Browsing by Author "Kamal Ravi Sharma"

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A review on phytotoxicity and defense mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on plants
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Sumit Kumar; Prahlad Masurkar; Bana Sravani; Dipanjali Bag; Kamal Ravi Sharma; Prashant Singh; Tulasi Korra; Mukesh Meena; Prashant Swapnil; Vishnu D. Rajput; Tatiana Minkina
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are noteworthy used nanomaterials in a wide array of fields, particularly in the agricultural sector. Plants play a multifarious role in the ecosystem and provide a source of food for mankind. The responsibility of the scientific community is to recognize the deleterious impact of AgNPs (1–100 nm in size) on critical crop growth and development of plants, which is required for the assessment of environmental threats to plant, human, and animal health. The continued use of AgNPs in agriculture areas may have negative effects on plant biochemical and physiological responses. The current context focused mainly on AgNPs uptake, transport, and accumulation on crop plants and summarizes different levels of phytotoxicity of AgNPs on plant functions and focused on mechanisms of phytotoxicity employed by AgNPs. Moreover, some tolerance mechanisms and various survival strategies developed by plants under AgNPs toxicity are discussed. This background provides comprehensive information necessary to facilitate profound understanding of the toxic impacts of AgNPs on crop plants. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
DEFENSIVE RESPONSES OF RICE GENOTYPES AGAINST YELLOW STEM BORER SCIRPOPHAGA INCERTULAS (WALKER)
(The Entomological Society of India, 2025) Kamal Ravi Sharma; Samantapudi Venkata Satyanarayana Raju; Sameer Kumar Singh; Rakesh Kumar
The response of rice genotypes to yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) infestation under natural climatic conditions was evaluated during kharif 2018-19 and 2019-20 at BHU, Varanasi. Findings revealed that deadhearts and white earheads caused by S. incertulas (Walker) varied significantly, indicating the presence of resistance-susceptibility. The dead hearts was significantly lower in resistant genotypes BRRI DHAN-64 (1.49%) and IR82475-110-2-2-1-2 (2.00%). The susceptible TN1 (17.45%), Swarna (14.98%), and IR-92960-75-1-3 (14.58%) had the highest amount of deadhearts. The least white earheads was recorded in IR82475-110-2-2-1-2 (1.16%) and AKSHYADHAN (1.19%), however the maximum percent of white earheads was observed in TN1 (13.37%), SWARNA (11.22%) and IR-92960-75-1-3 (9.87%). Infestation was significantly and positively correlated with total sugar, crude protein and total free amino acid; showed significant negative correlation with phenol, crude silica tannin. © 2025, The Entomological Society of India. All rights reserved.
Determination of toxicity of newer insecticide molecules against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) under laboratory conditions
(Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 2020) S. Ramesh Babu; S.V.S. Raju; P.S. Singh; Kamal Ravi Sharma
Present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal activity and mode of action of commercial formulations of newer insecticides viz., Spinosad 45 % SC, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC, Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG, Chlorfenapyr 10 % SC against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) by dry film residue method under laboratory conditions during the year 2017-18 in the Department of Entomology, Banaras Hindu University. Results of study were compared with check treatment Deltamethrin 2.8 % SC. Among the tested insecticides Spinosad 45 % SC showed best efficacy at both LC50 and LC99.9 and it was more toxicity than other insecticides. The LC50 values of Spinosad 45 % SC to the adults of C. maculatus were 0.0005, 0.0003 and 0.0002 per cent while LC99.9 values were 0.0037, 0.0027 and 0.001 percent at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment (HAT), respectively. The log concentration probit (lcp) lines slope (b) values for Spinosad 45 % SC were 2.634, 2.513 and 3.455 at 24, 48 and 72 HAT, respectively. © 2020, Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
Differential preference of grain of landrace and commercial rice genotypes to Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attack
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; Sameer Kumar Singh; Rashmirekha Singh; Rajendran Dhanapal; Rakesh Kumar
The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most damaging pests to stored cereal grains worldwide. The current study aimed to clarify the relationship between S. oryzae development and the governing physicochemical grain properties. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the grain preference of various landrace and commercial rice genotypes to rice weevil. S. oryzae, findings divulged the low rates of adult emergence, low rates of grain consumption and high rates of mortality in the grain of rice varieties, HUR-3022 and Nagina-22. Conversely, S. oryzae adult emergence and grain consumption were found to be high in the grain of Swarna, Sathi, and Pusa basmati-1. Interestingly, the morphological and biochemical composition of the grain was the most important factor in determining resistant or preferred rice varieties to S. oryzae. Among the various physical characteristics investigated, grain hardness was found to have a significant and negative correlation with alive insect, grain weight loss, and preference index. On the other hand, protein and other biochemical grain characteristics were found to have a positive correlation with insect emergence, weight loss, and preference index. In particular, amylose (a key grain component) was found to have a negative correlation with weight loss and insect emergence. The findings of this study suggest that screening of different rice genotypes, for determining grain preference, may be a more viable option to minimize the grain losses during storage caused by S. oryzae. Moreover, the findings of present study could also help to formulate the breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars resistant to this notorious pest. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
EFFECT OF CROP GROWTH STAGES ON THE FIELD POPULATION OF RICE HOPPERS
(The Entomological Society of India, 2023) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; Kuldeep Singh; S. Ramesh Babu
The rice hoppers viz., brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens Distant cause loss in rice and the damage is influenced by plant growth stages. Field experiment has been conducted in this study to evaluate the effect of the growing stages on the incidence of these hoppers at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India during kharif 2018 and 2019. The results revealed that the incidence is significantly varying among the growth stages, and positively correlated (p < 0.05). Nilaparvata lugens and S. furcifera are the most abundant during the maximum tillering to booting stage. In contrast that of N. virescens peaked during the booting to flowering stage. © 2023, The Entomological Society of India. All rights reserved.
Effect of environmental factors on the population dynamics of major sucking pests of brinjal
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2023) Naveen Kumar; Rajnish Kumar; Lavlesh Kumar; Kishan Lal; Kamal Ravi Sharma
Incidence of whitefly started during 34th SMW, while initial jassid and hadda beetle infestation was observed during 35th SMW. However, peak population of whitefly was observed during 41st SMW, whereas, jassid and hadda beetle population reached its peak level on 42nd and 43rd SMW, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the whitefly population has significantly positive correlation with maximum temperature. Further, negative significant correlation showed with morning RH, evening RH and rainfall with whitefly population. Correlation analysis of certain abiotic factors with jassid and hadda beetle revealed that the population also showed positive correlation with temperature but negative correlation was found with relative humidity and rainfall. © 2023, Journal of Entomological Research. All Rights Reserved.
Effect of environmental factors on the population dynamics of major sucking pests of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2020) Bhawani Singh Meena; S.V.S. Raju; S. Ramesh Babu; Kamal Ravi Sharma
Incidence of jassids was started during 34th SW, while initial aphids and whitefly infestation was observed during 35th SW. However, peak population of aphids had been observed during 41st SW, whereas, whiteflies and jassids population has reached its peak level on 40th SW. The correlation analysis showed that the aphid population has significantly positive correlation with morning RH, evening RH, average RH and maximum temperature and positive non-significant correlation with average temperature. Further, negative non-significant correlation showed with minimum temperature, while rainfall showed significant negative correlation with aphid population. Correlation analysis of certain abiotic factors with Jassid and whitefly revealed that the population also showed positive correlation with temperature and relative humidity. However, the pests population showed negative correlation with rainfall. © J. ent. Res.
Effects of environmental factors on population dynamics of rice earhead bug and their management with newer insecticide combinations and sole insecticide
(Bangladesh Botanical Society, 2019) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; K.N. Singh; D. Rakshith Roshan
An experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of rice earhead bug and to evaluate the efficacy of newer insecticide combinations and sole insecticide along with untreated control. The rice earhead bug population was first recorded on 36th standard week as 1 nos./10 sweep nets and peak population (17 nos./10 sweep nets) was observed during 44th standard week. The correlation analysis revealed that rice earhead bug showed significant negative correlation with rainfall while the remaining weather parameters like average relative humidity and average temperature were found negative and non-significantly correlated. The overall data of efficacy revealed that all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over untreated control. However, the plots treated with fipronil 5% + buprofezin 20% SC recorded the lowest number of rice earhead bug population (2.10 and 3.51 nos./5 sweep nets) after first and second insecticidal sprays, respectively, followed by indoxacarb 10% + thiamethoxam 10% WG (2.47 and 4.25 nos./5 sweep nets, respectively). Whereas, application of thiamethoxam 25% WG and buprofezin 25% singly SC were recorded as third and fourth best treatments, respectively. © 2019 Bangladesh Botanical Society. All rights reserved.
Effects of environmental factors on the population dynamics of chilli fruit borer and its management with newer insecticide combinations and sole insecticides
(DAV College, 2020) Deepak Kumar; Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; S. Ramesh Babu
An experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of Chilli fruit borer and to evaluate the efficacy of newer insecticide combinations and sole insecticides along with untreated control. The chilli fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) population was first recorded during 41st standard week as 0.14 larvae per plant and peak population (4.02 larvae per plant) was observed during 46th standard week. The correlation analysis revealed that H. armigera population showed significant and negative correlation with relative humidity while the remaining weather parameters like temperature and rainfall were negatively and non-significantly correlated. The data of per cent field efficacy revealed that all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over untreated control. However, the plots treated with combination insecticide Fipronil 5% + Buprofezin 20% SC @100+400 g a.i./ha recorded the highest per cent field efficacy (76.62%) while, sole insecticide Fipronil 5% SC @ 50 g a.i./ha recorded 52.08 per cent field efficacy. © 2020 DAV College. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of rice genotypes and varieties for resistance to white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2024) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; R.S. Meena; Sameer Kumar Singh; Rashmirekha Singh
Field screening of 50 genotypes and varieties of rice against white-backed planthopper revealed that rice genotypes IR82475-110-2-2-1-2, Akshyadhan, and MTU-1010 recorded minimum population and TN1, Swarna, MTU 7029, Baranideep and Sahbhagidhan showed maximum population of the pest. Rice genotypes Akshyadhan, HUR-105, Sathi and IR 96248-16-3-3-2B showed the lowest amount of total sugar in leaves while, IR82475-110-2-2-1-2, Akshyadhan, NDR-97 and IR 96248-16-3-3-2B recorded highest total phenol contents. However, the maximum per cent of crude silica content was observed in Akshyadhan, IR 96248-16-3-3-2B, and Pantdhan-12. The rice genotypes IR82475-110-2-2-1-2, Akshyadhan, MTU-1010 and IR-96248-16-3-3-2B exhibited fair degree of resistance to white-backed planthoppers. © 2024, Malhotra Publishing House. All rights reserved.
Field efficacy of novel insecticides emamectin benzoate and spinosad against fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on tomato
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2022) Kuldeep Singh; S.V.S. Raju; Kamal Ravi Sharma
Emamectin Benzoate 5 EC @ 15 g a.i./ha was effective in reducing the infestation of fruit borer and increased the yield of healthy fruits by 38.94 and 39.99% and minimized the yield loss by 42.23 and 42.43% over untreated control during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Spinosad 45 SC formulation was also effective @ 75 g a.i./ha in protecting the crop and increased the yield of healthy fruits by 34.50 and 36.16% and minimized the yield loss by 35.57 and 36.26% during both the years, respectively. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.
Host Preference and Damage Assessment of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) on Different Hosts
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2021) S. Ramesh Babu; S.V.S. Raju; P.S. Singh; Kamal Ravi Sharma
The host preference of pulse beetle, C. maculatus to selected host grains were evaluated under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Banaras Hindu University during the year 2018. Cowpea and green gram were most preferred hosts for C. maculatus in terms of oviposition, per cent survival and mean developmental periods. Red gram and soybean were comparatively less preferred host for oviposition (66.38 eggs/50 seeds and 69.00 eggs/50 seeds respectively) than other host grains. In terms of per cent grain damage (92.25%; 90.19%) and per cent weight loss of grains (76.27%; 75.92%) cowpea and green gram were most preferable hosts respectively after 120 days after insect inoculation. © 2021, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.
Incidence of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on finger millet and sorghum in Karnataka, India
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2022) N. Vinay; S.V.S. Raju; N. Srinivasa; Kamal Ravi Sharma
During the survey, the fall armyworm infestation was noticed on finger millet and sorghum in two villages of Tumkur district of Karnataka, India. The pest was identified based on both morphological characters of larva and the damage symptoms in the field by available literatures. The survey revealed the incidence of 19.52 - 25.20% on finger millet and 27.32 - 30.67% on sorghum at both the locations. Present report records first incidence of fall armyworm on finger millet in Karnataka. © MPH J. ent. Res.
Influence of environmental effect on the population dynamics of brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and white-backed plant hopper, Sogatella furcifera (Hovarth) in Varanasi region
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2018) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; Deepak Kumar Jaiswal
Effect of abiotic factors on the population dynamics of brown plant hopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and white-backed plant hopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Hovarth) was studied. BPH population appeared during 30th standard week and reached to its peak during 40th standard week. However, the incidence of WBPH commenced from 32nd standard week and attained peak population levels during 40th standard week. The correlation analysis showed that BPH population has significantly positive correlation with morning RH, evening RH and average RH. Further non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average temperature and a non-significant negative correlation with rainfall was observed. The correlation analysis of certain abiotic factors with WBPH revealed that the population also showed positive significant correlation with average RH and a positive non-significant correlation with evening RH, morning RH, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and average temperature. However, the population showed negative non significant correlation with rainfall. © 2018 MPH.
Influence of environmental factors on the population dynamics of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) and aphid, Aphis gossypii (glover)
(Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 2019) Deepak Kumar; Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju
Insect pests continue to pose a major threat for achieving higher production of chilli crop. The experiment was conducted to study population dynamics of chilli thrips and aphids at Varanasi on 100 m2 unsprayed field during 2016-17. The chilli thrips and aphid population were counted from ten randomly selected chilli plants and the abiotic factors like temperature, relative Humidity (RH), rainfall were also recorded. Result of the study revealed that chilli thrips population first appeared during the third week of September and reached its peak during the third week of October. However, the incidence of the aphid population commenced from the fourth week of September and attained peak population levels during the fourth week of October. Further the correlation analysis of abiotic factors with chilli thrips population showed that the positive correlation with maximum temperature whereas, a negative correlation with relative humidity during morning, relative humidity during evening, minimum temperature and rainfall were also observed. While the aphid population showed positive correlation with maximum temperature. However, negative correlations were observed with relative humidity during morning, relative humidity during evening, rainfall and minimum temperature. These results of present study help in the development of the forecasting model and timely preparedness to manage pest problems and prevent crop losses. © 2019, Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
Population dynamics of insect pests in rice ecosystem
(The Entomological Society of India, 2021) S.V.S. Raju; Kamal Ravi Sharma; S. Ramesh Babu; Pankaj Kumar Mohanta
Investigations on major insect pests in rice was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Observations on Scirpophaga incertulas incidence revealed that deadhearts and white ears were observed to be maximum during 1st week of October (40thSMW) and 3rd week of November (47th SMW), respectively. Likewise, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis was observed during 1st week of August (31st SMW) with maximum incidence being in the 1st week of October (40th SMW) with 11.39% damaged leaves/ 10 hills. Nilapravata lugens appeared from 2nd week of August (33rd SMW) and attained its peak in 1st week of October (40th SMW) as 17.33/ 10 hills. The maximum incidence of Nephotettix virescens was observed in the 4th week of October (43rd SMW)-15.67 insects/ 10 hills. The activity of Leptocorisa acuta commenced from 3rd week of October (42nd SMW) and reached its peak during 3rd week of November (47th SMW-14.67/ 10 sweeps in nets). Correlation analysis revealed that the rainfall and evening RH exhibited a negative impact on S. incertulas, C. medinalis, N. lugens, N. virescens and L. acuta; minimum and maximum temperature, and morning RH, showed both positive and a negative impact on these insect pests of rice. © 2021, The Entomological Society of India. All rights reserved.
Rice genotypes and the biochemical basis of resistance against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
(Association for Advancement of Entomology, 2024) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; Sameer Kumar Singh; Rashmirekha Singh; R.S. Meena
Screening of 50 rice genotypes against brown planthopper infestation was conducted in open field conditions over two consecutive years (Kharif 2018-19 and 2019-20). Based on pest population per hill, rice genotypes IR82475-110-2-2-1-2,Akshyadhan, and MTU-1010 had the least brown planthoppers. TN1, Swarna, MTU 7029, Rajendra Kasturi, Baranideep, and Sahbhagidhan had the highest population and were classified as pest-prone. Rice leaf biochemical characteristics examined in selected genotypes, revealed that the pest population was significantly and positively correlated with total sugar (r = 0.608), crude protein (r = 0.306) and total free amino acid (r = 0.358), but significantly negatively correlated with phenol (r =-0.429), crude silica (r =-0.401), and tannin (r =-0.301). Correlation analysis revealed that susceptible entries contained more total sugar, crude protein, and total free amino acids, whereas resistant genotypes contained significantly more phenol, crude silica, and tannins. This study highlighted the significance of antixenotic properties in rice genotypes against brown planthoppers. © 2024 Association for Advancement of Entomology. © 2024 Association for Advancement of Entomology.
Storage of chickpea grains (Cicer arietinum L.) in triple layer bags prevent losses caused by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions
(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) S. Ramesh Babu; S.V.S. Raju; R. Dhanapal; Kamal Ravi Sharma
Present study envisages the potential of triple layer bags for reducing pulse beetle infestation under laboratory conditions over six months of storage. It was observed that when chickpea grain was stored in jute bags with bruchid infestation, the germination percentage decreased significantly from 84.67 to 18.67% in six months of storage. But, the grain stored in jute bags without infestation the germination percentage decreased from 92.00 to 73.33% only. On the other hand, grains stored in triple layer bags with bruchid infestation, the germination percentage merely decreased from 86.00 to 78.33% in six months of storage and triple layer bags without infestation the germination percentage only decreased from 91.67 to 90.67%. The per cent grain damage over a period of six months storage also increased significantly from 14.54 to 70.67% and 0.00–26.45% in jute bag with bruchid infestation and jute bag without infestation, respectively. However, per cent grain damage in triple layer bags with bruchid infestation increased only from 15.15 to 25.70% and triple layer bags without bruchid infestation showed negligible increase from 0.00 to 2.64% grain damage in six months of storage. The corresponding per cent weight loss of infested grain was increased significantly from 8.51 to 55.67% in six months of storage in jute bag with bruchid infestation and from 0.00 to 15.08% in jute bag without infestation. Whereas, per cent weight loss of infested grain in triple layer bags with bruchid infestation increased only from 7.83 to 15.70 in six months of storage and triple layer bags without bruchid infestation recorded a mere per cent increase in weight loss from 0.00 to 1.48%. Benefit cost ratio showed that grains stored in triple layer bags for 6 months has highest benefit cost ratio (1.23) compared to jute bag storage (0.39). © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Studies on life history and host preference of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on different pulses
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2019) Deepak Kumar Jaiswal; S.V.S. Raju; V. Manju Vani; Kamal Ravi Sharma
An investigation on the life history and ovipositional preference of C. chinensis reared on five different pulses revealed not much variation between the pulses. The adults exhibited a marked preference for smooth, well-filled seeds for oviposition. The order of preference for oviposition on different pulses for C. chinensis was Cajanus cajan (red gram) > Vigna radiate (green gram) > Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) > Cicer arietinum (chickpea) > Vigna mungo (black gram). © 2019. All Rights Reserved.
Weather based prediction model for green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens distant of rice in middle gangetic plains
(Malhotra Publishing House, 2021) Kamal Ravi Sharma; S.V.S. Raju; R.S. Meena; S. Ramesh Babu; Saurav Singla
The GLH Nephotettix virescens Distant occurrence began to increase during the 33rd SMW (3.0 GLH/15 sweeps) and peaked during the 40th SMW (19 GLH/15 sweeps). The GLH sweep net catches revealed maximum and significant positive correlation with sun shine hours of current week, and showed a significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity and wind speed of 2-lag week and current week. On the other hand, GLH catches revealed a positive correlation with maximum temperature and morning relative humidity of current, 1-lag as well as 2-lag week. Minimum temperature and rainfall of current, 1-lag, 2-lag week and current, 1-lag week, respectively, were negatively correlated with GLH catches. Tmax, Tmin, and SSH were found to be the most significant weather influences that affected GLH sweep net catches. With pest and weather data obtained during Kharif 2019, the model was validated (R2 = 0.92, RSME = 0.218, and MAE = 0.303). © 2021. MPH J. ent. All Rights Reserved.