Browsing by Author "Kaushalendra"

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Algal Metabolites Can Be an Immune Booster against COVID-19 Pandemic
(MDPI, 2022) Ajay Kumar; Rahul Prasad Singh; Indrajeet Kumar; Priya Yadav; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Prashant Kumar Singh; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Shiv Mohan Singh; Mahipal Singh Kesawat; Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale; Sang-Min Chung; Manu Kumar
The world has faced the challenges of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for the last two years, first diagnosed at the end of 2019 in Wuhan and widely distributed worldwide. As a result, the WHO has proclaimed the illness brought on by this virus to be a global pandemic. To combat COVID-19, researcher communities continuously develop and implement rapid diagnoses, safe and effective vaccinations and other alternative therapeutic procedures. However, synthetic drug-related side effects and high costs have piqued scientists’ interest in natural product-based therapies and medicines. In this regard, antiviral substances derived from natural resources and some medicines have seen a boom in popularity. For instance, algae are a rich source of compounds such as lectins and sulfated polysaccharides, which have potent antiviral and immunity-boosting properties. Moreover, Algae-derived compounds or metabolites can be used as antibodies and vaccine raw materials against COVID-19. Furthermore, some algal species can boost immunity, reduce viral activity in humans and be recommended for usage as a COVID-19 preventative measure. However, this field of study is still in its early stages of development. Therefore, this review addresses critical characteristics of algal metabolites, their antioxidant potential and therapeutic potential in COVID-19. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Beneficial and negative impacts of wastewater for sustainable agricultural irrigation: Current knowledge and future perspectives
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Priya Yadav; Rahul Prasad Singh; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Hariom Verma; Prashant Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Ajay Kumar
Currently world faces the high risk of water crisis and the rising human population and changing climatic conditions accelerate this challenge. Therefore there is urgent need of water management for the human beings and all the living organisms. Agriculture is currently the world's largest water consumer. Furthermore, it has been anticipated that by 2050, the amount of water available for agricultural irrigation will have to increased by 70% to meet the demand of food for the rising global population. In this scenario, wastewater may be a viable option as a source of water for the agricultural irrigation. Although the waste water contains various trace elements and fertilizers contents and these can be used to enhance the agricultural production. However the presence of heavy load of some toxic compounds/metals in the waste water negatively affect the quality of plant, soil as well as environment and human health. Therefore in this chapter we have discussed briefly the merit and demerits of waste water utilization for agricultural irrigation. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Bioprospects of Endophytic Bacteria in Plant Growth Promotion and Ag-Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
(MDPI, 2022) Monika Singh; Kamal A. Qureshi; Mariusz Jaremko; Minakshi Rajput; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Ajay Kumar
In this study, five endophytic bacterial strains, namely Rhizobium pusense (MS-1), Bacillus cereus MS-2, Bacillus flexus (MS-3), Methylophilus flavus (MS-4), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MS-5), were used to investigate their potential role in the enhancement of growth yields of two types of tomato varieties, viz. hybrid and local, and in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The inoculation of bacterial strains enhanced the root and shoot length, biomass, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The fruit weight of the tomato (kg/plant) was also higher in the bacteria inoculated plants of both hybrid and local varieties than in the control (untreated). A significant increase was recorded in the fruit yield (g/plant) in all the treatments, whereas Methylophilus flavus (MS-4) inoculated plants yielded nearly 2.5 times more fruit weight compared to the control in the hybrid variety and two times higher in the local variety. The response to M. flavus as a microbial inoculant was greater than to the other strains. Biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles was also carried out using all five endophytic bacterial strains. The weakest producers of AgNPs were Rhizobium pusense (MS-1) and Methylophilus flavus (MS-4), while Bacillus cereus MS-2, Bacillus flexus (MS-3), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MS-5) were strong producers of AgNPs. Nanoparticles were further characterized using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and revealed cuboidal shaped AgNPs in the Bacillus cereus MS-2 strain. In addition, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against various pathogenic and endophytic bacterial strains. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Contamination of soil and food chain through wastewater application
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Priya Yadav; Rahul Prasad Singh; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Twinkle Pradhan; Amit Raj; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Ajay Kumar
Current time, wastewater irrigation is becoming more prominent as a response to the decline in freshwater resources triggered by climate change. Globally, population density and freshwater resources are not distributed equitably. Wastewater irrigation has been identified as a severe environmental concern in many nations due to pesticides, heavy metal, etc. accumulation in food crops and soils, as well as potential health hazards to those who consume these foods. In terms of agricultural use, as well as environmental contamination and toxicological, this approach has both beneficial and negative consequences. However, wastewater is a significant necessary source of plant nutrients, the presence of harmful pollutants and bacteria in wastewater poses a number of environmental, sanitary, and health hazards after long-term agricultural irrigation. As wastewater irrigation becomes more common, human health risks become more important since the advantages to food security and livelihoods must be evaluated against exposure to various contaminants. This chapter discussed the impact of wastewater irrigation on the biological, chemical, and physical attributes of soil including pH, anions and cations, organic matter, and microbial activities. We described how potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulate in soil body and how they are transferred to flora and fauna. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Correlation between peripheral melatonin and general immune status of domestic goat, Capra hircus: A seasonal and sex dependent variation
(2012) Kaushalendra; Chandana Haldar
Caprine immune system has largely been neglected by ruminant researchers despite of its high economic importance in bioindustry. We made an attempt to note the annual/seasonal and gender dependent variation in immune status of the domestic goat, Capra hircus, Jamunapari breed and correlated with the concentration of peripheral gonadal hormones (testosterone, 17β-estradiol) and melatonin. Based on the data of general immune parameters such as total leukocyte count (TLC) and percent lymphocyte count (%LC) along with blastogenic response of splenocytes in terms of percent stimulation ratio (%SR), we found an annual variation in immune status of male, female and castrated male goats in a gender dependent manner. Female goats showed higher immune parameters than that of castrated as well as intact male goats. Testosterone in intact male goats was high throughout the year, which might be responsible for low immune status. However, in castrated male goats, plasma testosterone was undetectable and presented an immune status equivalent to that of female goats. We observed a high immune status during the winter season in all the groups of goats, which might be due to high circulatory concentration and longer duration of melatonin induced by short days. Being released by circulating lymphocytes, the concentration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in blood plasma, showed an annual and seasonal variation being higher in female than castrated and intact male goats throughout the year, having a similar trend in plasma melatonin concentration. The higher immune status in female goats during the winter months might have helped them to overcome the winter bound stress, i.e. low temperature. Therefore, we may propose that testosterone acts as an immunosupressor while melatonin as an immunostimulator for goats as it showed a positive correlation with immune parameters noted. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Cyanobacterial availability for CRISPR-based genome editing: Current and future challenges
(Elsevier, 2022) Sandeep Kumar Singh; Ajay Kumar; Avinash Chandra Rai; Mukesh Kumar Yadav; Punuri Jayasekhar Babu; Zothanpuia; Liansangmawii Chhakchhuak; Prashant Kumar Singh; Garima Singh; Naveen Chandra Joshi; Avinash Singh; Kaushalendra; Rosie Lalmuanpuii; Esther Lalnunmawii; Bendangchuchang Longchar
Cyanobacterial genetic manipulations are optimistic for producing feedstocks, fuels, valuable chemicals, and a basic understanding of stress-induced responses. Regrettably, the newly available genome manipulation tools for cyanobacteria are far from other organisms despite their significant contributions to humanity. This chapter primarily focused on genome engineering efforts available to date for synthetic biology applications and the recent advances in investigations in the development of genome editing in cyanobacteria. Moreover, in recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) dependent approaches rapidly gained engineering popularity in all life domains. Such techniques permit markerless genome editing, simultaneous manipulation of multiple genes, and transcriptional regulation of genes. However, the cyanobacterial genome manipulations by employing the CRISPR tool are still in infancy and limited to very few reports for its synthetic applications, even though the CRISPR drastically shortened the mutant selection time and the segregation advantages. In this chapter, we highlighted the studies that have implemented CRISPR-based tools for cyanobacteria’s metabolic engineering. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cyanobacterial photosynthetic reaction center in wobbly light: Modulation of light energy by orange carotenoid proteins (OCPs)
(Elsevier, 2022) Rahul Prasad Singh; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Ajay Kumar; Arpan Modi; Avinash Chandra Rai; Sandip Ghuge; Anil Kumar; Mukesh Kumar Yadav; Punuri Jayasekhar Babu; Prashant Kumar Singh; Garima Singh; Kaushalendra; Naveen Chandra Joshi; Avinash Singh; Wenjing Wang
High irradiance and fluctuating light boons substantial risk to photosynthetic life forms by summoning responsive oxygen species (ROS). To bear the high irradiance level, plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have developed mechanisms to diminution the energy hitting at reaction centers to protect it from high irradiance by a photo-defensive system. In cyanobacteria, these photoprotection systems reduce the light energy arriving at the reaction centers by reducing photosynthesis and enhancing thermal energy dissipation at the level of the phycobilisome (PB), the extra-membranous light-harvesting antenna. Fluorescence recovery proteins (FRPs) and orange carotenoid proteins (OCPs) alluded to as essential elements for this mechanism by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Initially, cyanobacteria were considered not to fit for performing NPQ, and the last shreds of evidence advocated NPQ as a crucial and primary photoprotective tool. OCP comprises two domains, (1) N-terminal domain (NTD) and (2) C-terminal domain (CTD), with a solitary carotenoid as a chromophore traversing evenly in the two areas. Blue-green or high irradiance light actuates the transformation of OCP from a dormant orange state (OCPO) to a dynamic red state (OCPR). Dynamic OCP (OCPR) ties to the center of the light-harvesting antenna complex, phycobilisomes (PBs), extinguishes fluorescence, and aids dispersal abundance energy’s nonradiative pathway. OCP-intervened photoprotection mechanism effectively managed by FRP by accelerating the OCP transformation of active OCP (OCPR) to the resting state (OCPO) under light-limiting conditions. However, numerous inquiries concerning the working of FRP have stayed dubious. This chapter summarizes the current information and comprehension of the FRP and OCP in cyanobacterial photoprotection and the possibilities of exploiting these systems for plant resilience to high irradiance. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FNC (4′-azido-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro(arbino)cytidine) as an Effective Therapeutic Agent for NHL: ROS Generation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis
(Springer, 2024) Naveen Kumar; Alok Shukla; Sanjay Kumar; Ilya Ulasov; Rishi Kant Singh; Sandeep Kumar; Anand Patel; Lokesh Yadav; Ruchi Tiwari; Rachana Paswan; Shivashish Priyadarshi Mohanta; Kaushalendra; Jyeoti Antil; Arbind Acharya
Cytotoxic nucleoside analogs (NAs) hold great promise in cancer therapeutics by mimicking endogenous nucleosides and interfering with crucial cellular processes. Here, we investigate the potential of the novel cytidine analog, 4′-azido-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro(arbino)cytidine (FNC), as a therapeutic agent for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) using Dalton’s lymphoma (DL) as a T-cell lymphoma model. FNC demonstrated dose- and time-dependent inhibition of DL cell growth and proliferation. IC-50 values of FNC were measured at 1 µM, 0.5 µM, and 0.1 µM after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Further elucidation of FNC’s mechanism of action uncovers its role in inducing apoptosis in DL cells. Notable DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation point to activated apoptotic pathways. FNC-induced apoptosis was concomitant with changes in cellular membranes, characterized by membrane rupture and altered morphology. The robust anticancer effects of FNC are linked to its capacity to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, prompting oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, FNC disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, further promoting apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptotic genes, with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, implicates the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, FNC-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was mediated through modulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Overall, this study highlights the potential of FNC as a promising therapeutic agent for NHL. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Free radical load in lymphoid organs (Spleen and thymus) of indian goat Capra hircus: Role of sex, season and melatonin
(International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2015) Somenath Ghosh; Kaushalendra; Chandana Haldar
Objective: Lymphoid organs (i.e. spleen and thymus) are important due to functional dynamicity. As a result, the generated free radicals may limit their function. Thus, present study was aimed to note seasonal and sex dependent variation in free radical status in Indian goat Capra hircus under the aegis of melatonin which is a well-known antioxidant. Methods: Markers of oxidative stress (i.e. Super Oxide Dismutase; SOD, Catalase; CAT, Glutathione Peroxidases; GPx) were measured by standardized protocols. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) was measured by 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; ABTS) radical cation method and Lipid Per Oxidation (LPO) was measured by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) expression in lymphoid organs was noted by Western Blot analysis. The circulatory level of cortisol and melatonin were estimated by commercial ELISA kits. Results: We noted significantly high levels of SOD, Catalase, GPx activities and ABTS level in lymphoid organs during monsoon and low during winter. Malonaldehyde; MDA a marker for lipid peroxidation was significantly high during summer and was significantly low during monsoon and winter. Cortisol level was significantly high during monsoon whereas melatonin level was significantly high during winter. GR expression was significantly high in males during monsoon and winter, but the level was significantly high only during monsoon in females. Conclusion: All the results suggest that monsoon and winter are the seasons of stress and to buffer the elevated stress level, melatonin coupled both the roles of free radical scavenger (as a free molecule) and elevation of antioxidant enzymes. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.
Improved Chrysin Production by a Combination of Fermentation Factors and Elicitation from Chaetomium globosum
(MDPI, 2023) Siya Kamat; Madhuree Kumari; Kuttuvan Valappil Sajna; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Ajay Kumar; C. Jayabaskaran
Flavonoids encompass a heterogeneous group of secondary metabolites with exceptional health benefits. Chrysin, a natural dihydroxyflavone, possesses numerous bioactive properties, such as anticancer, antioxidative, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, etc. However, using traditional sources of chrysin involves extracting honey from plants, which is non-scalable, unsustainable, and depends on several factors, including geography, climatic conditions, and the season, which limits its production at a larger scale. Recently, microbial production of desirable metabolites has garnered attention due to the cost-effectiveness, easy scale-up, sustainability, and low emission of waste. We previously reported for the first time the chrysin-producing marine endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum, associated with a marine green alga. To extend our understanding of chrysin biosynthesis in C. globosum, in the present study, we have assessed the presence of flavonoid pathway intermediates in C. globosum extracts using LC-MS/MS. The presence of several key metabolites, such as dihydrokaempferol, chalcone, galangin, baicalein, chrysin, p-Coumaroyl-CoA, and p-Cinnamoyl-CoA, indicates the role of flavonoid biosynthesis machinery in the marine fungus. Further, we have aimed to enhance the production of chrysin with three different strategies: (1) optimizing the fermentation parameters, namely, growth medium, incubation time, pH, and temperature; (2) feeding key flavonoid pathway intermediates, i.e., phenylalanine and cinnamic acid; (3) elicitation with biotic elicitors, such as polysaccharide, yeast extract, and abiotic elicitors that include UV radiation, salinity, and metal stress. The combined effect of the optimized parameters resulted in a 97-fold increase in the chrysin yield, resulting in a fungal cell factory. This work reports the first approach for enhanced production of chrysin and can serve as a template for flavonoid production enhancement using marine endophytic fungi. © 2023 by the authors.
Mechanistic approaches and factors regulating microalgae mediated heavy metal remediation from the aquatic ecosystem
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Kapil D. Pandey; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Livleen Shukla; Vineet Kumar Rai; Rahul Prasad Singh; Priya Yadav; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Prashant Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Ajay Kumar
Heavy metal is considered to be most lethal and toxic when entered in food chain along with terrestrial aquatic system. The waste water is an important source of deposition of heavy metals or toxic elements in the aquatic ecosystem, Hence remediation becomes very important for the survivality of living organisms present in the aquatic ecosystem. Microalga technology plays vital role in heavy metal remediation from the aquatic ecosystem as microalgae dominates over other biological organism and other traditional method to detoxify heavy metals in an eco-friendly manner. The remediated heavy metals are taken up by the microalgae as a nutrient source, which helps in producing biomass which is valorize into different forms of energy as world is facing immense energy crises, so microalgae is considered to be alternative form of fossil fuel which helps in overcoming energy crisis by producing different type of biofuel. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis as a therapeutic target for FNC (2′-deoxy-2′-b-fluoro-4′-azidocytidine)-induced inhibition of Dalton’s lymphoma growth and proliferation
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Naveen Kumar; Sanjeev Kumar; Alok Shukla; Sanjay Kumar; Rishi Kant Singh; Ilya Ulasov; Sandeep Kumar; Anand Kumar Patel; Lokesh Yadav; Ruchi Tiwari; Rachana; Shivashish Priyadarshi Mohanta; Kaushalendra; Vikram Delu; Arbind Acharya
Purpose: T-cell lymphomas, refer to a diverse set of lymphomas that originate from T-cells, a type of white blood cell, with limited treatment options. This investigation aimed to assess the efficacy and mechanism of a novel fluorinated nucleoside analogue (FNA), 2′-deoxy-2′-β-fluoro-4′-azidocytidine (FNC), against T-cell lymphoma using Dalton’s lymphoma (DL)-bearing mice as a model. Methods: Balb/c mice transplanted with the DL tumor model received FNC treatment to study therapeutic efficacy against T-cell lymphoma. Behavioral monitoring, physiological measurements, and various analyses were conducted to evaluate treatment effects for mechanistic investigations. Results: The results of study indicated that FNC prevented DL-altered behavior parameters, weight gain and alteration in organ structure, hematological parameters, and liver enzyme levels. Moreover, FNC treatment restored organ structures, attenuated angiogenesis, reduced DL cell viability and proliferation through apoptosis. The mechanism investigation revealed FNC diminished MMP levels, induced apoptosis through ROS induction, and activated mitochondrial-mediated pathways leading to increase in mean survival time of DL mice. These findings suggest that FNC has potential therapeutic effects in mitigating DL-induced adverse effects. Conclusion: FNC represents an efficient and targeted treatment strategy against T-cell lymphoma. FNC’s proficient ability to induce apoptosis through ROS generation and MMP reduction makes it a promising candidate for developing newer and more effective anticancer therapies. Continued research could unveil FNC’s potential role in designing a better therapeutic approach against NHL. © 2023, The Author(s).
Moringa oleifera L. leaf extract induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis in Dalton's Lymphoma: An in vitro and in vivo study
(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2023) Sandeep Kumar; Praveen Kumar Verma; Alok Shukla; Rishi Kant Singh; Anand Kumar Patel; Lokesh Yadav; Sanjay Kumar; Naveen Kumar; Kaushalendra; Arbind Acharya
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The present work is based on a wide spectrum of evidences available from scientific literature which reflects nutritional and medicinal values of natural products such as plants and their extracts. Moringa oleifera is one such popular plant species amidst indigenous tribal communities which is frequently used to treat ailments such as piles, sore throat, eye and ear infections and even poisonous bites of tropical fauna such as insects or snakes. Furthermore decoction of leaf and bark was used to cure fever and cough. Evidences further reveal that Moringa oleifera L. (Family Moringaceae), is widely distributed not only over the Indian sub-continent, but also over Philippines, Central America, Saudi Arabia and the Caribbean Islands and have been traditionally used to treat cancers since ancient times. However, therapeutic effects of Moringa oleifera on Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) are yet to be established. Aim of the study: The study aims to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against murine NHL Non-Hodgkin cells in vitro and in vivo. Material and methods: The pharmacologically active compounds of Moringa oleifera leaf extract were identified by GC-HRMS analysis. Tests of Moringa oleifera leaf extract's cytotoxicity against DL cells were carried out using the MTT assay. Chromatin condensation along with other morphological alterations were visualized through Fluorescence microscopy. Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), the cell cycle, and apoptosis were analysed through flow cytometer. We tried to identify proteins involved in apoptosis and cell cycle through Western blotting using BALB/c mice as a model organism. Results: GC-HRMS study revealed that a methanol based leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (MOML) comprises of a variety of bioactive chemicals. Our results indicate that MOML successfully reduced the proliferation of DL cells by lowering ΔΨm, changing overall cell morphology. DL cells treated with MOML showed arrested cell cycle at the G2/M phase and substantially up-regulated the expression of p53 and p21. Elevated levels of Bax, Cyt-c, and Caspase-3 and lowered expression levels of Bcl-2 protein suggested induction of apoptosis. Mechanistically, the anticancer efficacy of MOML is attributed to MEK/ERK-mediated pathway inactivation in DL cells. It is also interesting to note that MOML-mediated inhibition of DL growth was accompanied by apoptosis induction and improvement in hematological parameters in DL-bearing mice. Conclusion: Our finding suggested that MOML induces apoptosis and abrogates the growth of Dalton's lymphoma both in vitro and in vivo. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Pathogenic microbes in wastewater: Identification and characterization
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Rahul Prasad Singh; Priya Yadav; Rajan Kumar Gupta; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Hariom Verma; Prashant Kumar Singh; Kaushalendra; Kapil D. Pandey; Ajay Kumar
The rapid global industrialization and rising word human populations produced every year billions tons of wastewater and it has been estimated that more than 75% of these wastewater discharged into the open land without any treatment. However, these waste water contains huge amount of chemicals, pathogenic microorganism, heavy metals and toxic substances etc. The pathogenic wastewater microbe's identification and characterization has become one of the most challenging aspects, Molecular approaches have provided the means to examine and classify harmful microbial diversity and characterize specific organisms without the necessity for cultivation throughout the previous decade. Despite the need for quick molecular results, conventional wastewater microbial detection assays can take several days to produce a result. This timeframe is no longer acceptable, given the emergence of new molecular-based technologies. This chapter discusses current latest techniques which are used to characterize and identify the pathogenic microbes in the waste water. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Plant-Endophyte Interaction during Biotic Stress Management
(MDPI, 2022) Parul Pathak; Vineet Kumar Rai; Hasan Can; Sandeep Kumar Singh; Dharmendra Kumar; Nikunj Bhardwaj; Rajib Roychowdhury; Lucas Carvalho Basilio de Azevedo; Kaushalendra; Hariom Verma; Ajay Kumar
Plants interact with diverse microbial communities and share complex relationships with each other. The intimate association between microbes and their host mutually benefit each other and provide stability against various biotic and abiotic stresses to plants. Endophytes are heterogeneous groups of microbes that live inside the host tissue without showing any apparent sign of infection. However, their functional attributes such as nutrient acquisition, phytohormone modulation, synthesis of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant enzymes of endophytes are similar to the other rhizospheric microorganisms. Nevertheless, their higher colonization efficacy and stability against abiotic stress make them superior to other microorganisms. In recent studies, the potential role of endophytes in bioprospecting has been broadly reported. However, the molecular aspect of host–endophyte interactions is still unclear. In this study, we have briefly discussed the endophyte biology, colonization efficacy and diversity pattern of endophytes. In addition, it also summarizes the molecular aspect of plant–endophyte interaction in biotic stress management. © 2022 by the authors.
Potential implications of protein kinase Cα in pathophysiological conditions and therapeutic interventions
(Elsevier Inc., 2023) Rishi Kant Singh; Sanjay Kumar; Sandeep Kumar; Alok Shukla; Naveen Kumar; Anand Kumar Patel; Lokesh Kumar Yadav; Kaushalendra; Meera Antiwal; Arbind Acharya
PKCα is a molecule with many functions that play an important role in cell survival and death to maintain cellular homeostasis. Alteration in the normal functioning of PKCα is responsible for the complicated etiology of many pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney complications, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetics, and many others. Several studies have been carried out over the years on this kinase's function, and regulation in normal physiology and pathological conditions. A lot of data with antithetical results have therefore accumulated over time to create a complex framework of physiological implications connected to the PKCα function that needs comprehensive elucidation. In light of this information, we critically analyze the multiple roles played by PKCα in basic cellular processes and their molecular mechanism during various pathological conditions. This review further discusses the current approaches to manipulating PKCα signaling amplitude in the patient's favour and proposed PKCα as a therapeutic target to reverse pathological states. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.
Refurbishment of NK cell effector functions through their receptors by depleting the activity of nTreg cells in Dalton’s Lymphoma-induced tumor microenvironment: an in vitro and in vivo study
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Munendra Singh Tomar; Rishi Kant Singh; Ilya V. Ulasov; Kaushalendra; Arbind Acharya
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the anti-tumor transaction through cytolytic activity with the help of proportionate expression of their activating receptors (ARs) and inhibitory receptors (IRs). The proliferation, differentiation, and effector’s functions of NK cells were affected and regulated by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells through the NKG2D receptor expressed on NK cells. It has not yet been established whether Treg cells also affects the expression and functions of other receptors of NK cell. Moreover, the effect of cyclophosphamide (CYP) treatment on the expression and functions of AR and IR receptors of NK cells regulated by Treg cells during cancer progression is not clearly understood. Therefore, we have used the metronomic dose of CYP and anti-CD25 and anti-TGF-β to inhibit the effects of Treg cells in DL-induced tumor microenvironment and analyze the expression of ARs and IRs on NK cells and the FoxP3 level on Treg cells. It was observed that treatment of CYP and blocking antibodies not only affects the functions of tumor-associated NK cells (TANK cells) by modulating the expression of ARs and IRs in DL-induced tumor microenvironment, but also downregulates the functions of Treg cells. The findings of our study supported and suggested that the use of CYP in combination with other therapeutic approaches will effectively reduce tumor growth directly and/or indirectly by modulating the NK cell-mediated immune response of the host. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Revisiting the role of cyanobacteria-derived metabolites as antimicrobial agent: A 21st century perspective
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Joyeeta Kar; Devde Pandurang Ramrao; Ruth Zomuansangi; C. Lalbiaktluangi; Shiv Mohan Singh; Naveen Chandra Joshi; Ajay Kumar; Kaushalendra; Suryakant Mehta; Mukesh Kumar Yadav; Prashant Kumar Singh
Cyanobacterial species are ancient photodiazotrophs prevalent in freshwater bodies and a natural reservoir of many metabolites (low to high molecular weight) such as non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, ribosomal peptides, alkaloids, cyanotoxins, and isoprenoids with a well-established bioactivity potential. These metabolites enable cyanobacterial survival in extreme environments such as high salinity, heavy metals, cold, UV-B, etc. Recently, these metabolites are gaining the attention of researchers across the globe because of their tremendous applications as antimicrobial agents. Many reports claim the antimicrobial nature of these metabolites; unfortunately, the mode of action of such metabolites is not well understood and/or known limited. Henceforth, this review focuses on the properties and potential application, also critically highlighting the possible mechanism of action of these metabolites to offer further translational research. The review also aims to provide a comprehensive insight into current gaps in research on cyanobacterial biology as antimicrobials and hopes to shed light on the importance of continuing research on cyanobacteria metabolites in the search for novel antimicrobials. Copyright © 2022 Kar, Ramrao, Zomuansangi, Lalbiaktluangi, Singh, Joshi, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Mehta, Yadav and Singh.
Screening for Multifarious Plant Growth Promoting and Biocontrol Attributes in Bacillus Strains Isolated from Indo Gangetic Soil for Enhancing Growth of Rice Crops
(MDPI, 2023) Shikha Devi; Shivesh Sharma; Ashish Tiwari; Arvind Kumar Bhatt; Nand Kumar Singh; Monika Singh; Kaushalendra; Ajay Kumar
Multifarious plant growth-promoting Bacillus strains recovered from rhizospheric soils of the Indo Gangetic plains (IGPs) were identified as Bacillus licheniformis MNNITSR2 and Bacillus velezensis MNNITSR18 based on their biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA gene analysis. Both strains exhibited the ability to produce IAA, siderophores, ammonia, lytic enzymes, HCN production, and phosphate solubilization capability and strongly inhibited the growth of phytopathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusariun oxysporum in vitro. In addition, these strains are also able to grow at a high temperature of 50 °C and tolerate up to 10–15% NaCl and 25% PEG 6000. The results of the pot experiment showed that individual seed inoculation and the coinoculation of multifarious plant growth promoting (PGP) Bacillus strains (SR2 and SR18) in rice fields significantly enhanced plant height, root length volume, tiller numbers, dry weight, and yield compared to the untreated control. This indicates that these strains are potential candidates for use as PGP inoculants/biofertilizers to increase rice productivity under field conditions for IGPs in Uttar Pradesh, India. © 2023 by the authors.