight) and grain yield/plant. The line × tester interaction was significant for all the traits under study. Plant height showed highest narrow sense heritability followed by 1000 grain weight, on the contrary, only awn length and harvest index exhibited moderate narrow sense heritability. Out of 15 F1's studied, twelve crosses expressed desirable heterosis over BP (Better Parent) and one desirable heterosis over SV (Standard Variety). Among the genotypes, HUBL 09-17, IBYT 04-177, IBYT 04-09 and Moroc 09-75 showed significant negative GCA effects for days to 50% flowering and days to maturity (considering negative effects as desirable). Positive significant GCA effects were recorded for spike length, awn length and harvest index by IBYT 04-10 and IBYT 04-09. BYT(LRA)12 and IBYT 04-10 had shown preferred negative SCA for days to 50% flowering and days to maturity in more crosses. IBYT(LRA)12 had also shown preferrred SCA for number of effective tillers, grain yield per plant and biological yield. The cross Moroc 09-95 × IBYT(LRA)12 had highest SCA for biological yield along with preferred SCA for number of effective tillers, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant.
Insight into floral biology and ancillary characteristics of underutilized legume- bambara groundnut [vigna subterranea (l.)verdc.]
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2019) Kailash Chandra; R. Nandini; R. Gobu; Pranesh; Chitti Bharat Kumar; R. Muthuraju
193 and nine isolated gamma irradiated stabilized mutants of SB-42 for this investigation. Mutant 11 produced significantly maximum number of pods per plant (46.05 g/ plant) and seed yield per plant (28.96 g/plant), compared to control SB-42 (40.85 g/plant, 20.54 g/plant) respectively. Results obtained from flower biology studies were, Inflorescence- Simple Racemes, Flower- Bracteates, Zygomorphic, Hermaphrodite, Pedicellate, hypogynous, Calyx- sepal 5, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation, Corolla- petals 5, Polypetalous, Papilionaceous with a standard (vexilum/banner) petal, 2 wing petals(Alae) and 2 keel petals (Carinea), Androecium- stamens 10, Didelphous condition (9+1), Gynoecium- Ovary superior, Floral formula- Br Brl % K(5) C1+ 2 + (2) A 9+1 G (1). © 2019; Agricultural Research Communication Centre, All rights reserved.
Insight into the genetic diversity of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes through D2 analysis
(Indian Society of Plant Breeders, 2017) R. Gobu; B.N. Harish Babu; Kailash Chandra; M. Shankar; Omprakash
The present investigation was carried out during Rabi 2014-15 at College of Horticulture, Hiriyur, Karnataka with 62 eggplant genotypes. Mahalanobis' D2 analysis was done to study the genetic diversity among the genotypes using 12 quantitative traits. Among the different traits studied, number of primary branches/plant contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence. D2 statistic grouped the genotypes into 11 diverse clusters. The inter cluster D2 value was maximum (3128.62) between cluster IX and XI which indicates that these clusters are diverse from each other. Crossing between the superior genotypes of above diverse cluster pairs may provide desirable transgressive segregants for developing high yielding varieties. Five genotypes namely R-2585, IIHR-355, Arka Kusumaker, IC420590 and R-2582 formed solitary clusters which hints at their uniqueness for most of the traits. Based on cluster mean scoring, cluster II ranked first indicating the presence of elite genotypes, which includes Punjab Barsati, IC104083, IVBL-9, Lal Gulab, IC90785, IC333527, Arka Abilash, IIHR-7 and Arka Kranti. So these genotypes can be extensively used for further breeding programme to generate new material.
Molecular techniques and mutation breeding approaches to genetically enrich the Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Kailash Chandra; H.S. Saritha; K. Rashmi; S. Basavaraj Teli; Subhash Chand; Gayatri Kumawat; Champa Lal Khatik; Rohit Sharma
Barley, scientifically known as Hordeum vulgare L. is the world’s one of the preponderance ancient crop which brought under human cultivation. Its importance can be assessed by the fact that the Sumerians and the Babylonians used grains of barley as currency during the ancient era. It is unavoidable in brewing and malting. Apart from this, barley is also known for its numerous medical properties since it has beta-glucans which is having the capability to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. To meet the demand of an ever-increasing population, barley production can be increased by adopting the high-yielding and climatic resilient varieties. Recently, a major emphasis in the breeding program has been given to the development of improved genotypes with the help of modern technologies to combat climate change, which has a great impact on yield reduction. Thus, to enhance and sustain barley production in the country, the development of genotypes against all cancerous factors is a prerequisite. Nonetheless, a plant breeder faces constraints in developing high-yielding varieties due to a lack of precise information about inheritance patterns and difficulties in selecting parents and further crosses. There is an urgent need to understand the perplexing information of various factors influencing barley yield potential. At the onset, vistas about barley genetic improvement were limited to conventional approaches. However, in the present era it extends to molecular approaches, and the future will be having a platform of advanced research for its improvement. Therefore, this chapter will provide information about the molecular approaches and mutation breeding in barley. © 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Organic seed production and certification with special reference to Rajasthan
(Elsevier, 2021) Kailash Chandra; Subhash Chand; C.L. Khatik; H.S. Jatav; Santosh Kumar; A.K. Pandey; Sandhya; Subhash Mahla; Omprakash; M.A. Khan; Ramu Meena; Sunil Kumar; Rajesh Singhal; Gaytri Kumawat
Organic seed production is need of present scenario, where every person is concern with quality food. The most compelling reason of using organically produced product is, it has less chemical impact on environment. Ensuring quality of organically produced seed is also important criteria where legal standards are checked and certificate of quality provided through various process. In order to understand all the process or organic seed, its production and certification we need to learn about organic seed, its importance, national standards for organic seed production, seed production plans, factors influencing it and many other aspects related to organic seed production. Breeding strategy for organic seed production is an important criterion to breed variety which suits in an eco-friendly cultivation of crops. In India, many farmers produce seed organically however lack of legal certification for their produce make it unable to catch the price as certified organic seed fetch. It is an important issue that everyone involved in organic seed production must know what, how and where they can get and use the input materials for this type of seed production for sustainability. Therefore this chapter include all the materials which are allowed, restricted and prohibited to use for organic seed production and certification. Key challenges and suggested organic farming practices have also been explained which will be helpful for scientific community who are approaching toward eco-friendly agriculture. Special reference has been given to Rajasthan, where from applying for organic seed product to obtain their certificate has been illustrated. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants under nutrient deficiency and toxicity conditions
(Elsevier, 2021) Asha Kumari; Binny Sharma; Bansh Narayan Singh; Akash Hidangmayum; Hanuman Singh Jatav; Kailash Chandra; Rajesh Kumar Singhal; Eetela Sathyanarayana; Abhik Patra; Kiran Kumar Mohapatra
Presently, the world is suffering from the declining trend of crop yields globally, making food security a major challenge. The limited availability of arable land and water resources has made this challenge even bigger. Recent research-based studies depict that, in many developing countries, poor soil fertility, lower availability of mineral nutrients in soil, improper nutrient management, along with the lack of plant genotypes having high tolerance to nutrient deficiencies or toxicities are major constraints leading to food insecurity, malnutrition (i.e., micronutrient deficiencies), and degradation of ecosystem. It has been stated that 60% of our cultivated soils have growth-limiting problems with deficiencies and toxicities of available mineral nutrients. About 50% of the world population suffers from micronutrient deficiencies that make mineral nutrition studies a major promising area in meeting the global demand for sufficient food production with enhanced nutritional value. Integration of plant adaptation strategies in such soils using genetics and plant breeding and molecular biology is indispensable in developing plant genotypes with high genetic potential to acclimatize such nutrient-deficient and toxic soil conditions to translocate more micronutrients into edible plant parts such as cereal grains. Thus, plant nutrition research provides invaluable information, which is highly useful in elimination of these constraints, and leads to sustain the food security and well-being of humans without harming the environment. Keeping all these points in mind this chapter helps in understanding the mechanisms and strategies of plant in nutrient-deficient and toxic soil conditions. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Roles of Nitric Oxide in Conferring Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants and Crosstalk with Other Plant Growth Regulators
(Springer, 2021) Rajesh Kumar Singhal; Hanuman Singh Jatav; Tariq Aftab; Saurabh Pandey; Udit Nandan Mishra; Jyoti Chauhan; Subhash Chand; Indu; Debanjana Saha; Basant Kumar Dadarwal; Kailash Chandra; Mudasser Ahmed Khan; Vishnu D. Rajput; Tatiana Minkina; Eetela Sathya Narayana; Manoj Kumar Sharma; Shahid Ahmed
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free-radical gasotransmitter signaling molecule associated with a varied spectrum of signal transduction pathways linked to inducing cross-adaptation against abiotic stresses. It has crucial roles from seed germination to plant maturity, depending upon its cellular concentration. The functional cross-talk of NO among different stress signaling cascades leads to alteration in the expression of developmental genes that regulate biosynthesis and function of plant growth regulators (PGRs). NO-PGRs and secondary signaling compounds cross-talk trigger reprogramming of stress-responsive gene expressions, transcriptional gene modulations, redox regulating machinery, oxidative metabolisms, and multiple regulatory pathways under plant abiotic stress. Recent findings suggest NO as critical components of numerous plant signaling network that interplays with auxin, gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroids (BRs), H2O2, melatonin, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), salicylic acid (SA), and other PGRs to modulate growth and development under multiple stresses. Considering the importance of NO signaling crosstalk under stress adaptation, in this review, we point out the biosynthesis and metabolism of NO and its crosstalk with numerous other signaling compounds. Further, recent cellular and molecular advances in NO signaling cross-talk under abiotic stress adaptations also have been discussed. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Stability analysis for yield and related traits over four environments in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Plant Archives, 2019) Padma Thakur; Lal Chand Prasad; Ravindra Prasad; Omprakash; Kailash Chandra; K. Rashmi
This Experiment was conducted with seventeen genotypes of wheat for ten quantitative traits in two date of sowing during Rabi-2016-17 viz., 18th Nov. (normal sown as E1) and 18th Dec. (Late sown as E2) and again in Rabi-2017-18 sown on 20th Nov. (normal sown as E3) and 20th Dec. (late sown as E4) at Agriculture research farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu university, Varanasi. The significant variations due to genotypes against pooled error revealed the presence of genetic variability for all the traits under study. The component G × E interaction being highly significant indicated that genotypes interacted considerably to environmental conditions in different environments. For yield per plant the genotypes, HUW 234 exhibited at par value with the population mean, bi near to unity and non-significant deviation from regression line(S2di), showing that genotype was stable under all environments. However, none of the genotypes were found to show stable performance as per days to 50% flowering, grain filling duration seeds/plants and 1000 grain weight. © 2019 Plant Archives. All rights reserved.
Zinc Solubilization and Mobilization: A Promising Approach for Cereals Biofortification
(Springer, 2020) Hanuman Singh Jatav; Satish Kumar Singh; Mahendru Kumar Gautam; Mujahid Khan; Sunil Kumar; Vishnu D. Rajput; Mudasser Ahmed Khan; Lokesh Kumar Jat; Manoj Parihar; Champa Lal Khatik; Gaurav Kumar Jatav; Surendra Singh Jatav; Kailash Chandra; Hanuman Prasad Parewa
Plants are an important component of the ecosystem and vital for survival of human beings. As human beings need nutrition for their proper growth and development, plants also require different nutrients to complete their life cycle. Among the all essential nutrients, zinc is one of the important nutrients required not only by plants but also by human beings. Several researchers have reported the decline in zinc level of Indian soils. An approx. 47–49% of Indian soils are facing zinc deficiency, which is continuously rising up. The deficient soils are not able to supply the crop the required amount of nutrients, since soils with zinc deficiency are unable to provide an adequate amount of nutrients. The cereal crop like rice is prone to face zinc deficiency worldwide. Keeping in view such global crop issues, a greater attention is required to fulfil the zinc requirement of crop by different agronomic and plant breeding approaches. Zinc biofortification becomes one of the promising strategies to supply zinc in the crop at an optimum level. Zinc solubilization and mobilization are one of the suitable strategies to overcome zinc-deficiency issues. The chapter has emphasized on mechanism of biofortification and its challenges and limitations for adoption at ground level. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.