Browsing by Author "Manish K. Pandey"

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A Deep Learning Approach for Classification of Medicare Beneficiaries Based on Gender and being Affected with Cancer
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Manish K. Pandey; Karthikeyan Subbiah
With the advent of the Third computing platform of Social Mobility Analytics and Cloud (SMAC), data is getting generated in huge amounts. This huge amount of data is collected for domain-specific information to process them to get required domain-specific information as in real-time health analytics, financial frauds, real-time automated car driving, vital information of patients undergoing robotic surgery, handling cyber threats etc. This huge data, also known as Big Data, is highly unstructured and imbalanced that is not possible for traditional techniques to handle and process. Advancements in computing power, speedy data storage and convergence of SMAC technologies have also contributed to the swift acceptance of the technology. This led to innovative analytical techniques that are data as well as computation intensive. One such technique is Deep Learning which originated from the artificial neural network and found its use in handling many real-life problems involving multidimensional features. The advantage of Feature Learning or Representational Learning makes Deep Learning a wonderful tool for big data analytics. The previous level of hierarchy transfers the feature learning to the next levels and thus complex features are learned through the learning of simpler features at different levels of abstraction. For efficient learning of these features, tuning of hyper-parameters is a mandatory step. The current work incorporates Grid Search for classification to find the best classifier for the classification of Medicare beneficiaries based on two scenarios. The first Scenario is beneficiaries who are affected by cancer and the Second Scenario is where Medicare beneficiaries are provided Gender wise (being a Female beneficiary). By experimenting using these algorithms at 10-fold cross-validation, the best results were achieved in the sensitivity of 99.17 %, Specificity of 97.68 % and accuracy of 98.8 % with Deep Learning Neural Network with Dropout for First Scenario and achieved the best results in the sensitivity of 82.97 %, Specificity of 68.71 % and accuracy of 75.05 % with Random Forest for Second Scenario. © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Crop type discrimination using Geo-Stat Endmember extraction and machine learning algorithms
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Prachi Singh; Prashant K. Srivastava; Dharambhai Shah; Manish K. Pandey; Akash Anand; Rajendra Prasad; Rucha Dave; Jochem Verrelst; Bimal K. Bhattacharya; A.S. Raghubanshi
The identification of crop diversity in today's world is very crucial to ensure adaptation of the crop with changing climate for better productivity as well as food security. Towards this, Hyperspectral Remote Sensing (HRS) is an efficient technique that offers the opportunity to discriminate crop types based on morphological as well as physiological features due to availability of contiguous spectral bands. The current work utilized the benefits of Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer- New Generation (AVIRIS-NG) data and explored the techniques for classification and identification of crop types. The endmembers were identified using the Geo-Stat Endmember Extraction (GSEE) algorithm for pure pixels identification and to generate the spectral library of the different crop types. Spectral feature comparison was done among AVIRIS-NG, Analytical Spectral Device (ASD)-Spectroradiometer and Continuum Removed (CR) spectra. The best-fit spectra obtained with the Reference ASD-Spectroradiometer and Pure Pixel spectral library were then used for crop discrimination using the ten supervised classifiers namely Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Spectral Information Divergence (SID), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Minimum Distance Classifier (MDC), Binary Encoding, deep learning-based Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and different algorithms of Ensemble learning such as Tree Bag, AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting), Discriminant and RUSBoost (Random Under Sampling). In total, nine crop types were identified, namely, wheat, maize, tobacco, sorghum, linseed, castor, pigeon pea, fennel and chickpea. The performance evaluation of the classifiers was made using various metrics like Overall Accuracy, Kappa Coefficient, Precision, Recall and F1 score. The classifier 2D-CNN was found to be the best with Overall Accuracy, Kappa Coefficient, Precision, Recall and F1 score values of 89.065 %, 0.871, 87.565%, 89.541% and 88.678% respectively. The output of this work can be utilized for large scale mapping of crop types at the species level in a short interval of time with high accuracy. © 2022 COSPAR
Development of hyperspectral indices for anti-cancerous Taxol content estimation in the Himalayan region
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Ayushi Gupta; Prachi Singh; Prashant K. Srivastava; Manish K. Pandey; Akash Anand; K. Chandra Sekar; Karuna Shanker
Monitoring and management of rare and economically important species in the highly complex terrain are challenging and thus need advanced technological development. In this study, the hyperspectral radiometer data of Taxus wallichiana were acquired at highly complex terrain of the Pindari region of the Himalaya and processed by using several sophisticated algorithms to deduce Taxol content in the plants. The spectroradiometer data were denoised through three different types of smoothing filters such as Average Mean, Savitzky Golay, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) followed by feature selection for allocation of best bands for Taxol content estimation. The results showed that the Average Mean filter in combination with feature selection performed best for Taxol spectral indices generation, model development, and Taxol content prediction. The best model showed a correlation of 0.719 with a relative root mean square error (RMSEr) value of 0.678 for Taxol content prediction. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Impact of Environmental Gradients on Phenometrics of Major Forest Types of Kumaon Region of the Western Himalaya
(MDPI, 2022) Vikas Dugesar; Koppineedi V. Satish; Manish K. Pandey; Prashant K. Srivastava; George P. Petropoulos; Akash Anand; Mukunda Dev Behera
Understanding ecosystem functional behaviour and its response to climate change necessitates a detailed understanding of vegetation phenology. The present study investigates the effect of an elevational gradient, temperature, and precipitation on the start of the season (SOS) and end of the season (EOS), in major forest types of the Kumaon region of the western Himalaya. The analysis made use of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series that was observed by the optical datasets between the years 2001 and 2019. The relationship between vegetation growth stages (phenophases) and climatic variables was investigated as an interannual variation, variation along the elevation, and variation with latitude. The SOS indicates a delayed trend along the elevational gradient (EG) till mid-latitude and shows an advancing pattern thereafter. The highest rate of change for the SOS and EOS is 3.3 and 2.9 days per year in grassland (GL). The lowest rate of temporal change for SOS is 0.9 days per year in mixed forests and for EOS it is 1.2 days per year in evergreen needle-leaf forests (ENF). Similarly, the highest rate of change in SOS along the elevation gradient is 2.4 days/100 m in evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF) and the lowest is −0.7 days/100 m in savanna, and for EOS, the highest rate of change is 2.2 days/100 m in EBF and lowest is −0.9 days/100 m in GL. Winter warming and low winter precipitation push EOS days further. In the present study area, due to winter warming and summer dryness, despite a warming trend in springseason or springtime, onset of the vegetation growth cycle shows a delayed trend across the vegetation types. As vegetation phenology responds differently over heterogeneous mountain landscapes to climate change, a detailed local-level observational insight could improve our understanding of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies. © 2022 by the authors.
Integrating multi-sensors data for species distribution mapping using deep learning and envelope models
(MDPI AG, 2021) Akash Anand; Manish K. Pandey; Prashant K. Srivastava; Ayushi Gupta; Mohammed Latif Khan
The integration of ecological and atmospheric characteristics for biodiversity management is fundamental for long-term ecosystem conservation and drafting forest management strategies, especially in the current era of climate change. The explicit modelling of regional ecological responses and their impact on individual species is a significant prerequisite for any adaptation strategy. The present study focuses on predicting the regional distribution of Rhododendron arboreum, a medicinal plant species found in the Himalayan region. Advanced Species Distribution Models (SDM) based on the principle of predefined hypothesis, namely BIOCLIM, was used to model the potential distribution of Rhododendron arboreum. This hypothesis tends to vary with the change in locations, and thus, robust models are required to establish nonlinear complex relations between the input parameters. To address this nonlinear relation, a class of deep neural networks, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture is proposed, designed, and tested, which eventually gave much better accuracy than the BIOCLIM model. Both of the models were given 16 input parameters, including ecological and atmospheric variables, which were statistically resampled and were then utilized in establishing the linear and nonlinear relationship to better fit the occurrence scenarios of the species. The input parameters were mostly acquired from the recent satellite missions, including MODIS, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-5p, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and ECOSTRESS. The performance across all the thresholds was evaluated using the value of the Area Under Curve (AUC) evaluation metrics. The AUC value was found to be 0.917 with CNN, whereas it was 0.68 with BIOCLIM, respectively. The performance evaluation metrics indicate the superiority of CNN for species distribution over BIOCLIM. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Performance assessment of the Sentinel-2 LAI products and data fusion techniques for developing new LAI datasets over the high-altitude Himalayan forests
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Vikas Dugesar; Manish K. Pandey; Prashant K. Srivastava; George P. Petropoulos; Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava; Virendra Kumar Kumra
The present study evaluates the accuracy of SNAP-Sentinel-2 Prototype Processor (SL2P) derived Leaf Area Index (LAI) and proposes a new simple method to generate new datasets of LAI through data fusion. Rigorous optimization of the data fusion approaches (Kalman filter and Linear weighted) were performed for the generation of new LAI products over the complex hilly terrain of the Himalayan region. The results showed a good correlation (r = 0.79) and low error (RMSE = 1.63) between SNAP-derived (at 20 m) and ground-observed LAI. A lower correlation was obtained between the ground observed LAI data and the corresponding global LAI products for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (r = 0.1, RMSE = 1.19), Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) (r = 0.1, RMSE = 0.61) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (r = 0.04, RMSE = 1.25). Notably, after implementing the data fusion, both SNAP-derived LAI and Global LAI products exhibited much-improved performance statistics with ground observed data sets. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Seeing from space makes sense: Novel earth observation variables accurately map species distributions over Himalaya
(Academic Press, 2023) K.V. Satish; Vikas Dugesar; Manish K. Pandey; Prashant K. Srivastava; Dalbeer S. Pharswan; Zishan Ahmad Wani
Topical advances in earth observation have enabled spatially explicit mapping of species' fundamental niche limits that can be used for nature conservation and management applications. This study investigates the possibility of applying functional variables of ecosystem retrieved from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard sensor data to map the species distribution of two alpine treeline species, namely Betula utilis D.Don and Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don over the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we have developed forty-nine Novel Earth Observation Variables (NEOVs) from MODIS products, an asset to the present investigation. To determine the effectiveness and ecological significance of NEOVs combinations, we built and compared four different models, namely, a bioclimatic model (BCM) with bioclimatic predictor variables, a phenology model (PhenoM) with earth observation derived phenological predictor variables, a biophysical model (BiophyM) with earth observation derived biophysical predictor variables, and a hybrid model (HM) with a combination of selected predictor variables from BCM, PhenoM, and BiophyM. All models utilized topographical variables by default. Models that include NEOVs were competitive for focal species, and models without NEOVs had considerably poor model performance and explanatory strength. To ascertain the accurate predictions, we assessed the congruence of predictions by pairwise comparisons of their performance. Among the three machine learning algorithms tested (artificial neural networks, generalised boosting model, and maximum entropy), maximum entropy produced the most promising predictions for BCM, PhenoM, BiophyM, and HM. Area under curve (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS) scores for the BCM, PhenoM, BiophyM, and HM models derived from maximum entropy were AUC ≥0.9 and TSS ≥0.6 for the focal species. The overall investigation revealed the competency of NEOVs in the accurate prediction of species' fundamental niches, but conventional bioclimatic variables were unable to achieve such a level of precision. A principal component analysis of environmental spaces disclosed that niches of focal species substantially overlapped each other. We demonstrate that the use of satellite onboard sensors’ biotic and abiotic variables with species occurrence data can provide precision and resolution for species distribution mapping at a scale that is relevant ecologically and at the operational scale of most conservation and management actions. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Synergistic evaluation of Sentinel 1 and 2 for biomass estimation in a tropical forest of India
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Ramandeep Kaur M. Malhi; Akash Anand; Prashant K. Srivastava; Sumit K. Chaudhary; Manish K. Pandey; Mukund Dev Behera; Amit Kumar; Prachi Singh; G. Sandhya Kiran
Spatially explicit measurement of Above Ground Biomass (AGB) is crucial for the quantification of forest carbon stock and fluxes. To achieve this, an integration of Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite datasets could provide an accurate estimation of forest biomass. This will also help in removing the uncertainties associated with the single sensor-based estimation approaches. Therefore, the present study attempts to integrate Sentinel-2 optical data with Sentinel-1 SAR dataset to estimate AGB in the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS), Gujarat, India. In this study, two non-parametric machine learning algorithms viz Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with different kernel functions—linear, sigmoidal, radial and polynomial and Random Forest (RF) were employed for the prediction of AGB using different combinations of VV, VH, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Incidence Angle (IA). Ground based AGB was estimated through allometric equation at 35 sampling sites with the help of tree height and Diameter at Breast's Height (DBH). Standalone collinearity analysis among different parameters resulted in poor correlation of AGB with VH (r = 0.05) and IA (r = 0.015), whereas a significantly good correlation with NDVI (r = 0.80) and VV (r = 0.74) were observed. Inclusion of NDVI with VV and VH together also resulted in a better correlation (r = 0.85) than other combinations. The SVM with linear kernel utilizing parametric the combinations of VV + VH + NDVI and VV + VH + NDVI + IA were found to be best performing on the basis of evaluation metrics. The outcome of this study highlighted the significance of machine learning techniques and synergistic use of different remote sensing data for an improved AGB quantification in tropical forests. © 2021