Browsing by Author "Kaja M. Abbas"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohammad Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Parisa Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Akine Eshete Abosetugn; Victor Aboyans; Elissa M. Abrams; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Abdulaziz Khalid Abu Haimed; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Alyssa Acebedo; Ilana N. Ackerman; Maryam Adabi; Tim Adair; Abdu A. Adamu; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji; Victor Adekanmbi; Jaimie D. Adelson; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Mohsen Afarideh; Mahdi Afshari; Ashkan Afshin; Emilie E. Agardh; Gina Agarwal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Kareha M. Agesa; Mohammad Aghaali; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Alireza Ahmadi; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Ehsan Ahmadpour; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Budi Aji; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Samuel B. Albertson; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Niguse Meles Alema; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Nihad A. Almasri; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Abdulaziz M. Almulhim; Jordi Alonso; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Arwa Khalid Alumran; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T. Amare; Bekalu Amare; Saeed Amini; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Arya Aminorroaya; Fatemeh Amiri; Arianna Maever L. Amit; Dickson A. Amugsi; Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul; Etsay Woldu Anbesu; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Sofia Androudi; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Iman Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Aseb Arba Kinfe Arba; Olatunde Aremu; Filippo Ariani; Timur Aripov; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Oluwaseyi Olalekan Arowosegbe; Krishna K. Aryal; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Samaneh Asgari; Babak Asghari; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Sachin R. Atre; Madhu Sudhan Atteraya; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur Avokpaho; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Getie Lake Aynalem; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Gulrez Azhar; Peter S. Azzopardi; B.B. Darshan; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mojtaba Bagherzadeh; Eleni Bagli; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Atif Amin Baig; Mohan Bairwa; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Arun Balachandran; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Shivanthi Balalla; Shelly Balassyano; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Palash Chandra Banik; Marlena S. Bannick; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Simachew Animen Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Akbar Barzegar; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Gholamreza Bazmandegan; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Masoud Behzadifar; Yannick Béjot; Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye Bekuma; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Rose G. Bender; Derrick A. Bennett; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Catherine P. Benziger; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Eduardo Bernabe; Robert S. Bernstein; Gregory J. Bertolacci; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sadia Bibi; Molly H. Biehl; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Ver Bilano; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Donal Bisanzio; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Tone Bjørge; Moses John Bockarie; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Hunduma Amensisa Bojia; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Archith Boloor; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Dipan Bose; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Rupert Bourne; Oliver J. Brady; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Carol Brayne; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Alexey V. Breusov; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrew M. Briggs; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Traolach Brugha; Dana Bryazka; Rachelle Buchbinder; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Tianji Cai; Charlton S.K.H. Callender; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Jackie Cao; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Chris D. Castle; Emma Castro; Franz Castro; Ferrán Catalá-López; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Julian Chalek; Joht Singh Chandan; Alex R. Chang; Angela Y. Chang; Jung-Chen Chang; Kai-Lan Chang; Jaykaran Charan; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Ken Lee Chin; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Beniamino Cislaghi; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Emma L. Collins; Haley Comfort; Kelly Compton; Sara Conti; Owen R. Cooper; Barbara Corso; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Benjamin C. Cowie; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Andrew J. Croneberger; Di H. Cross; Marita Cross; Christopher Stephen Crowe; Jessica A. Cruz; Steven Cummins; Matthew Cunningham; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Jiregna Darega Gela; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Aditya Prasad Dash; Gail Davey; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Adrian C. Davis; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Jan-Walter De Neve; Frances E. Dean; Nicole K. DeCleene; Amanda Deen; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nebiyu Dereje Dereje; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Rupak Desai; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Keshab Deuba; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Martin Dichgans; Alireza Didarloo; Zachary V. Dingels; Ilse N. Dippenaar; M. Ashworth Dirac; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Andrew J. Dolgert; Fariba Dorostkar; Chirag P. Doshi; Pratik P. Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Matthew C. Doxey; Kerrie E. Doyle; Tim Robert Driscoll; Eleonora Dubljanin; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; Hedyeh Ebrahimi; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; David Edvardsson; Andem Effiong; Joshua R. Ehrlich; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Aisha Elsharkawy; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Babak Eshrati; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh; Alireza Esteghamati; Sadaf Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Oluchi Ezekannagha; Jessica Fanzo; Tamer Farag; Mohammad Farahmand; Anwar Faraj; Emerito Jose A. Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha; Andrea Farioli; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Pietro Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Garumma Tolu Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Ryan Fitzgerald; Carsten Flohr; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Carla Fornari; Masoud Foroutan; Jack T. Fox; Joel Msafiri Francis; Tahvi D. Frank; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; Kai Fukutaki; John E. Fuller; Nancy Fullman; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane; Emmanuela Gakidou; Natalie C. Galles; Silvano Gallus; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot; Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Leake G. Gebremeskel; Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W. Gething; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Alireza Ghajar; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Simona Giampaoli; Syed Amir Gilani; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Themba G. Ginindza; Mojgan Gitimoghaddam; Giorgia Giussani; Mustefa Glagn; Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Myron Anthony Godinho; Salime Goharinezhad; Mahaveer Golechha; Srinivas Goli; Ricardo Santiago Gomez; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Emily Goren; Giuseppe Gorini; Taren M. Gorman; Harrison Chase Gottlich; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Alessandra C. Goulart; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Nachiket Gudi; Harish Chander Gugnani; Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Teklemariam Gultie; Gaorui Guo; Yuming Guo; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Subodh Sharan Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Juanita A. Haagsma; Vladimir Hachinski; Beatrix Haddock; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Abdul Hafiz; Hailey Hagins; Lydia M. Haile; Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Sajid Hameed; Samer Hamidi; Erin B. Hamilton; Melanie S. Hammer; Chieh Han; Hannah Han; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Asif Hanif; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; James D. Harvey; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Amir Hasanzadeh; Maryam Hashemian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Amr Hassan; Shoaib Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Roderick J. Hay; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Behzad Heibati; Behnam Heidari; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Delia Hendrie; Kiana Henny; Andualem Henok; Hannah J. Henrikson; Nathaniel J. Henry; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hung Chak Ho; Hans W. Hoek; Michael K. Hole; Ramesh Holla; Bruce Hollingsworth; Praveen Hoogar; Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Damian G. Hoy; Mohamed Hsairi; Thomas Hsiao; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Fernando N. Hugo; Ayesha Humayun; Rabia Hussain; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Ivo Iavicoli; Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Md. Mohaimenul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Deepa Jahagirdar; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Peng Jia; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Tamas Joo; Ankur Joshi; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Aruna M. Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; Marina Karanikolos; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Salah Eddin Karimi; Seyed Asaad Karimi; Seyed M. Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Suzanne H. Keddie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Maseer Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Habibolah Khazaie; Mohammad Taghi Khodayari; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Roba Khundkar; Neda Kianipour; Christian Kieling; Cho-Il Kim; Daniel Kim; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimäki; Cameron J. Kneib; Luke D. Knibbs; Megan Knight; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; David S.Q. Koh; Stefan Kohler; Tufa Kolola; Hamidreza Komaki; Jacek A. Kopec; Anna V. Korotkova; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Soewarta Kosen; Anirudh Kotlo; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; K.S. Shaji; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Bicer Kucuk; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Girikumar Kumaresh; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Jennifer O. Lam; Faris Hasan Lami; Qing Lan; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Van Charles Lansingh; Sonia Lansky; Heidi Jane Larson; Samantha Leigh Larson; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Zohra S. Lassi; Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau; Paolo Lauriola; Pablo M. Lavados; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Lisiane F. Leal; Janet L. Leasher; Jorge R. Ledesma; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Andrew T. Leever; Kate E. LeGrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Sarah Lewington; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Christine Lin; Ro-Ting Lin; Christine Linehan; Shai Linn; Stefan Listl; Hung-Chun Liu; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Yang Liu; Zichen Liu; Justin Lo; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katharine J. Looker; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Alton Lu; Tim C.D. Lucas; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Jianing Ma; Daiane Borges Machado; Jennifer H. MacLachlan; Mohammed Madadin; Emilie R. Maddison; Ralph Maddison; Fabiana Madotto; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Hue Thi Mai; Azeem Majeed; Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas; Venkatesh Maled; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Amir Manafi; Navid Manafi; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Chabila Christopher Mapoma; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; João Massano; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Claudia I. Mastrogiacomo; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Erin A. May; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís; Birhanu Geta Meharie; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Entezar Mehrabi Nasab; Fereshteh Mehri; Ravi Mehrotra; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei; Teferi Mekonnen; Addisu Melese; Peter T.N. Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Meresa Berwo Mengesha; George A. Mensah; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; George J. Milne; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Philip B. Mitchell; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Bahram Mohajer; Osama Mohamad; Efat Mohamadi; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Mohammad Abdollahi; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Hassan Abolhassani; Victor Aboyans; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad; Abdelrahman I. Abushouk; Maryam Adabi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiodun Moshood Adeoye; Olatunji O. Adetokunboh; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Ashkan Afshin; Gina Agarwal; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir; Anurag Agrawal; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Blessing Akombi; Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Samiah Alam; Tahiya Alam; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Biresaw Wassihun Alemu; Khalid F. Alhabib; Muhammad Ali; Saqib Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Cyrus Alinia; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Jordi Alonso; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Mostafa Amini-Rarani; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Jason A. Anderson; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Filippo Ariani; Bahram Armoon; Johan Ärnlöv; Afsaneh Arzani; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Charlie Ashbaugh; Michael Assmus; Zahra Atafar; Desta Debalkie Atnafu; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Floriane Ausloos; Marcel Ausloos; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Samad Azari; Ghasem Azarian; Zelalem Nigussie Azene; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bahrami; Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei; Ahad Bakhtiari; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Alberto Baldasseroni; Kylie Ball; Shoshana H. Ballew; Daniela Balzi; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K. Banerjee; Agegnehu Bante Bante; Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Lope H. Barrero; Celine M. Barthelemy; Lingkan Barua; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Jacob S. Becker; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Michelle L. Bell; Fiona B. Bennitt; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Adam E. Berman; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Reshmi Bhageerathy; Neeraj Bhala; Dinesh Bhandari; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed; Antonio Biondi; Binyam Minuye Birihane; Catherine Bisignano; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Helen Bitew; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mehdi Bohluli; Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley; Guilherme Borges; Antonio Maria Borzì; Shiva Borzouei; Cristina Bosetti; Soufiane Boufous; Dejana Braithwaite; Michael Brauer; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Susanne Breitner; Hermann Brenner; Paul Svitil Briant; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Gabrielle B. Britton; Dana Bryazka; Blair R. Bumgarner; Katrin Burkart; Richard Thomas Burnett; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Leah E. Cahill; Luis Alberto Cámera; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Rosario Cárdenas; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Franz Castro; Kate Causey; Christopher R. Cederroth; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Joht Singh Chandan; Kai-Lan Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Nicolas Cherbuin; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Hanne Christensen; Dinh-Toi Chu; Michael T. Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Flavia M. Cicuttini; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen; Aaron J. Cohen; Kelly Compton; Owen R. Cooper; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Di H. Cross; Jessica A. Cruz; Saad M.A. Dahlawi; Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno; Giovanni Damiani; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; William James Dangel; Anna-Karin Danielsson; Paul I. Dargan; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; José das Neves; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Diego De Leo; Louisa Degenhardt; Marissa DeLang; Robert Paul Dellavalle; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Desalegn Getnet Demsie; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Nikolaos Dervenis; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Diana Dias da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Klara Dokova; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Tim Robert Driscoll; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Arielle Wilder Eagan; David Edvardsson; Nevine El Nahas; Iman El Sayed; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Islam Y. Elgendy; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary; Iqbal R.F. Elyazar; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Holly E. Erskine; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Saman Esmaeilnejad; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Arash Etemadi; Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso; Jessica Fanzo; Mohammad Farahmand; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Mithila Faruque; Farshad Farzadfar; Nazir Fattahi; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Valery L. Feigin; Rachel Feldman; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Giannina Ferrara; Alize J. Ferrari; Manuela L. Ferreira; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; James L. Fisher; Luisa Sorio Flor; Nataliya A. Foigt; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Masoud Foroutan; Richard Charles Franklin; Marisa Freitas; Weijia Fu; Takeshi Fukumoto; João M. Furtado; Mohamed M. Gad; Emmanuela Gakidou; Silvano Gallus; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; William M. Gardner; Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam; Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie; Abraham Geremew; Anna Gershberg Hayoon; Peter W. Gething; Maryam Ghadimi; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Hesam Ghiasvand; Nermin Ghith; Asadollah Gholamian; Rakesh Ghosh; Paramjit Singh Gill; Themba G. Ginindza; Giorgia Giussani; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Salime Goharinezhad; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Giuseppe Gorini; Houman Goudarzi; Alessandra C. Goulart; Felix Greaves; Michal Grivna; Giuseppe Grosso; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rafael Alves Guimarães; Rashid Abdi Guled; Gaorui Guo; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Tarun Gupta; Beatrix Haddock; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Abdul Hafiz; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian J. Hall; Iman Halvaei; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Melanie S. Hammer; Graeme J. Hankey; Hamidreza Haririan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Edris Hasanpoor; Abdiwahab Hashi; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Khezar Hayat; Golnaz Heidari; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Hannah J. Henrikson; Molly E. Herbert; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Thomas R. Hird; Hans W. Hoek; Ramesh Holla; Praveen Hoogar; H. Dean Hosgood; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mowafa Househ; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Guoqing Hu; Kejia Hu; Tanvir M. Huda; Ayesha Humayun; Chantal K. Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Vincent C. Iannucci; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Nayu Ikeda; Kevin S. Ikuta; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Helen Ippolito; Usman Iqbal; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Hiroyasu Iso; Rebecca Q. Ivers; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu; Jalil Jaafari; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Hussain Jafari; Morteza Jafarinia; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Farzad Jalilian; Spencer L. James; Hosna Janjani; Tahereh Javaheri; Javad Javidnia; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Ravi Prakash Jha; Vivekanand Jha; John S. Ji; Lars Johansson; Oommen John; Yetunde O. John-Akinola; Catherine Owens Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Hamed Kalani; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Tanuj Kanchan; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; André Karch; Mohd Anisul Karim; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Laura Kemmer; Parkes J. Kendrick; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Khaled Khatab; Mona M. Khater; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Maryam Khayamzadeh; Salman Khazaei; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Mika Kivimäki; Luke D. Knibbs; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Jonathan M. Kocarnik; Sonali Kochhar; Jacek A. Kopec; Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Kewal Krishan; Kris J. Krohn; Hans Kromhout; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; G. Anil Kumar; Vivek Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Carlo La Vecchia; Ben Lacey; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Justin J. Lang; Sinéad M. Langan; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Paolo Lauriola; Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. Legrand; James Leigh; Matilde Leonardi; Haley Lescinsky; Janni Leung; Miriam Levi; Shanshan Li; Lee-Ling Lim; Shai Linn; Shiwei Liu; Simin Liu; Yang Liu; Justin Lo; Alan D. Lopez; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Platon D. Lopukhov; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Alton Lu; Alessandra Lugo; Emilie R. Maddison; Phetole Walter Mahasha; Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi; Morteza Mahmoudi; Azeem Majeed; Afshin Maleki; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Ana Laura Manda; Helena Manguerra; Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Ana M. Mantilla Herrera; Joemer C. Maravilla; Ashley Marks; Randall V. Martin; Santi Martini; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi; Manu Raj Mathur; Kunihiro Matsushita; Pallab K. Maulik; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha; Alibek Mereke; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Bartosz Miazgowski; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Michalek; Ted R. Miller; Edward J. Mills; G.K. Mini; Mohammad Miri; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Roya Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh; Awoke Temesgen Misganaw; Prasanna Mithra; Babak Moazen; Dara K. Mohammad; Yousef Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Noushin Mohammadifard; Reza Mohammadpourhodki; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Hussen Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H. Mokdad; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Meghan D. Mooney; Ghobad Moradi; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Moradzadeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Joana Morgado-Da-Costa; Shane Douglas Morrison; Abbas Mosapour; Jonathan F. Mosser; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah; Ulrich Otto Mueller; Satinath Mukhopadhyay; Erin C. Mullany; Kamarul Imran Musa; Saravanan Muthupandian; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Behshad Naghshtabrizi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nansseu; Morteza Naserbakht; Vinod C. Nayak; Ionut Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Ming Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Molly R. Nixon; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Shuhei Nomura; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Christoph Nowak; Virginia Nunez-Samudio; Bogdan Oancea; Christopher M. Odell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Emmanuel Wandera Okunga; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Muktar Omer Omer; Kanyin L. Ong; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Heather M. Orpana; Alberto Ortiz; Osayomwanbo Osarenotor; Frank B. Osei; Samuel M. Ostroff; Adrian Otoiu; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otstavnov; Simon Øverland; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Raffaele Palladino; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Anamika Pandey; Charles D. H. Parry; Maja Pasovic; Deepak Kumar Pasupula; Sangram Kishor Patel; Mona Pathak; Scott B. Patten; George C. Patton; Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi; Amy E. Peden; Alyssa Pennini; Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito; Emmanuel K. Peprah; David M. Pereira; Konrad Pesudovs; Hai Quang Pham; Michael R. Phillips; Cristiano Piccinelli; Tessa M. Pilz; Michael A. Piradov; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Dietrich Plass; Suzanne Polinder; Kevan R. Polkinghorne; Constance Dimity Pond; Maarten J. Postma; Hadi Pourjafar; Farshad Pourmalek; Anna Poznañska; Sergio I. Prada; V. Prakash; Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi; Elisabetta Pupillo; Zahiruddin Quazi Syed; Mohammad Rabiee; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Ata Rafiee; Alberto Raggi; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Ali Rajabpour-Sanati; Fatemeh Rajati; Ivo Rakovac; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Puja C. Rao; Sowmya J. Rao; Vahid Rashedi; Priya Rathi; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Lal Rawal; Reza Rawassizadeh; Ramu Rawat; Christian Razo; Sofia Boston Redford; Robert C. Reiner; Marissa Bettay Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Vishnu Renjith; Andre M.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Negar Rezaei; Nima Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Phoebe-Anne Rhinehart; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniel Cury Ribeiro; Daniela Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Juan A. Rivera; Nicholas L.S. Roberts; Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Robin Room; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A. Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Enrico Rubagotti; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Perminder S. Sachdev; Basema Saddik; Ehsan Sadeghi; Masoumeh Sadeghi; Reza Saeedi; Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam; Yahya Safari; Sare Safi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Hosni Salem; Marwa R. Salem; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Omar Mukhtar Salman; Joshua A. Salomon; Zainab Samad; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Evanson Zondani Sambala; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta; Damian Francesco Santomauro; Itamar S. Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic; Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu Sathish; Davide Sattin; Sonia Saxena; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Silvia Schiavolin; Markus P. Schlaich; Maria Inês Schmidt; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Berrin Serdar; Marc L. Serre; Jamileh Shadid; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Amira A. Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Ali S. Shalash; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Kiomars Sharafi; Aziz Sheikh; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Kenji Shibuya; Kevin David Shield; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Kerem Shuval; Soraya Siabani; Radoslaw Sierpinski; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir; João Pedro Silva; Kyle E. Simpson; Jasvinder A. Singh; Pushpendra Singh; Eirini Skiadaresi; Søren T. Skou; Valentin Yurievich Skryabin; Emma U.R. Smith; Amin Soheili; Shahin Soltani; Moslem Soofi; Reed J. D. Sorensen; Joan B. Soriano; Muluken Bekele Sorrie; Sergey Soshnikov; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Cory N. Spencer; Adel Spotin; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Caroline Stein; Dan J. Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Leo Stockfelt; Mark A. Stokes; Kurt Straif; Jacob L. Stubbs; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Gerhard Sulo; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Takahiro Tabuchi; Amir Taherkhani; Masih Tajdini; Ken Takahashi; Jukka S. Takala; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Nuno Taveira; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; George D. Thurston; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Hamid Reza Tohidinik; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Fotis Topouzis; Anna E. Torre; Mathilde Touvier; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Ravensara Travillian; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Lorainne Tudor Car; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Riaz Uddin; Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Marco Vacante; Pascual R. Valdez; Aaron van Donkelaar; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Yasser Vasseghian; Yousef Veisani; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Rade Vukovic; Yasir Waheed; Mitchell Taylor Wallin; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Alexandrea Watson; Jingkai Wei; Melissa Y. Wei Wei; Robert G. Weintraub; Jordan Weiss; Andrea Werdecker; J. Jason West; Ronny Westerman; Joanna L. Whisnant; Harvey A. Whiteford; Kirsten E. Wiens; Charles D. A. Wolfe; Sarah S. Wozniak; Ai-Min Wu; Junjie Wu; Sarah Wulf Hanson; Gelin Xu; Rixing Xu; Simon Yadgir; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Mousa Yaminfirooz; Yuichiro Yano; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi; Tomas Y. Yeheyis; Christopher Sabo Yilgwan; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Theodore Patrick Younker; Bahman Yousefi; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf; Chuanhua Yu; Hasan Yusefzadeh; Telma Zahirian Moghadam; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Hamed Zandian; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Yunquan Zhang; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Jeff T. Zhao; Xiu-Ju George Zhao; Yingxi Zhao; Peng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Arash Ziapour; Stephanie R. M. Zimsen; Stephen S. Lim; Christopher J.L. Murray
Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2017) Simon I. Hay; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M. Abdulle; Teshome Abuka Abebo; Semaw Ferede Abera; Victor Aboyans; Laith J. Abu-Raddad; Ilana N. Ackerman; Isaac A. Adedeji; Olatunji Adetokunboh; Ashkan Afshin; Rakesh Aggarwal; Sutapa Agrawal; Anurag Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Amani Nidhal Aichour; Ibtihel Aichour; Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour; Sneha Aiyar; Tomi F. Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Faris Hasan Al Lami; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Tahiya Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Raghib Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Juma M. Alkaabi; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Fatma Al-Maskari; Mohammad Abdulaziz Almazroa; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Shirina Alsowaidi; Benjamin M. Althouse; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Ärnlöv; Megha Arora; Al Artaman; Krishna Kumar Aryal; Solomon W. Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Shally Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh; Peter Azzopardi; Tesleem Kayode Babalola; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Marlena S. Bannick; Aleksandra Barac; Suzanne L. Barker-Collo; Till Bärnighausen; Simon Barquera; Lope H. Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Robert Battista; Katherine E. Battle; Bernhard T. Baune; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Justin Beardsley; Neeraj Bedi; Yannick Béjot; Bayu Begashaw Bekele; Michelle L. Bell; Derrick A. Bennett; James R. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Jennifer Benson; Adugnaw Berhane; Derbew Fikadu Berhe; Eduardo Bernabé; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Mircea Beuran; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Anil Bhansali; Samir Bhatt; Zulfqar A. Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Kelly Bienhof; Boris Bikbov; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Fiona M. Blyth; Dube Jara Boneya; Dipan Bose; Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm; Rupert R. A. Bourne; Michael Brainin; Carol E. G. Brayne; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J. K. Breitborde; Paul S. Briant; Gabrielle Britton; Traolach S. Brugha; Rachelle Buchbinder; Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto; Blair Bumgarner; Zahid A. Butt; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ewan Cameron; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Hélène Carabin; Rosario Cárdenas; David O. Carpenter; Juan Jesus Carrero; Austin Carter; Felix Carvalho; Daniel Casey; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Chris D. Castle; Ferrán Catalá-López; Jung-Chen Chang; Fiona J. Charlson; Pankaj Chaturvedi; Honglei Chen; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A. Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Danny Colombara; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Monica Cortinovis; Michael H. Criqui; Elizabeth A. Cromwell; Marita Cross; John A. Crump; Abel Fekadu Dadi; Koustuv Dalal; Albertino Damasceno; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; José Das Neves; Dragos V. Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Barbora De Courten; Diego De Leo; Hans De Steur; Louisa Degenhardt; Selina Deiparine; Robert P. Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C. Das Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D. Dharmaratne; Preet K. Dhillon; Daniel Dicker; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; Klara Dokova; David Teye Doku; E. Ray Dorsey; Kadine Priscila Bender Dos Santos; Tim R. Driscoll; Manisha Dubey; Bruce Bartholow Duncan; Beth E. Ebel; Michelle Echko; Ziad Ziad El-Khatib; Ahmadali Enayati; Aman Yesuf Endries; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Holly E. Erskine; Setegn Eshetie; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Tamer Farag; Carla Sofa E Sa Farinha; André Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Mir Sohail Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Andrea B. Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; João C. Fernandes; Alize J. Ferrari; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Abraham D. Flaxman; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J. Foreman; Richard C. Franklin; Joseph J. Frostad; Nancy Fullman; Thomas Fürst; Joao M. Furtado; Neal D. Futran; Emmanuela Gakidou; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Ayele Geleto; Bikila Lencha Gemechu; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Peter W. Gething; Alireza Ghajar; Katherine B. Gibney; Richard F. Gillum; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W. Godwin; Kashish Goel; Shifalika Goenka; Ellen M. Goldberg; Philimon N. Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Richard A. Gosselin; Carolyn C. Gotay; Atsushi Goto; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Nicholas Graetz; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rajeev Gupta; Prakash C. Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Reyna A. Gutiérrez; Vladimir Hachinski; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Alexis J. Handal; Graeme J. Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L. Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; Kimani M. Harun; James Harvey; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J. Hay; Mohammad T. Hedayati; Delia Hendrie; Nathaniel J. Henry; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Pouria Heydarpour; Hans W. Hoek; Howard J. Hofman; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J. Hotez; Damian G. Hoy; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; John J. Huang; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Ehimario Uche Igumbor; Chad Ikeda; Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic; Peter James; Simerjot K. Jassal; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P. Jayaraman; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N. Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Denny John; Catherine O. Johnson; Sarah Charlotte Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Mikk Jürisson; Zubair Kabir; Rajendra Kadel; Amaha Kahsay; Ritul Kamal; Chittaranjan Kar; Nadim E. Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Seyed M. Karimi; Chante Karimkhani; Amir Kasaeian; Getachew Mullu Kassa; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah T. Khoja; Ardeshir Khosravi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Christian Kieling; Yun Jin Kim; Daniel Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Adnan Kisa; Katarzyna A. Kissimova-Skarbek; Niranjan Kissoon; Mika Kivimaki; Ann Kristin Knudsen; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Georgios A. Kotsakis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Kristopher J. Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; G. Anil Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Hmwe H. Kyu; Anton Carl Jonas Lager; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Nkurunziza Lambert; Qing Lan; Van C. Lansingh; Anders Larsson; Janet L. Leasher; Paul H. Lee; James Leigh; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Yichong Li; Yongmei Li; Xiaofeng Liang; Misgan Legesse Liben; Stephen S. Lim; Shai Linn; Angela Liu; Patrick Y. Liu; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Rakesh Lodha; Giancarlo Logroscino; Katharine J. Looker; Alan D. Lopez; Stefan Lorkowski; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Timothy C. D. Lucas; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Emilie R. Maddison; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Carlos Magis-Rodriguez; Mahdi Mahdavi; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Rajesh Malhotra; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Abdullah A. Mamun; Helena Manguerra; Treh Manhertz; Lorenzo G. Mantovani; Chabila C. Mapoma; Lyn M. March; Laurie B. Marczak; Jose Martinez-Raga; Paulo Henrique Viegas Martins; Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo; Ira Martopullo; Winfried März; Manu Raj Mathur; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Madeline McGaughey; John J. McGrath; Martin McKee; Suresh Mehata; Toni Meier; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Peter Memiah; Ziad A. Memish; Walter Mendoza; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu; George A. Mensah; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Ted R. Miller; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefn; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Awoke Misganaw; Shiva Raj Mishra; Philip B. Mitchell; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Alireza Mohammadi; Shafu Mohammed; Kedir Endris Mohammed; Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed; Murali B. V. Mohan; Ali H. Mokdad; Sarah K. Mollenkopf; Lorenzo Monasta; Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Shane D. Morrison; Mark Moses; Clif Mountjoy-Venning; Kalayu Birhane Mruts; Ulrich O. Mueller; Kate Muller; Michele E. Mudoch; Srinivas Murthy; Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B. Nachega; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S. Naidoo; Vinay Nangia; Jamal T. Nasher; Gopalakrishnan Natarajan; Dumessa Edessa Negasa; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Charles R. Newton; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Grant Nguyen; Trang Huyen Nguyen; Minh Nguyen; Emma Nichols; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Vuong Minh Nong; Ole F. Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N. Noubiap; Alypio Nyandwi; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Martin J. O'Donnell; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Tinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju; Helen E. Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Kanyin Ong; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Richard H. Osborne; Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman; Majdi Osman; Erika Ota; Mayowa O. Owolabi; Mahesh Pa; Rosana E. Pacella; Basant Kumar Panda; Jeyaraj D. Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Eun-Kee Park; Charles D. Parry; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Snehal T. Patil; Scott B. Patten; George C. Patton; Deepak Paudel; Katherine Paulson; Neil Pearce; David M. Pereira; Krystle Marie Perez; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Carrie Beth Peterson; William Arthur Petri; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Geofrey Phipps; David M. Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Michael A. Piradov; Dietrich Plass; Martin A. Pletcher; Svetlana Popova; Richie G. Poulton; Farshad Pourmalek; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Narayan Prasad; Carrie Purcell; Manorama Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; Rynaz H. S. Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Sasa Rajsic; Usha Ram; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Thara Rangaswamy; Zane Rankin; Paturi Vishnupriya Rao; Puja C. Rao; Salman Rawaf; Sarah E. Ray; Robert C. Reiner; Nikolas Reinig; Marissa Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikof; Satar Rezaei; Antonio L. Ribeiro; Hirbo Shore Roba; Stephen R. Robinson; David Rojas-Rueda; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A. Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Ambuj Roy; Enrico Rubagotti; George Mugambage Ruhago; Soheil Saadat; Mahdi Safdarian; Saeid Safri; Rajesh Sagar; Ramesh Sahathevan; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Joseph Salama; Muhammad Muhammad Saleh; Joshua A. Salomon; Sundeep Santosh Salvi; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Damian Santomauro; João Vasco Santos; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Sonia Saxena; Kathryn Schelonka; Maria Inês Schmidt; Ione J. C. Schneider; Ben Schöttker; Aletta E. Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Falk Schwendicke; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Edson E. Servan-Mori; Amira Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mansour Shamsipour; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Rajesh Sharma; Jayendra Sharma; Jun She; Peilin Shi; Kenji Shibuya; Chloe Shields; Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw; Mika Shigematsu; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Shreya Shirude; Kawkab Shishani; Haitham Shoman; Soraya Siabani; Abla Mehio Sibai; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Donald H. Silberberg; João Pedro Silva; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A. Singh; Virendra Singh; Om Prakash Singh; Narinder Pal Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Eirini Skiadaresi; Vegard Skirbekk; Erica Leigh Slepak; David L. Smith; Mari Smith; Badr H. A. Sobaih; Eugene Sobngwi; Michael Soljak; Reed J. D. Sorensen; Tatiane Cristina Moraes Sousa; Luciano A. Sposato; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vinay Srinivasan; Jefrey D. Stanaway; Vasiliki Stathopoulou; Nicholas Steel; Dan J. Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Lars Jacob Stovner; Bryan Strub; Michelle Subart; Muawiyyah Babale Sufyan; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Bruno F. Sunguya; Patrick J. Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L. Sykes; Dillon Sylte; Cassandra E. I. Szoeke; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla; Getachew Redae Tafere; Jukka S. Takala; Nikhil Tandon; David Tanne; Yihunie L. Tarekegn; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Hugh R. Taylor; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Tesfalidet Tekelab; Girma Temam Shifa; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Dawit Jember Tesfaye; Belay Tesssema; J.S. Thakur; Ornwipa Thamsuwan; Alice M. Theadom; Andrew M. Theis; Katie E. Thomas; Nihal Thomas; Robert Thompson; Amanda G. Thrift; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Myriam Tobollik; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Miguel Tortajada; Mathilde Touvier; Jeferson Traebert; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher Troeger; Thomas Truelsen; Derrick Tsoi; Emin Murat Tuzcu; Hayley Tymeson; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Eduardo A. Undurraga; Chigozie Jesse Uneke; Rachel Updike; Olalekan A. Uthman; Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu; Job F. M. Van Boven; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Vasankari; Lennert J. Veerman; S. Venkatesh; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Ramesh Vidavalur; Lakshmi Vijayakumar; Francesco S. Violante; Abhishek Vishnu; Sergey K. Vladimirov; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Fiseha Wadilo; Tolassa Wakayo; Mitchell T. Wallin; Yuan-Pang Wang; Scott Weichenthal; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G. Weintraub; Daniel J. Weiss; Andrea Werdecker; Ronny Westerman; Harvey A. Whiteford; Tissa Wijeratne; Hywel C. Williams; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Belete Getahun Woldeyes; Charles D. A. Wolfe; Rachel Woodbrook; Anthony D. Woolf; Abdulhalik Workicho; Denis Xavier; Gelin Xu; Simon Yadgir; Mohsen Yaghoubi; Bereket Yakob; Lijing L. Yan; Yuichiro Yano; Pengpeng Ye; Mahari Gidey Yihdego; Hassen Hamid Yimam; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Marcel Yotebieng; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Zoubida Zaidi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Elias Asfaw Zegeye; Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe; Xueying Zhang; Yingfeng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Ben Zipkin; Sanjay Zodpey; Leo Zoeckler; Liesl Joanna Zuhlke; Christopher J. L. Murray; I.A. Adedji; M.E. Murdoch; C.E.G. Bryane
Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015
(Lancet Publishing Group, 2017) Ryan M. Barber; Nancy Fullman; Reed J.D. Sorensen; Thomas Bollyky; Martin McKee; Ellen Nolte; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Kaja M. Abbas; Foad Abd-Allah; Abdishakur M. Abdulle; Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman; Semaw Ferede Abera; Biju Abraham; Girmatsion Fisseha Abreha; Kelemework Adane; Ademola Lukman Adelekan; Ifedayo Morayo O. Adetifa; Ashkan Afshin; Arnav Agarwal; Sanjay Kumar Agarwal; Sunilkumar Agarwal; Anurag Agrawal; Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri; Alireza Ahmadi; Kedir Yimam Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rufus Olusola Akinyemi; Tomi F. Akinyemiju; Nadia Akseer; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Noore Alam; Sayed Saidul Alam; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Kefyalew Addis Alene; Lily Alexander; Raghib Ali; Syed Danish Ali; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Ala'a Alkerwi; François Alla; Peter Allebeck; Christine Allen; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Elena Alvarez Martin; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Azmeraw T. Amare; Erfan Amini; Walid Ammar; Joshu Amo-Adjei; Yaw Ampem Amoako; Benjamin O. Anderson; Sofia Androudi; Hossein Ansari; Mustafa Geleto Ansha; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Johan Ärnlöv; Al Artaman; Hamid Asayesh; Reza Assadi; Ayalew Astatkie; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Suleman Atique; Niguse Tadele Atnafu; Sachin R. Atre; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Avokpaho; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Ashish Awasthi; Nebiyu Negussu Ayele; Peter Azzopardi; Huda Omer Ba Saleem; Till Bärnighausen; Umar Bacha; Alaa Badawi; Amitava Banerjee; Aleksandra Barac; Miguel A. Barboza; Suzanne L. Barker-Collo; Lope H. Barrero; Sanjay Basu; Bernhard T. Baune; Kaleab Baye; Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou; Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; Neeraj Bedi; Ettore Beghi; Yannick Béjot; Aminu K. Bello; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabé; Oscar Alberto Bernal; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Tariku Jibat Beyene; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Boris Bikbov; Sait Mentes Birlik; Charles Birungi; Stan Biryukov; Donal Bisanzio; Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu; Dipan Bose; Michael Brainin; Michael Brauer; Alexandra Brazinova; Nicholas J.K. Breitborde; Hermann Brenner; Zahid A. Butt; Rosario Cárdenas; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado; Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato; Josip Car; Juan Jesus Carrero; Daniel Casey; Valeria Caso; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Jacqueline Castillo Rivas; Ferrán Catalá-López; Pedro Cecilio; Kelly Cercy; Fiona J. Charlson; Alan Z. Chen; Adrienne Chew; Mirriam Chibalabala; Chioma Ezinne Chibueze; Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa; Abdulaal A. Chitheer; Rajiv Chowdhury; Hanne Christensen; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher; Liliana G. Ciobanu; Massimo Cirillo; Megan S. Coggeshall; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Monica Cortinovis; John A. Crump; Koustuv Dalal; Hadi Danawi; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Paul I. Dargan; Jose Das Neves; Gail Davey; Dragos V. Davitoiu; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Liana C. Del Gobbo; Borja Del Pozo-Cruz; Robert P. Dellavalle; Kebede Deribe; Amare Deribew; Don C. Des Jarlais; Subhojit Dey; Samath D. Dharmaratne; Daniel Dicker; Eric L. Ding; Klara Dokova; E. Ray Dorsey; Kerrie E. Doyle; Manisha Dubey; Rebecca Ehrenkranz; Christian Lycke Ellingsen; Iqbal Elyazar; Ahmadali Enayati; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Kara Estep; Thomas Fürst; Imad D.A. Faghmous; Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel; Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon; Talha A. Farid; Carla Sofia E. Sa Farinha; Andre Faro; Maryam S. Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Valery L. Feigin; Andrea B. Feigl; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Jefferson G. Fernandes; João C. Fernandes; Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa; Florian Fischer; Christina Fitzmaurice; Thomas D. Fleming; Nataliya Foigt; Kyle J. Foreman; Mohammad H. Forouzanfar; Richard C. Franklin; Joseph Frostad; Tsegaye Tewelde Ghiwot; Emmanuela Gakidou; Ketevan Gambashidze; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Wayne Gao; Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro; Teshome Gebre; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Mengistu Welday Gebremichael; Alemseged Aregay Gebru; Amha Admasie Gelaye; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Ricard Genova-Maleras; Katherine B. Gibney; Ababi Zergaw Giref; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Giorgia Giussani; William W. Godwin; Audra Gold; Ellen M. Goldberg; Philimon N. Gona; Amador Goodridge; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Atsushi Goto; Nicholas Graetz; Felix Greaves; Max Griswold; Peter Imre Guban; Harish Chander Gugnani; Prakash C. Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Tanush Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Demewoz Haile; Alemayehu Desalegne Hailu; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Alex Hakuzimana; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mitiku Teshome Hambisa; Samer Hamidi; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J. Hankey; Yuantao Hao; Hilda L. Harb; Habtamu Abera Hareri; Josep Maria Haro; Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand; Rasmus Havmoeller; Roderick J. Hay; Simon I. Hay; Delia Hendrie; Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi; Hans W. Hoek; Masako Horino; Nobuyuki Horita; H. Dean Hosgood; Aung Soe Htet; Guoqing Hu; Hsiang Huang; John J. Huang; Bethany M. Huntley; Chantal Huynh; Kim Moesgaard Iburg; Bogdan Vasile Ileanu; Kaire Innos; Asnake Ararsa Irenso; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic; Peter James; Spencer Lewis James; Mehdi Javanbakht; Sudha P. Jayaraman; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Vivekanand Jha; Denny John; Catherine Johnson; Sarah C. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Knud Juel; Zubair Kabir; Yogeshwar Kalkonde; Ritul Kamal; Haidong Kan; Andre Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Seyed M. Karimi; Amir Kasaeian; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Anshul Kastor; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Konstantin Kazanjan; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Laura Kemmer; Andrew Haddon Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Amene Abebe Kerbo; Maia Kereselidze; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Ibrahim Khalil; Abdur Rahman Khan; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja; Irma Khonelidze; Jagdish Khubchandani; Getiye Dejenu Kibret; Daniel Kim; Pauline Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Yohannes Kinfu; Niranjan Kissoon; Miia Kivipelto; Yoshihiro Kokubo; Anneli Kolk; Dhaval Kolte; Jacek A. Kopec; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Michael Kravchenko; Sanjay Krishnaswami; Kristopher J. Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Ernst J. Kuipers; Veena S. Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Fekede Asefa Kumsa; Michael Kutz; Hmwe H. Kyu; Anton Carl Jonas Lager; Aparna Lal; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Qing Lan; Sinead M. Langan; Van C. Lansingh; Heidi J. Larson; Anders Larsson; Dennis Odai Laryea; Asma Abdul Latif; Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz; Janet L. Leasher; James Leigh; Mall Leinsalu; Cheru Tesema Leshargie; Janni Leung; Ricky Leung; Miriam Levi; Xiaofeng Liang; Stephen S. Lim; Margaret Lind; Shai Linn; Steven E. Lipshultz; Patrick Liu; Yang Liu; Loon-Tzian Lo; Giancarlo Logroscino; Alan D. Lopez; Scott A. Lorch; Paulo A. Lotufo; Rafael Lozano; Raimundas Lunevicius; Ronan A. Lyons; Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan; Mark T. Mackay; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Mahdi Mahdavi; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Lorenzo G. Mantovani; Tsegahun Manyazewal; Chabila C. Mapoma; Wagner Marcenes; Guy B. Marks; Neal Marquez; Jose Martinez-Raga; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; João Massano; Manu Raj Mathur; Pallab K. Maulik; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; John J. McGrath; Claire McNellan; Peter A. Meaney; Alem Mehari; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Toni Meier; Alemayehu B. Mekonnen; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Ziad A. Memish; Melkamu Merid Mengesha; Desalegn Tadese Mengiste; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Bereket Gebremichael Menota; George A. Mensah; Seid Tiku Mereta; Atte Meretoja; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe; Renata Micha; Anoushka Millear; Edward J. Mills; Shawn Minnig; Mojde Mirarefin; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Charles N. Mock; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Shafiu Mohammed; Sanjay K. Mohanty; Ali H. Mokdad; Glen Liddell D. Mola; Mariam Molokhia; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Rintaro Mori; Mark Moses; Ulrich O. Mueller; Srinivas Murthy; Kamarul Imran Musa; Jean B. Nachega; Chie Nagata; Gabriele Nagel; Mohsen Naghavi; Aliya Naheed; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; Ionut Negoi; Sudan Prasad Neupane; Charles R. Newton; Marie Ng; Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni; Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri; Grant Nguyen; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Sandra Nolte; Marika Nomura; Ole F. Norheim; Bo Norrving; Jean Jacques N. Noubiap; Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Olanrewaju Oladimeji; Andrew Toyin Olagunju; Pedro R. Olivares; Helen E. Olsen; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; John Nelson Opio; Eyal Oren; Alberto Ortiz; Richard H. Osborne; Majdi Osman; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P.A. Mahesh; Amanda W. Pain; Smita Pakhale; Elizabeth Palomares Castillo; Adrian Pana; Christina Papachristou; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Tejas Patel; George C. Patton; Deepak Paudel; Vinod K. Paul; Neil Pearce; David M. Pereira; Rogelio Perez-Padilla; Fernando Perez-Ruiz; Norberto Perico; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; David M. Pigott; Julian David Pillay; Christine Pinho; Suzanne Polinder; Constance D. Pond; V. Prakash; Manorama Purwar; Mostafa Qorbani; D. Alex Quistberg; Amir Radfar; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Usha Ram; Saleem M. Rana; Zane Rankin; Paturi Vishnupriya Rao; Puja C. Rao; Salman Rawaf; Maria Albertina Santiago Rego; Marissa Reitsma; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M.N.N. Renzaho; Serge Resnikoff; Satar Rezaei; Mohammad Sadegh Rezai; Antonio L. Ribeiro; Hirbo Shore Roba; Mohammad Bagher Rokni; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Gregory A. Roth; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Nawal K. Roy; Perminder S. Sachdev; Ben Benasco Sackey; Mohammad Yahya Saeedi; Saeid Safiri; Rajesh Sagar; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Muhammad Muhammad Saleh; Joshua A. Salomon; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño; Logan Sandar; Itamar S. Santos; João Vasco Santos; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez; Benn Sartorius; Maheswar Satpathy; Miloje Savic; Monika Sawhney; Mete I. Saylan; Ben Schöttker; Aletta E. Schutte; David C. Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Abdulbasit Musa Seid; Canaan Negash Seifu; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Berrin Serdar; Edson E. Servan-Mori; Tesfaye Setegn; Katya Anne Shackelford; Amira Shaheen; Saeid Shahraz; Masood Ali Shaikh; Marina Shakh-Nazarova; Mansour Shamsipour; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Jayendra Sharma; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Jiabin Shen; Peilin Shi; Mika Shigematsu; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Haitham Shoman; Mark G. Shrime; Ephrem Lejore Sibamo Sibamo; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Shireen Sindi; Abhishek Singh; Jasvinder A. Singh; Om Prakash Singh; Prashant Kumar Singh; Virendra Singh; Abiy Hiruye Sinke; Aklilu Endalamaw Sinshaw; Vegard Skirbekk; Karen Sliwa; Alison Smith; Eugene Sobngwi; Samir Soneji; Joan B. Soriano; Tatiane Cristina Moraes Sousa; Luciano A. Sposato; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Vasiliki Stathopoulou; Nicholas Steel; Caitlyn Steiner; Sabine Steinke; Mark Andrew Stokes; Saverio Stranges; Mark Strong; Konstantinos Stroumpoulis; Lela Sturua; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Rizwan Abdulkader Suliankatchi; Jiandong Sun; Patrick Sur; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L. Sykes; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M. Tabb; Getachew Redae Taffere; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Musharaf Tarajia; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Nuno Taveira; Stephanie Teeple; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Tesfalidet Tekelab; Dejen Yemane Tekle; Girma Temam Shifa; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema; J.S. Thakur; Alan J. Thomson; Taavi Tillmann; Tenaw Yimer Tiruye; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Miguel Tortajada; Christopher Troeger; Thomas Truelsen; Abera Kenay Tura; Uche S. Uchendu; Kingsley N. Ukwaja; Eduardo A. Undurraga; Chigozie Jesse Uneke; Olalekan A. Uthman; Job F.M. Van Boven; Rita Van Dingenen; Santosh Varughese; Tommi Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Francesco S. Violante; Sergey K. Vladimirov; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Theo Vos; Joseph A. Wagner; Tolassa Wakayo; Stephen G. Waller; Judd L. Walson; Haidong Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; David A. Watkins; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G. Weintraub; Chi-Pang Wen; Andrea Werdecker; Joshua Wesana; Ronny Westerman; Harvey A. Whiteford; James D. Wilkinson; Charles Shey Wiysonge; Belete Getahun Woldeyes; Charles D.A. Wolfe; Sungho Won; Abdulhalik Workicho; Shimelash Bitew Workie; Mamo Wubshet; Denis Xavier; Gelin Xu; Ajit Kumar Yadav; Mohsen Yaghoubi; Bereket Yakob; Lijing L. Yan; Yuichiro Yano; Mehdi Yaseri; Hassen Hamid Yimam; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z. Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Zoubida Zaidi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio; Tomas Zapata; Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe; Sanjay Zodpey; Leo Zoeckler; Liesl Joanna Zuhlke; Christopher J.L. Murray
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0-42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2-55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.