Browsing by Author "Manoj Kumar Jhariya"

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Agriculture ecosystem models for CO2 sequestration, improving soil physicochemical properties, and restoring degraded land
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Ram Swaroop Meena; Ashutosh Yadav; Sandeep Kumar; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Surendra Singh Jatav
Plans outlined in the conference of parties (COP) 26 included the restoration of degraded lands as one of the targets for achieving long-term food sustainability under climate change. The experiment aimed to assess carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration and improvement in soil physicochemical properties of agriculture ecosystem models. The results of the experiment shows that the bulk density (ρb) and particle density (ρd) were significantly influenced at both depths 0–10 and 10–20 cm in developed ecosystems. The lowest (1.36 g cc−1) and highest (1.57 g cc−1) values of ρb were recorded at the depth of 0–10 cm in forest land (FL) and mono-cropping rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation land (MCRCL), respectively. The minimum values (kg ha−1) of N (161.27), P (14.87), and K (152.07) were recorded at the depth of 0–10 cm in mono-cropping wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivated land (MCWCL), guava (Psidium guajava) + green gram (Vigna radiata) cultivation land (GGCL), and MCRCL, respectively. Moreover, the maximum N (207.60 kg ha−1) and P (19.27 kg ha−1) were recorded at the depth of 0–10 in FL system, and K (204.60 kg ha−1) in Karonda (Carissa carandas) cultivation land (KCL). The minimum soil N (158.93 kg ha−1) was recorded in pasture land (PL), while P (13.37 kg ha−1) and K (146.0 kg ha−1) was found in MCRCL system at the depth of 10–20 cm. While the highest soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was recorded in FL (18.40 Mg ha−1) and least in MCWCL system (6.57 Mg ha−1). The highest to the lowest value of CO2 sequestration (Mg ha−1) was found in the FL system (115.06) followed by KCL (41.11), GGCL (38.93), MCWCL (22.10), MCRCL (17.65), PL (9.40), and seasonal pond area (SPA 0.87). Likewise, the highest to lowest value of total C credit (US$) was found in FL (342.03) after that KCL (122.2), GGCL (115.71), MCWCL (65.7), MCRCL (52.45), PL (27.94), and SPA (2.6), respectively. With the creation of agricultural ecosystem models on degraded land, this work gives a roadmap for repairing degraded land, enhance the terrestrial CO2 sequestration, C-credit, and boosting ecological services, which may contribute to attaining long-term food sustainability. © 2022
Agroecological Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Arnab Banerjee; Ram Swaroop Meena; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Dhiraj Kumar Yadav
Agroecological footprints are a unique and popular concept for sustainable food system. Measuring and keeping a tab on the agroecological footprints of various human activities has gained remarkable interest in the past decade. From a range of human activities, food production and agriculture are most essential as well as extremely dependent on the agroecosystems. It is therefore crucial to understand the interaction of agroecosystem constituents with the extensive agricultural practices. The environmental impact measured in terms of agroecological footprints for a healthy for the sustainable food system. The editors critically examine the status of agroecological footprints and how it can be maintained within sustainable limits. Drawing upon research and examples from around the world, the book is offering an up-to-date account, and insight into how agroecology can be implemented as a solution in the form of eco-friendly practices that would boost up the production, curbs the environmental impacts, improves the bio-capacity, and reduces the agroecological footprints. It further discusses the changing status of the agroecological footprints and the growth of other footprint tools and types, such as land, water, carbon, nitrogen, etc. This book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, government planners, climate change scientists, capacity builders, and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, agroforestry, agroecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and international agricultural scientists, policymakers will also find this to be useful to achieve the ‘Sustainable Development Goals’. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Agroecology Towards Environmental Sustainability
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Shailesh Kumar Yadav; Arnab Banerjee; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Abhishek Raj; Nahid Khan; Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar
Agroecology refers to the process based on ecological principles to be applied in the agroecosystem for effective soil management and gain sustainable yield. The scientific application leads to a diversified agroecosystem which addresses the issue of environmental sustainability. It also focuses on various ecosystemservices in the form of maintaining soil fertility, proper biogeochemical cycling, and proper nutrient exchange between crop and soil ecosystem. The process ncludes an integrated approach with diversified crops and animal husbandry practices all at a time. Thus, it would be successful to address the issue of food security, crisis, and help to build up climate-resilient agroecosystem. Agroecosystem is also helpful in terms of maintaining a daily livelihood, production of fuel, fodder, food for rural stakeholders, and socioeconomic well-being of people across the globe. Thus, agroecological addresses the sustainable agriculture practice on a large scale to promote eco-friendly, self-sustaining agriculture practices. The aim of this article is to reflect an all-round aspect of agroecologyn along with its roadmap towards environmental sustainability. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Agroecosystem Service Management and Environmental Sustainability
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Arnab Banerjee; Nahid Khan; Ram Swaroop Meena; Prabhat Ranjan Oraon; Shailesh Kumar Yadav
Agroecosystem means improving the agricultural ecosystem by human-induced management of trees, crops, and livestock in any land use system. Resource conservations, soil health management, minimizing environmental footprints, and climate change mitigation are key services through a healthy agroecosystem. Food demands due to burgeoning populations necessitated agricultural land expansion and intensive agricultural practices. Conversion of forest and other land use systems into agricultural land induces land degradation and leads to an increase in environmental footprints. Deforestation and other unsustainable land use practices ensure soil degradation and environmental pollutions. These unscientific and intensive agroecosystem practices lead to GHG emissions into the atmosphere causes carbon footprints. Thus, strategies for enhancing food production along with maintaining environmental health and quality are a smart choice of the modern day. High synthetic inputs and heavy mechanizations ensure higher production but at the cost of environmental health. Agroecosystem land expansionand practices affect other land use systems and related ecological services. These harsh and unscientific practices affect soil-food-climate security at a global scale. Thus, applying ecology-oriented sustainable agroecosystem practices ensures environmental sustainability and ecological stability. A sustainable modeling of agroecosystem will enhance biodiversity that intensifies uncountable ecosystem services. Agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, rangeland, etc. are different land use practices that build our sustainable environment. Applying eco-modeling and sustainable agroecosystem practices ensure higher production and profitability along with a healthy ecosystem. Climate-resilient agroecosystem practices and their ecological modeling enhance plant biomass productivity and soil health maintenance. These practices ensure soil fertility, higher SOC pools, healthy rhizosphere biology, and microbial populations on which entire biodiversitydepends. Thus, maintaining a healthy and productive agroecosystem is the pillar of a sustainable environment that ensure a healthier world. In lieu of the above, this chapter represents the potential, perspective, and management of the agroecosystem. A principle and practices of sustainable-based agroecosystem are also discussed. A rigorous discussion is also made on climate-resilient agroecosystem practices and modeling for minimizing carbon footprint to ensure environmental sustainability at a global scale. A bit of discussion on soil-foodclimate security through agroecosystem management makes this chapter more informative for policy makers worldwide. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Agroforestry a model for ecological sustainability
(Elsevier, 2021) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Arnab Banerjee; Ram Swaroop Meena; Sharad Nema; Nahid Khan; Shailesh Kumar Yadav; Gourisankar Pradhan
The success stories of agroforestry systems (AFS) are prevalent in the tropical regions due to its multifarious ecosystem services that resulted into climate and food security along with socioeconomic development of poor farmers. The existence and progressive development of AFS is quite linked with scientific-based practices and management of different models in the varying regions and localities that tells a story about tree crop interaction and makes synergies among soil nutrients loads, perennial trees, herbaceous crops, and livestocks. Overall, a healthy relationship among various components of agroforestry models will be helpful for farmers both in terms of economic benefits along with better ecosystem structure and its services. No doubt, agroforestry practices (AFP) is socially acceptable, economically viable and ecologically sound but their scientific-based management practices are still required for making the consistency of models for long term basis in future that is directly linked with farmers rejoice. However, the scope and potential of AFS are inevitable due to its wide adoptability and spreading capacity in various regions of the tropics such as Asia, Africa, and European countries. Carbon (C) storage and sequestration by tree in agroforestry are the greatest phenomenon that helps in mitigating changing climate and global warming that promotes environmental security and ecological sustainability along with enhancing wood biomass for satisfying people’s basic need and national demand. World Agroforestry (ICRAF) mentioned that tropical AFS has a capacity to sequestered between 12 and 228 Mg/ha of C and according to this approximate 1.1-2.2 Pg C could be stored in terrestrial ecosystems up to coming 50 years by the AFS in areas of 585-1215 × 106 ha of the total earth surface. Thus, sustainable practices of agroforestry model not only help in enhancing the forest cover in the current era of ongoing forest degradation but also promote better ecosystem by enhancing soil fertility, efficient nutrient cycling, balancing C between environment and different models, and promoting biodiversity along with food and environmental security. In this context, this chapter presents the potential of agroforestry and its ecosystem services that help in maintaining ecological sustainability at global level. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.
Agroforestry and ecosystem services
(Elsevier, 2023) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Arnab Banerjee; Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Annpurna Devi; Poonam
Agroforestry system (AFs) comprises tree–crop and livestock management that has been considered as an integrated system of sustainable landscape. It is more diverse and provides uncountable ecosystem services (ES) to sustain life on the earth. The greater adaptability and multifunctional role of AFs are discussed by policymakers, stakeholders, and scientists worldwide. Traditional AFs and their development in due course of time maximize ES. AFs provide tangible and intangible services which maintain ecosystem health and productivity. Adopting climate-resilient AFs ensures soil-food and income security, fulfilling the SDGs (sustainable development goals). Timber and NTFPs (non-timber forest products) production, soil health and quality enhancement, water regulation and quality, carbon (C) footprint, climate change mitigation, and food and income security are the key ES AFs provide. AFs also contribute toward ecological stability along with better environmental health and sustainability. A better technological advancement with effective policy is needed to strengthen AFs in major ecological regions. Moreover, current and future research trends must be oriented to enhance ES through greater crop diversification. Thus, AFs must be transformed into sustainable landscapes at local and global soil–food–climate security. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Agroforestry and Its Services for Soil Management and Sustainability
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Nahid Khan; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Abhishek Raj; Arnab Banerjee; Ram Swaroop Meena; Surendra Singh Bargali; Shailesh Kumar Yadav; Anita Kumawat
Agroforestry systems (AFs) ensure greater biodiversity that intensifies ecosystem services in tangible and intangible ways. Accounting ecosystem services through well-managed agroforestry systems are other important aspects of scientificstudies nowadays. AFs are an integration of trees with crops, and it also includes animal farming with the intensive land management system. In the twenty-first century, land management is one of the major challenges, and AFs have the vast potential to address and recognize these challenges as well as facilitate various services in a sustainable manner. Soil is the largest natural resource that sustains billions of life and supports a variety of flora and fauna. Agroforestry (AF) plays important role in soil health management that ensures ecological stability and environmental sustainability. In AFs interaction between aboveground and belowground components takes place which helps in improving the soil quality and provides shelter to many biota and soil organisms. Through AF soil management and conservation can be done and also the protection of agroecosystem at the regional and local level. The practices of sustainable soil management (SSM)make the pave for achieving the goal of sustainability. Thus, scientific AFs promise the SSM that enhances biodiversity through intensification of ecosystem services at the global scale. Soil fertility enhancement, better nutrient cycling, and higher resource use efficiency along with carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation are important services provided by AFs. AF also reduces carbon and environmental footprints by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and its sequestration and storage into both plants and soils. Thus, an effective policy and good governance are more important in achieving sustainability through adopting better scientific AFs in the tropical world. A future roadmap must be laid onadopting location-specific AF models for maintaining soil health and quality for a better sustainable world. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Agroforestry for Carbon and Ecosystem Management
(Elsevier, 2023) Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Ram Swaroop Meena; Arnab Banerjee; Sandeep Kumar; Abhishek Raj
Agroforestry for Carbon and Ecosystem Management is a comprehensive overview of current research, issues, challenges, and case studies in the area of agroforestry. The book focuses specifically on carbon source-sink relationship and management through agroforestry practices with a goal of improving overall environmental sustainability. Through expert insights and case studies, the book promotes carbon management, greenhouse gas emission reduction, forest, and ecosystem services management, along with relevant sustainable approaches for natural resources conservation. Users will find insights into novel approaches for natural resource management, with specific attention given to technologies related to carbon capture and management. In addition, the book addresses the knowledge gap in relation to agroforestry, sustainability, and agroecosystem management and explores the application of remote sensing and geospatial technologies for agroforestry management. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Agroforestry for carbon and ecosystem management: an overview
(Elsevier, 2023) Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Ram Swaroop Meena; Arnab Banerjee; Sandeep Kumar; Abhishek Raj
Agroforestry is a land use practice that provides environmental protection and ecological restoration of degraded habitats. Globally it plays a vital role in carbon (C) and ecosystem management and helps to achieve food, nutritional, economic, and environmental security. Combating mega events in this human-altered world has necessitated the practice of agroforestry to cope with changing climate. Further, agroforestry tends to rehabilitate various forms of degraded lands and ecosystems. The agricultural system is the production of crops and livestock management. Agroforestry also offers extra advantages by increasing biological productivity. Consequently, agroforestry is more widely accepted by the scientific community as a producer of many ecosystem services. The potential of agroforestry systems for efficient C management, ecosystem services, and ecological restoration of damaged ecosystems was demonstrated through research evidence. To preserve the overall integrity of the ecosystem, agroforestry has also demonstrated tremendous promise in managing plant and soil C pools through appropriate biomass addition in the soil ecosystems to maintain the environmental sustainability. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Agroforestry for Monetising Carbon Credits
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Ram Swaroop Meena
This book explores carbon credits and trading within agroforestry systems. It covers atmospheric CO₂ management, as well as achieving net zero and net negative carbon emissions through the carbon credit concept and its application in agroforestry systems amidst climate change. Carbon farming in agroforestry contributes to carbon footprint mitigation while ensuring ecosystem health and environmental sustainability. The book discusses trading protocols, including soil carbon credits in agroforestry, and the monetisation of carbon credits from various agroforestry systems for the benefit of farmers. Additionally, it addresses challenges and proposes a future roadmap regarding carbon credit-based policies in agroforestry. The book emphasises new insights derived from updated research, development, and extension activities aimed at combating climate change through carbon sequestration in agroforestry, enhancing the carbon credits for landowners and increasing productivity, as per the forum conferences of parties under the United Nations. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Agroforestry modeling for natural resource management
(Elsevier, 2023) Arnab Banerjee; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Abhishek Raj; Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur; Ram Swaroop Meena; Taher Mechergui
Agroforestry (AF) is an integrated system involving tree–crop interaction to improve the agroecosystem's overall health and address food security. Simulation modeling is an approach that aims toward improving the AF output across various countries. AF practices tend to enhance the economic output of the farming system in comparison to the traditional farming system. Further, additional benefits include the regulation of proper biogeochemical cycling through various forms of physiological processes. Simulation modeling across various countries has shown significant promise toward improving the effectiveness of AF practices. Various forms of environmental mega events in terms of climatic perturbations, happenings of climatic extremes, biodiversity loss, and increasing human population pressure promote nature's contribution to mankind. Various models have been used to predict the contribution of the AF. A review of existing models revealed a major focus on biomass production and yield. Further upgradation in the form of the availability of codes, and a model having a more public domain, helps to understand the multiple interactions between the tree–crop system and overall implication both in the structure and process of resource management is required. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Agroforestry to mitigate the climate change
(Elsevier, 2023) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Arnab Banerjee; Ram Swaroop Meena; Ramesh Kumar Jha; Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur; Krishan Pal Singh
Anthropogenic activities, including deforestation and unsustainable land use practices, release GHGs (greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major GHG contributing to global warming and climate change. Land use conversion and intensive agricultural practices enhance carbon (C) footprints that induce climate change issues. Agroforestry system (AFs) is climate resilient land use practices that enhance biodiversity and intensify several ecosystems services. AFs ensure soil–food–climate security and environmental management in the tropical world. AFs capture CO2 through the C sequestration process, which is stored in both vegetation (as biomass) and soils (as soil organic C pools). As per the World Agroforestry report 12–228MgCha−1 in tropical AFs was achieved through a better C sequestration process. Further, practicing sustainable AFs in 585–1215×106ha of the earth's surface can store 1.1–2.2PgC in terrestrial ecosystems in the next 50 years. These figures represent the tremendous potential of AFs in C footprint reduction and climate change mitigation. An effective policy and future roadmap must be created to promote scientific AFs in various agroecological regions. Generating awareness among farmers for agroforestry adoption would be helpful in agroforestry areas expansion which delivers uncountable ecosystem services including climate and income security. Thus, climate-resilient AFs promise environmental management through better C sequestration and biomass production, which maintain the ecosystem health and ecological stability. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Assessment of land use systems for CO2 sequestration, carbon credit potential, and income security in Vindhyan region, India
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2022) Oindrila Roy; Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Gourisankar Pradhan
Land-use systems (LUSs) in the agriculture urgently need to be revised to reduce greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs), and promote long-term sustainability. This study aimed to estimate the highest amount of CO2 sequestration, carbon (C) stocks, and credit potential to mitigate climate change, and importantly identify a more sustainable LUS for income security, which can be easily adopted by farmers. The experiment was executed with the current year six LUSs: (1) legumes cereal wheat (Triticum aestivum) -based LUS (LCBLUS); (2) vegetable (cabbage -Brassica oleracea varcapitata) -based LUS (VBLUS) (farmer field); (3) guava (Psidium guajava) + linseed (Linum usitatissimum) -based LUS (GLBLUS); (4) custard apple (Annona reticulata) + barley (Hordeum vulgare) -based LUS (CABBLUS); (5) bael (Aegle marmelos) + mustard (Brassica juncea) -based LUS (BMBLUS), and (6) teak (Tectona grandis) -based forest LUS (TBFLUS) with four-times replicated in a randomized block design (RBD). The soil samples were collected at 0–15 and 15–30 cm depths from the study area at the start, and end of the experiment. Results revealed that the mean value of a bulk density (ρb) and particle density (ρd) was ranged from 1.38–1.54 Mg m−3 and 2.40–2.65 Mg m−3, respectively. The mean value of pH and EC was ranged from 4.49–5.84 and 0.07–0.21 dsm-1, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was ranged from 0.48%–0.76% and the total NPK stock range was from 51.69–58.97 Mgha-1. The biomass accumulation, C stock, sequestration potential, and credit for six LUSs were ranged from 9.39–75.82, 4.69–37.91, 17.23–139.93 Mgha-1, and 689–5565 US$ha-1, respectively. The highest biomass accumulation, C stock, sequestration, and credit potential were observed under TBFLUS and the lowest under LCBLUS. The highest estimated market price was 5583.14 US$ha-1 from BMBLUS, followed by CABBLUS (5284.42 US$ha-1), GLBLUS (5121.70 US$ha-1), and VBLUS (4198.40 US$ha-1). While the minimum price market price was 969.83 US$ha-1 recorded from LCBLUS. According to the results of this experiment, the TBFLUS had the highest soil enrichment, maximum C storage, and CO2 sequestration capacity among all the LUSs. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Credits in Agroforestry for Net Zero Emissions: A Global Synthesis
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Arnab Banerjee; Harun I. Gitari; Hemant Kumar Mina; Krishan Kant Mina
Agroforestry (AF) plays a crucial role in agriculture by enhancing plant diversity, productivity, and ecological restoration. It involves carbon (C) trading, where farmers receive financial incentives for eco-friendly practices such as reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) and increasing carbon dioxide (CO[[inf]]2[[/inf]]) sequestration. This leads to improvements in soil quality, crop yields, land productivity, and financial gains. Selling C credits also generates additional income. Similarly, C farming employs land management techniques to reduce emissions and enhance C capture. These strategies include zero tillage, agroforestry (AF), and methane-reducing feed supplements to improve soil aeration and C storage. The C farming initiative provides financial incentives to adopt these practices, which increases C credits for farmers facing challenges. This not only supports carbon sequestration (%) but also benefits food production and creates marketable goods. However, obstacles such as lack of skills and resources, high costs, and management issues pose significant challenges, hindering farmers’ progress. In short, AF promotes soil health, food security, and climate resilience, which are crucial for achieving net-zero emissions. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Carbon Credits/Trading in Agroforestry System and Its Sustainability: A Way Forward
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Ram Swaroop Meena
Agroforestry (AF) is a significant agricultural land-use practice, covering 1.6 billion hectares (78% in tropical areas and 22% in temperate regions). It enhances plant diversity, boosts productivity, generates livelihoods, and maintains ecological balance. Carbon (C) trading in agroforestry systems (AFs) refers to the buying and selling of C credits generated by practices that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or increase C sequestration (C[[inf]]seq[[/inf]].) in the plant-soil system. C trading in AF is seen as an additional financial incentive for farmers to adopt eco-friendly practices, which helps mitigate climate change. The concept of C trading is considered a ‘win–win’ situation, as it reduces GHG emissions while providing economic benefits to farmers. The price of C credits per ton is expected to range from USD 40 to 80 by 2023. McKinsey predicts that demand for C credits will increase 15-fold by 2030, potentially driving a significant rise in market prices. Over time, farmers in tropical regions who adopt AF practices stand to gain not only extra income from selling C credits but also improvements in soil quality, yields, acreage, and overall profitability. Moreover, a variety of innovative methods and strategies are employed in AFs to enhance C sequestration and C credits, ultimately reducing global C footprints. However, farmers often face challenges due to a lack of information, limited access, and insufficient knowledge about the benefits and drawbacks of C credits. It is crucial to develop policies that support the monetization of C credits to improve farmers’ livelihoods globally. AFs play a critical role in providing environmental services such as soil health, food security, and climate resilience, which are essential for advancing toward the goal of achieving net-zero emissions worldwide. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Carbon sequestration potential and CO2 fluxes in a tropical forest ecosystem
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Vikram Singh Yadav; Surender Singh Yadav; Sharda Rani Gupta; Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Narender Singh Sheoran; Manoj Kumar Jhariya
Carbon (C) is a key product of forests, but not widely studied for available C stock, and biomass of tree species in typical forest ecosystems of India. Therefore, it is useful to estimate C stock at national and regional levels for establishing forest-based policies and developing roadmap for long-term plans and strategies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Hence, present investigation was conducted to assess C storage and CO2 fluxes in tropical dry deciduous forest ecosystems of Jhumpa and Kairu in the southern Haryana, India. The C stock of trees in above ground biomass (AGB) was calculated by assuming the C content at 50% of the total biomass. Concentration of C in composite samples of shoots and roots of shrubs and herbs was estimated by the ash method. Soil C storage was determined on the basis of C concentration and soil bulk density up to 60 cm depth. The AGB of trees ranged from 33.1 to 75.8 Mg ha−1; the belowground biomass from 9.0 to 18.5 Mg ha−1 and total plant C storage from 24.3 to 53.9 Mg C ha−1. The total biomass of shrubs was 16.2 Mg ha−1 for the Salvadora oleoides forest at Jhumpa compared with 8.4 Mg ha−1 for the Acacia senegal-Acacia tortilis forest at Kairu. Net primary productivity of various components of trees in these forest ecosystems ranged from 8.1 to 9.6 Mg ha−1 y−1 and net flux of C from 4.6 to 5.8 Mg C ha−1 y−1. The annual litter fall in two forest ecosystems ranged from 3356 to 4498 Kg ha−1. S. oleoides contributed 50.0% and 47.3% towards the above ground and below ground C pools corresponding to the 17.9 Mg C ha−1and 4.1 Mg C ha−1, respectively. S. oleoides played a dominant role in biomass production and C assimilation in S. oleoides-A. tortilis forest at Jhumpa, while Prosopis juliflora and A. senegal were the highest contributors in A. senegal-A. tortilis forest at Kairu because of a high girth class and high density of trees, respectively. The cumulative soil organic carbon (SOC) stock up to 60 cm depth was more in A. senegal-A. tortilis forest at Kairu (16.3 Mg C ha−1) than that in the SO-AT forest at Jhumpa (12.9 Mg C ha−1). The results of this study revealed that S. oleoides and P. juliflora are key species as they sequester more C under a range of disturbances. Carbon sequestration potential of the studied forest ecosystems was 3.55 to 4.35 Mg C ha−1 y−1 which indicates a high C sequestration potential of these ecosystems. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Climate Change Vulnerability and Agroecosystem Services
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Arnab Banerjee; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Shailesh Kumar Yadav; Nahid Khan; Abhishek Raj; Ram Swaroop Meena; Taher Mechergui
The mega event of climatic perturbations has its severe impact on human health and also on the well-being of the global ecosystem. The major issue of changingclimate has affected various ecosystems globally in terms of acidification of oceans followed by elevated level of carbon dioxide. It has its severe impacts in various forms of habitat degeneration leading to huge loss of biodiversity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to inventory the climatic risks and its vulnerability issues and their subsequent management for developing ecosystem resiliencytoward climate change. Mitigating the changes in the climate solution based upon natural systems needs to be scientifically explored. The present chapter is an attempt to understand the climatic risks and vulnerabilities of ecosystem along with suitable strategies for the effective management of ecosystem change. The chapter concludes by finding the challenging opportunities and research initiatives toward the issue of nexus between climatic changes and ecosystem vulnerability and risks. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
CO2 Capture, Storage, and Environmental Sustainability: Plan, Policy, and Challenges
(Springer Nature, 2022) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Arnab Banerjee; Ram Swaroop Meena; Surendra Singh Bargali; B.H. Kittur
Environmental management and its sustainability are a key concern today. Anthropogenic CO2 emission and its related negative consequences on environment were observed due to industrial development, mining, deforestation, and intensive agricultural practices. This unstoppable rising CO2 concentration impairs key environmental services and its sustainability. Recently, NOAA-based Mauna Loa Atmospheric Baseline Observatory has reported CO2 concentration of about 419 ppm in 2021 along with 40 billion MT of CO2 pollution every year in the environment. This figures enough to represent unstoppable CO2 emissions which need global concern urgently. GHGs including CO2 emissions raised global temperature are under the discussion table of IPCC and at global policy platforms during Paris Agreement and COP-21. However, many countries have participated in Paris Agreement and COP-21 for reducing emissions and set a target to reduce 2 °C global temperature identified by IPCC. Similarly, the target of zero emission is also discussed in several climate policy papers including IPCC and during Paris Agreement and COP-21. Introducing recent and updated climate-resilient technologies, viz. carbon dioxide capture, and storage (CCS), reduces excessive emission and performs C sequestration and storage for long term in various environmental components such as lithosphere (soil/geology), hydrosphere (ocean), and biosphere. Similarly, forest-based CO2 removal (CDR) policy emphasized sustainable forest management (SFM) practices for greater CO2 sink and storage in terrestrial forest ecosystem. Monitoring CO2 concentration in environment through remote sensing is an effective tool that helps to assess CO2 sequestration at global level. An effective policy, research, and favorable political situation are needed for greater potential of CO2 removal and storage into the vegetation, ocean, and underground geological formation. Thus, a hawk eye remains constant on rising CO2 in atmosphere and its sequestration through better research technologies for sustainable environment which becomes global agenda for climate policy makers. © The Editor(s)(if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Crop Residue Management: A Novel Technique for Restoring Soil Health and Sustainable Intensification in India
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Anita Kumawat; Ram Swaroop Meena; I. Rashmi; Ashok Kumar; S.D. Bamboriya; Devideen Yadav; Kuldeep Kumar; Dinesh Kumar; Manoj Kumar Jhariya
India has achieved a record food grain production of ~300 million tonnes in 2019–2020. Simultaneous production of a large volume of crop residues (CRs) is natural. It is documented that ~700 million tonnes (Mt) of CRs are generated every year in India. But the proper disposal of CRs is of serious concern, especially in the irrigated and mechanized cropping systems of India. Hence, a huge quantity of CRs is burnt on-farm to clear the field for timely sowing of the next crop. The burning of CRs causes environmental pollution and loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients, reduces microbial activities, and enhances soil erodibility. The continuous burning/removal of CRs leads to higher input costs in the short term and a decline in soil productivity in the long term. The burning of 1 ton of paddy straw release 1460 kg carbon dioxide (CO2), 60 kg carbon monoxide (CO), 3 kg particulate matter (PM), 200 kg ash, and 2 kg sulfur dioxide (SO2). Moreover, CR burning results in the loss of entire carbon (C), 80% of nitrogen (N), 25% of phosphorus (P), 20% potassium (K), and 50% sulfur (S). The inappropriate management of CRs will further lead to continuous depletion of soil fertility and deterioration of atmospheric quality. Hence, there is a need to develop efficient crop residue management (CRM) strategies to prevent the wastage of this valuable natural resource. The recycling of CRs offers a sustainable and ecologically sound option for restoring soil health and agricultural intensification. It can play an important role in C sequestration at 0.2 × l015 g year−1 to improve the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. This book chapter explains all the efficient CRM practices with respect to eco-intensification. Retaining CRs as mulch on the soil surface, in situ incorporation, and producing compost and biochar are the most effective approaches to improve soil, air, and water quality. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to explore the feasibility of different CRM options for replenishing and sustaining soil health and environmental security. This chapter is focused on the possible alternatives for efficient recycling of surplus CRs to improve soil and environmental security and sustainable crop production in cereal-centric intensive cropping systems of India. It will help producers, researchers, academicians, and policymakers to achieve the “Sustainable Development Goals” in India. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Eco-Designing for Soil Health and Services
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Abhishek Raj; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Nahid Khan; Arnab Banerjee; Poonam; Ram Swaroop Meena; Shish Ram Jakhar
Soil health and quality are key aspects upon which various ecosystem processes depend. Ongoing series of land degradations, deforestation, intensive agricultural practices, etc. affects the soil health. These deleterious unsustainable practicesdeprive soil fertility and affect overall ecosystem services (ES). Depleting nature of soil affects tree-crop productivity that is not fruitful for satisfying global hunger populations. Healthy soil promises food-income-climate security and maintains overall environmental sustainability and ecological stability. Human and livestock’s health are entirely dependent upon soil quality. Therefore, the query “how does soil maintain plant-human-animal health and productivity?” arises. This indicates toward synergistic concept between soil and living organisms. However, adopting eco-model in varying land use (agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, and other farming practices) helps to minimize the soil degradation and ensures higher productivity. But the main problem is that “how does eco-designing of varying land use systems ensure healthy and quality soil?”. Climate-smart agriculture, conservation agriculture, zero-tillage practices, use of cover crop, mulching, and soil water conservation practices are intrinsic parts of eco-designing or eco-models. These practices ensure healthy and productive ecosystem that makes a pathway for sustainable development (SD). Eco-designing for sustainable soil management practices promotes the storage and sequestration of carbon (C) as soil organic C pools which leads to C balance. Above- and belowground biomass productions, rhizosphere biology, microbial populations, earthworm and other organisms, etc. modify soil health and productivity. Higher nutrient use efficiency, C cycling, water regulation and purification, erosion control, higher biomass and C stocks, food and nutritional security, and higher economy of farmers can be ensured through healthy eco-models. Therefore, eco-designing of different land use systems ensures a healthy ecosystem and environment. Eco-modeling modifies ES in more sustainable ways without disturbing our environment. Thus, adopting eco-designing models in soils promises higher productivity and profitability and ensures SD of the world. In this context, a government and public policy will strengthen the ecosystem health by adopting a sustainable soil-based eco-model. A scientific-based research and design add another effort to drive these eco-design practices in more efficient and productive way to ensure the global SD. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.