Browsing by Author "Mayukh Ghosh"

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An insight into nanomedicinal approaches to combat viral zoonoses
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Prasad Minakshi; Mayukh Ghosh; Rajesh Kumar; Basanti Brar; Upendra P. Lambe; Somesh Banerjee; Koushlesh Ranjan; Balvinder Kumar; Parveen Goel; Yashpal S. Malik; Gaya Prasad
Background: Emerging viral zoonotic diseases are one of the major obstacles to secure the ‘‘One Health” concept under the current scenario. Current prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches often associated with certain limitations and thus proved to be insufficient for customizing rapid and efficient combating strategy against the highly transmissible pathogenic infectious agents leading to the disastrous socio-economic outcome. Moreover, most of the viral zoonoses originate from the wildlife and poor knowledge about the global virome database renders it difficult to predict future outbreaks. Thus, alternative management strategy in terms of improved prophylactic vaccines and their delivery systems; rapid and efficient diagnostics and effective targeted therapeutics are the need of the hour. Methods: Structured literature search has been performed with specific keywords in bibliographic databases for the accumulation of information regarding current nanomedicine interventions along with standard books for basic virology inputs. Results: Multi-arrayed applications of nanomedicine have proved to be an effective alternative in all the aspects regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and control of zoonotic viral diseases. The current review is focused to outline the applications of nanomaterials as anti-viral vaccines or vaccine/drug delivery systems, diagnostics and directly acting therapeutic agents in combating the important zoonotic viral diseases in the recent scenario along with their potential benefits, challenges and prospects to design successful control strategies. Conclusion: This review provides significant introspection towards the multi-arrayed applications of nanomedicine to combat several important zoonotic viral diseases. © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.
Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Solanum xenthocarpum (L.) on Human Breast Cancer Cells
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Saumya Maurya; Kumari Swati; S. Suvetha; Mayukh Ghosh; Pavan Kumar Yadav
Solanum xanthocarpum, a perennial herb native to India, contains steroidal glycoalkaloids with notable anticancer properties. This study investigated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum on human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Phytochemical screening and LC-HRMS analysis confirmed presence of various primary and secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assays. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant potential with EC50 values of 60.10±0.88 μg/mL (DPPH) and 392.29±3.93 μg/mL (ABTS). Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated via morphological analysis, MTT assays, and IC50 determination (24.19±0.56 μg/L). Apoptosis was confirmed using dual staining techniques (AO/EB, Hoechst 33342/PI, DAPI), revealing condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, as indicated by Rhodamine staining. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed using H2-DCF-DA staining. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 127.78±3.547 mg GAE/g and 98.06±4.289 mg QE/g, respectively. These findings suggest that the methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum possesses strong antioxidant and anticancer activities, indicating its potential role in cancer treatment. Further studies are warranted to explore its bioactive compounds for developing novel anticancer therapies. © 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
Application of polymeric nano-materials in management of inflammatory bowel disease
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Prasad Minakshi; Rajesh Kumar; Mayukh Ghosh; Basanti Brar; Manju Barnela; Preeti Lakhani
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an umbrella term used to describe disorders that involve Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and pouchitis. The disease occurrence is more prevalent in the working group population which not only hampers the well being of an individual but also has nega-tive economical impact on society. The current drug regime used therapy is very costly owing to the chronic nature of the disease leading to several side effects. The condition gets more aggravated due to the lower concentration of drug at the desired site. Therefore, in the present scenario, a therapy is needed which can maximize efficacy, adhere to quality of life, minimize toxicity and doses, be helpful in maintaining and stimulating physical growth of mucosa with minimum disease complications. In this aspect, nanotechnology intervention is one promising field as it can act as a carrier to reduce toxicity, doses and frequency which in turn help in faster recovery. Moreover, nanomedicine and nanodiagnostic techniques will further open a new window for treatment in understanding pathogenesis along with better diagnosis which is poorly understood till now. Therefore the present review is more focused on recent advance-ments in IBD in the application of nanotechnology. © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.
Assessing the impact of microwave treatment on the nutritional quality and metabolomic profile of barley flour
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Mavuri Tejaswini Durga; Alonkrita Chowdhury; Rajesh Rakesh Kumar; S. Suvetha; Dodla Mamatha; Akshita Trivedi; Kratika Maurya; Pavan Kumar Yadav; Mayukh Ghosh
Microwave treatment effectively enhances barley's functional food properties while reducing anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) such as phytates, trypsin inhibitors, and condensed tannins, which limit nutrient bioavailability. Conventional thermal methods reduce ANFs but degrade bioactive compounds. Microwave processing offers an alternative, preserving or enhancing these components. This study evaluated microwave treatments (300–800 W, 1.5–9 min) effects on barley flour compared to untreated samples. Favorable treatments, T-4, T-5, T-6 (600 W, 2, 4, and 6 min), and T-7 (800 W, 1.5 min), increased total phenolic content from 1622.98 μg GAE/g DW (control) to 1890.43 μg GAE/g DW (T-4). Antioxidant activities were enhanced, including DPPH scavenging (2046.11 μg AAE/g DW, T-7), ABTS scavenging (1271.55 μg GAE/g DW, T-6), total antioxidant capacity (4397.14 μg AAE/g DW, T-7), FRAP (1920.80 μg AAE/g DW, T-7), CUPRAC (4278.10 μg AAE/g DW, T-5), and ferrous ion chelation (256.47 μg EDTA eq./g DW, T-6). ANFs, such as phytates (516.83 μg PAE/g DW in T-4), trypsin inhibitors (0.11 mg/g DW in T-6), and condensed tannins (194.23 μg CE/g DW in T-1), were reduced in treatment-specific manner. LC-HRMS-based metabolomics revealed T-7 as the most effective treatment, enhancing various phenolics and flavonoids (e.g., ferulic acid, catechin) while maintaining sugars, lipids, and vitamins. Multivariate analyses confirmed T-7's superiority in preserving metabolite integrity while improving nutritional and functional properties. Excessive power and prolonged exposure (e.g., T-9: 800 W, 5 min) led to the degradation of bioactive compounds. This study highlights microwave processing as a sustainable and effective approach for developing functional foods from barley. © 2025 The Authors
Correction to: Optimization of microwave parameters to enhance phytochemicals, antioxidants and metabolite profile of de-oiled rice bran (Scientific Reports, (2024), 14, 1, (23959), 10.1038/s41598-024-74738-1)
(Nature Research, 2025) Alonkrita Chowdhury; Alla Yaswanth Naveen Kumar; Rajesh Rakesh Kumar; Vivek Kumar Maurya; M. Satyanarayana Mahesh; Abhishek Kumar Singh; Pavan Kumar Yadav; Mayukh Ghosh
Correction to: Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74738-1, published online 14 October 2024 The original version of this Article contained errors in the values of the phytochemical and antioxidant analysis. Consequently, in the Results and discussion section, under the subheading ‘Phytochemical analysis’, “The TPC values varied across the different treatment groups, ranging from 947.95 ± 11.72 to 1304.77 ± 9.50 µg GAE/g of DM. The control group had a TPC of 1164.32 ± 15.63 µg GAE/g of DM. Most treatment groups showed an increase in phenolic content compared to the control group, with T-1 exhibiting the highest TPC at 1304.77 ± 9.50 µg GAE/g of DM, followed by T-2, T-7, T-5, T-4, T-3, T-6, and T-8 in decreasing order (Fig. 1a). In contrast, the T-9 group showed a significant decrease in phenolic content compared to the control. These results indicate that microwave parameters have a notable impact on the total phenolic content of the treated DORB samples, highlighting the importance of optimizing these parameters to enhance nutritive value. The treatment-specific influence on TPC aligns with the findings of Pokkanta et al.8 in rice bran. They reported that microwaving at 260 watts for 0.5 to 3 min and at 440 watts for 0.5 to 2.5 min resulted in a maximum increase in phenolic content, while a decrease occurred at 880 watts. This study corroborates those findings, as the highest TPC was observed with the 300 watts for 3 min treatment (T-1), while a significant reduction was seen in the 800 watts for 5 min treatment (T-9). The reduction in T-9 might be due to the degradation of phenolics caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The effectiveness of the 300 watts for 3 min microwave treatment in enhancing phenolic content could be attributed to factors such as the release of bound phenolics through the breakdown of cell walls and minimal thermal damage to bioactive compounds during the process45. The TFC varied among the different treatment groups, ranging from 482.73 ± 9.96 to 916.82 ± 16.29 µg QE/g of DM, with the control group having a TFC of 900.91 ± 11.5 µg QE/g of DM. Most treatment groups showed a significant increase in flavonoid content compared to the control. The T-6 treatment group exhibited the highest TFC, followed by T-4, T-7, T-1, T-2, T-5, and T-3 (Fig. 1b). A significant decrease in flavonoid content was observed in the T-9 group, while the TFC of T-8 was comparable to the control. The decrease in T-9, which involved treatment at 800 watts for 5 min, is likely due to the degradation of flavonoids caused by prolonged exposure to high-intensity microwaves13,46. A similar wattage-time -dependent variation in TFC in microwaved rice bran was also reported by Pokkanta et al.8 The flavonol content ranged from 6.59 ± 0.77 to 43.35 ± 0.88 µg CE/g of DM among the treated samples, whereas the control group had a much lower flavonol content of 1.87 ± 0.22 µg CE/g of DM. All treated samples exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in flavonol content compared to the control, indicating that microwave treatment positively influenced flavonol levels in DORB. The highest flavonol content was observed in the T-7 group (800 watts for 1.5 min), which yielded a concentration of 43.35 ± 0.88 µg CE/g of DM, followed by T-6, T-5, T-4, T-3, T-2, T-1, T-8, and T-9 (Fig. 1c).” now reads: “The TPC values varied across the different treatment groups, ranging from 1743.69 ± 3.2 to 3879.31 ± 24.67 µg GAE/g of DM. The control group had a TPC of 2082.75 ± 5.58 µg GAE/g of DM. Most treatment groups showed an increase in phenolic content compared to the control group, with T-1 exhibiting the highest TPC at 3879.31 ± 24.70 µg GAE/g of DM, followed by T-2, T-7, T-5, T-4, T-3, T-6, and T-8 in decreasing order (Fig. 1a). In contrast, the T-9 group showed a significant decrease in phenolic content compared to the control. These results indicate that microwave parameters have a notable impact on the total phenolic content of the treated DORB samples, highlighting the importance of optimizing these parameters to enhance nutritive value. The treatment-specific influence on TPC aligns with the findings of Pokkanta et al.8 in rice bran. They reported that microwaving at 260 watts for 0.5 to 3 min and at 440 watts for 0.5 to 2.5 min resulted in a maximum increase in phenolic content, while a decrease occurred at 880 watts. This study corroborates those findings, as the highest TPC was observed with the 300 watts for 3 min treatment (T-1), while a significant reduction was seen in the 800 watts for 5 min treatment (T-9). © The Author(s) 2025.
Detection of Sub-clinical Hemoprotozoan Diseases in Farm Animals Through Urinary Proteomics and Metabolomics Approach
(Indian Veterinary Assocaition, 2021) Subhasis Batabyal; Mayukh Ghosh; Rajesh Kumar
Ectoparasitic infestations causing hemoprotozoandiseases are one of the major constraints for optimumproductivity from farm animals and profitable dairyindustry, especially in tropic and subtropics. Early diagnosis and propertherapeutic management can restrict the extent of production loss but field-level diagnosisrelies upon clinical symptoms and blood smear examination. Advancedtechniques requireswellequipped laboratory which is necessaryfor reliable diagnosis, hence an alternate diagnostic tool like biomarker discovery through Diseasespecific proteomic and metabolomics fingerprinting along with elucidation of disease-related pathway and molecular interaction profile can assist to develop sensitive point-of-care testsfor rapid, reliable, non-invasive and early diagnosis ofsubclinical hemoprotozoan diseases of farm animals. © 2021 Indian Veterinary Assocaition. All rights reserved.
Engineered nanomaterials and the microbiome: assessing disruptions in environmental and human microbial communities
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025) Alonkrita Chowdhury; Mayukh Ghosh
The rapid advancement and integration of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into consumer products, industrial processes, biomedical applications, and environmental technologies have revolutionized multiple sectors. However, their increased production and environmental release raise critical concerns about unintended interactions with microbial ecosystems. ENMs, including metal-based nanoparticles (silver, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) and carbon nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), possess unique physicochemical properties such as high surface area-to-volume ratios, tunable reactivity, and antimicrobial potential that allow them to interact directly with microbial cells or indirectly influence their habitats. This review critically examines the emerging evidence on ENM–microbiome interactions across human, aquatic, terrestrial, and agricultural systems. In human-associated microbiomes, especially the gut, ENMs can induce dysbiosis by disrupting microbial diversity, altering metabolite production (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), and impairing gut barrier integrity, contributing to inflammation and metabolic disorders. In environmental settings, ENMs influence key microbial functions like nitrogen fixation, organic matter decomposition, and biogeochemical cycling, potentially undermining ecosystem stability and agricultural productivity. Moreover, ENMs are increasingly implicated in accelerating antimicrobial resistance by promoting horizontal gene transfer and enriching resistance genes in microbial communities. The review highlights methodological advances such as high-throughput sequencing, meta-omics approaches, in vitro colon simulators, and in vivo models that have enhanced the assessment of ENM-induced microbiome alterations. Despite these advances, significant gaps remain in understanding long-term and low-dose effects, dose–response relationships, and ecological thresholds. Addressing these gaps through multidisciplinary research and regulatory frameworks is essential for ensuring the safe and sustainable deployment of nanotechnologies in a microbiome-sensitive world. © © 2025 Chowdhury and Ghosh.
Evaluation of immunological adjuvant activities of saponin rich fraction from the fruits of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. with less adverse reactions
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Rahul Singh; Rinku Sharma; Rajat Varshney; Gorakh Mal; Mayukh Ghosh; Birbal Singh
The hemolytic activity, in vitro as well as in vivo toxicity, and immunomodulatory potential of saponins-rich fraction of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. fruit (AA-SRF) have been assessed in this study in order to explore AA-SRF as an alternative safer adjuvant to standard Quil-A saponin. The AA-SRF showed lower hemolytic activity (HD50 = 301.01 ± 1.63 µg/ml) than Quil-A (HD50 = 17.15 ± 2.12 µg/ml). The sulforhodamine B assay also revealed that AA-SRF was less toxic to VERO cells (IC50≥200 ± 4.32 µg/ml) than Quil-A (IC50 = 60 ± 2.78 µg/ml). The AA-SRF did not lead to mortality in mice up to 1.6 mg and was much safer than Quil-A for in vivo use. Conversely, mice were subcutaneously immunized with OVA 100 μg alone or along with Alum (200 μg) or Quil-A (10 μg) or AA-SRF (50 μg/100 μg/200 μg) on days 0 and 14. The AA-SRF at 100 μg dose best supported the LPS/Con A primed splenocyte proliferation activity, elevated the serum OVA-specific total IgG antibody, IL-12, CD4 titer and upsurged CD3/CD19 expression in spleen as well as lymph node sections which in turn advocated its adjuvant potential. Thus, AA-SRF can be further studied for use as a safe alternative adjuvant in vaccines. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Exploration of urinary metabolite dynamicity for early detection of pregnancy in water buffaloes
(Nature Research, 2022) Archana Sarangi; Mayukh Ghosh; Suman Sangwan; Rajesh Kumar; Sunesh Balhara; S.K. Phulia; R.K. Sharma; Subhasish Sahu; Sandeep Kumar; A.K. Mohanty; A.K. Balhara
Early and precise pregnancy diagnosis can reduce the calving interval by minimizing postpartum period. The present study explored the differential urinary metabolites between pregnant and non-pregnant Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during early gestation to identify potential pregnancy detection biomarkers. Urine samples were collected on day 0, 10, 18, 35 and 42 of gestation from the pregnant (n = 6) and on day 0, 10 and 18 post-insemination from the non-pregnant (n = 6) animals. 1H-NMR-based untargeted metabolomics followed by multivariate analysis initially identified twenty-four differentially expressed metabolites, among them 3-Hydroxykynurenine, Anthranilate, Tyrosine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan depicted consistent trends and matched the selection criteria of potential biomarkers. Predictive ability of these individual biomarkers through ROC curve analyses yielded AUC values of 0.6–0.8. Subsequently, a logistic regression model was constructed using the most suitable metabolite combination to improve diagnostic accuracy. The combination of Anthranilate, 3-Hydroxykynurenine, and Tyrosine yielded the best AUC value of 0.804. Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, Tryptophan metabolism, Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism were identified as potential pathway modulations during early gestation. The identified biomarkers were either precursors or products of these metabolic pathways, thus justifying their relevance. The study facilitates precise non-invassive urinary metabolite-based pen-side early pregnancy diagnostics in buffaloes, eminently before 21 days post-insemination. © 2022, The Author(s).
IL-18 immunoadjuvanted xenogeneic canine MMP-7 DNA vaccine overcomes immune tolerance and supresses the growth of murine mammary tumor
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Pavan Kumar Yadav; Shishir Kumar Gupta; Saroj Kumar; Mayukh Ghosh; Brijesh Singh Yadav; Dinesh Kumar; Ajay Kumar; Mohini Saini; Meena Kataria
The development of the tumorigenesis and angiogenesis through proteolytic cleavage of extracellular matrix protein and basement membranes is promoted by Matrix metelloproteinases-7 (MMP-7). Consequently, MMP-7 is presumed as potential target for mammary cancer immunotherapy. However, MMP-7 is an endogenous tumor associated antigen (TAA); therefore, immunization is challenging. In current study, a potent anti-tumor immune response has been elicited through recombinant bivalent plasmid pVIVO2.IL18.cMMP7 which subside the highly metastatic 4 T1 cell line induced mammary tumors and efficiently negate the existing challenge of using MMP-7 as immunotherapeutic target. Balb/c mice were immunized with canine MMP-7 (cMMP-7) using interleukine-18 (IL-18), as an immunoadjuvant, to explore the potential of the combination regarding elicitation of a potent anti-tumor immune response. Mice vaccinated with pVIVO2.IL18.cMMP7 DNA plasmid reduced the tumor growth significantly along with augmentation of the immune response to fight against tumor antigen as depicted by substantial enrichment of CD4+ and CD8+ population in splenocytes, infiltration of immune system cells in tumor tissue and enhanced survival time of mice. Further, splenocyte supernatant examination of the cytokines revealed that Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) were remarkably up-regulated demonstrating the stimulation of cell-mediated immune response. Thus the current observations vividly portray that administration of xenogeneic MMP-7 DNA vaccine bypasses the tolerance barrier. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Impact of microwave processing on phytochemicals, antioxidant status, anti-nutritional factors and metabolite profile of maize flour
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Alla Yaswanth Naveen Kumar; Alonkrita Chowdhury; Rajesh Kumar; Vivek Kumar Maurya; Subhasis Batabyal; Mayukh Ghosh
Microwave processing can enhance phytochemicals and antioxidants, and reduce anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in food grains but optimizing processing parameters and investigating effects on overall metabolite profile are needed to ensure desirable nutritional outcomes. This study investigates the effects of microwaving maize flour at different wattage (300, 600, and 800 watt) and duration (1.5–9 min) combinations on its phytochemicals, antioxidant capacity, ANFs, and metabolomics profile, using nine treatment groups (T1-T9) and non-microwaved control samples. Phytochemicals exhibited treatment-dependent changes. Total phenolics (947.95–1304.77 µg GAE/g) and flavonoids (482.73–916.82 µg QE/g) varied, with flavonol content increasing (6.59–43.35 µg CE/g) and soluble sugar content decreasing (6563.13–15,578.75 µg DE/g) compared to the control. Antioxidant activities, such as ABTS scavenging (360.45–638.92 µg GAE/g), total antioxidant capacity (1888.38–2250.54 µg AAE/g), and cupric-reducing capacity (1008.64–2004.09 µg AAE/g), showed treatment-specific variations. DPPH scavenging (559.64–981.07 µg AAE/g) and ferric-reducing ability (790.18–1175.89 µg AAE/g) increased, whereas ascorbic acid content decreased (742.5–1423.75 µg/g). For ANFs, condensed tannin content showed overall decrease (338.17–626.58 µg CE/g), while oxalate (0.29–0.47 mg/g) and phytate content (32,078.33–36,270 µg PAE/g) showed treatment-specific reduction. LC[sbnd]HRMS analysis revealed significant metabolite variations among treatment groups, forming distinct clusters in PCA, sPLS-DA, and dendrogram analyzes, comprising a diverse range of primary and secondary metabolites. The 600-watt, 2-minute microwave treatment was identified as optimal, boosting phytochemicals and antioxidants in maize flour while minimally impacting the main metabolite profile. The outcomes of this comprehensive analysis espouse microwave technology in maize-based food processing to benefit humans as well as the animal and poultry feed industries. © 2025 The Authors
Matrix metalloproteases as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer
(Elsevier, 2024) Saumya Maurya; Kumari Swati; Mayukh Ghosh; Pavan Kumar Yadav
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The role of MMPs in neoplastic cell invasion, metastasis and cancer progression has been studied extensively. There is a strong relationship between MMP overexpression, development of cancer, and clinical prognosis. Increased levels of one or more members of MMPs have been seen in the majority of malignancies. As a result, it has been anticipated that MMPs may act as both diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer patients. Certain members of the MMP family have been confirmed as biomarkers of diverse human cancer types. MMPs and prognostic markers are two areas of cancer research that provide critical understanding of disease progression and patient outcomes. Their impact is widespread, from the management of metastatic disease to the early detection of cancer. Therefore, their clinical importance continues to propel advancements in precision medicine and cancer therapy. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Cancer Immunotherapy
(Springer Singapore, 2022) Pavan Kumar Yadav; Mayukh Ghosh; Meena Kataria
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the zinc-dependent endopeptidases that mediate the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents and basement membrane to facilitate tumorigenic invasion. Reducing cell adhesion, stimulating neoangiogenesis, and inhibiting cancer cell apoptosis are the other prominent MMP-mediated subsidiary mechanisms facilitating the oncogenic processes. Further, abundant experimental and clinical evidences regarding the differential overexpression of several MMPs in various solid as well as nonsolid tumors have rendered them as potential immunotherapeutic targets against diverse cancer types. Currently, MMP-based cancer immunotherapy principally relies upon inhibition of MMP activity by either synthetic MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) or MMP-based cancer vaccines. Although the MMPIs generated considerable interest during the 1990s, they failed to sustain the expectation due to considerable side effects. Despite the initial embarrassment, now the pursuit is directed towards the development of selective and more potent inhibitors rather than the earlier broad-spectrum MMPIs along with customization of targeted delivery systems for these compounds. Alternatively, MMP-based DNA vaccines, particularly the xenogeneic vaccine strategy, have gained significant consideration in recent times due to promising response against some cancer types in preclinical models. So, this chapter elaborates about the biological functions of different MMPs in cancer, their inhibitors, and MMP-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy as well as the challenges and future prospects. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: Toxicity concerns associated with their physical state and remediation for biomedical applications
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Anju Manuja; Balvinder Kumar; Rajesh Kumar; Dharvi Chhabra; Mayukh Ghosh; Mayank Manuja; Basanti Brar; Yash Pal; B.N. Tripathi; Minakshi Prasad
Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles show promise for various applications, including diagnosis, treatment, theranostics, sensors, cosmetics, etc. Their altered chemical, optical, magnetic, and structural properties have differential toxicity profiles. Depending upon their physical state, these NPs can also change their properties due to alteration in pH, interaction with proteins, lipids, blood cells, and genetic material. Metallic nanomaterials (comprised of a single metal element) tend to be relatively stable and do not readily undergo dissolution. Contrarily, metal oxide and metal alloy-based nanomaterials tend to exhibit a lower degree of stability and are more susceptible to dissolution and ion release when introduced to a biological milieu, leading to reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress to cells. Since NPs have considerable mobility in various biological tissues, the investigation related to their adverse effects is a critical issue and required to be appropriately addressed before their biomedical applications. Short and long-term toxicity assessment of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles or their nano-formulations is of paramount importance to ensure the global biome's safety; otherwise, to face a fiasco. This article provides a comprehensive introspection regarding the effects of metal/metal oxides’ physical state, their surface properties, the possible mechanism of actions along with the potential future strategy for remediation of their toxic effects. © 2021 The Author(s)
MMP-7 derived peptides with MHC class-I binding motifs from canine mammary tumor tissue elicit strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in BALB/c mice
(Springer, 2021) Pavan Kumar Yadav; Shishir Kumar Gupta; Saroj Kumar; Mayukh Ghosh; Brijesh Singh Yadav; Dinesh Kumar; Ajay Kumar; Mohini Saini; Meena Kataria
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)-induced altered proteolysis of extracellular matrix proteins and basement membrane holds the key for tumor progression and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases-7 (Matrilysin), the smallest member of the MMP family also performs quite alike; thus serves as a potential candidate for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Conversely, being an endogenous tumor-associated antigen (TAA), targeting MMP-7 for immunization is challenging. But MMP-7-based xenovaccine can surmount the obstacle of poor immunogenicity and immunological tolerance, often encountered in TAA-based conventional vaccine for anti-tumor immunotherapy. This paves the way for investigating the potential of MMP-7-derived major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding peptides to elicit precise epitope-specific T-cell responses towards their possible inclusion in anti-tumor vaccine formulations. Perhaps it also ushers the path of achieving multiple epitope-based broad and universal cellular immunity. In current experiment, an immunoinformatics approach has been employed to identify the putative canine matrix matelloproteinases-7 (cMMP-7)-derived peptides with MHC class-I-binding motifs which can elicit potent antigen-specific immune responses in BALB/c mice. Immunization with the cMMP-7 DNA vaccine induced a strong CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Th1- type response, with high level of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in BALB/c mice. The two identified putative MHC-I-binding nonameric peptides (Peptide32-40 and Peptide175-183) from cMMP-7 induced significant lymphocyte proliferation along with the production of IFN-γ from CD8+ T-cells in mice immunized with cMMP-7 DNA vaccine. The current observation has depicted the immunogenic potential of the two cMMP-7-derived nonapeptides for their possible exploitation in xenovaccine-mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy in mouse model. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Molecular and pathological screening of canine distemper virus in Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar of different states, India
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Rahul Ganpatrao Kadam; M. Karikalan; Chandra Mohan Siddappa; K. Mahendran; Gaurav Srivastava; K.K. Rajak; Yogesh Bhardwaj; Rajat Varshney; Zahoor Ahemad War; Rahul Singh; Mayukh Ghosh; V. Beena; Abhijit M. Pawde; K.P. Singh; A.K. Sharma
The present investigation was conducted to rule out canine distemper (CD) diseases in Indian wild felids (Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar). The collected samples were screened for CD virus (CDV) by histopathology (HP), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting H gene and N gene. The HP and IHC of suspected samples portrayed that 22 [11 leopards, 6 lions, 3 tigers, 1 snow leopard and 1 civet cat] out of 129 (17.05%) wild felids were positive for CD. The major pathological consequences were observed in spleen, lung, kidney and brain. The syncytia and intranuclear as well as intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies were seen in CDV infected cells. Although the histopathological lesions in spleen were more specific and consistent, however, the severe demyelinated leukoencephalitis (usually expected in CD infected dog) was not observed in the brain of any Indian wild felids. Conversely, the CDV antigen has been portrayed via IHC in pancreatic islets of Langerhans of tiger species for the first time in this study. Moreover, the concurrent CD and babesiosis has also been observed in a lioness without a usual coffee-coloured urine. The N gene and H gene of CDV isolates were amplified, sequenced and subsequently constructed the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analysis of H gene revealed that the CDV isolates from Indian lion formed separate clade with CDV isolates from Indian dog and Indian palm civet cat. Furthermore, two CDV isolates from Indian tigers formed clade with Onderstepoort vaccine strain and CDV isolates from dogs of Uttar Pradesh, USA and UK. Evidently, CDV is circulating in Indian wild felids and causing diseases in them. © 2022 The Author(s)
Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
(Springer Singapore, 2022) Minakshi Prasad; Lukumoni Buragohain; Mayukh Ghosh; Rajesh Kumar
Earliest precise diagnosis and targeted therapy underlines the efficiency of successful cancer management. Conventional diagnostics are usually dependent on phenotypic expression of cancer signatures which often effects into delayed detection leading to poor prognosis. Traditional therapeutics frequently lacks precise targeting leading to sub-optimal drug concentration as well as off-target systemic side effects. Nano-intervention delivers in both the aspects: integration of advanced imaging modalities with site-specific targeting of nano-imaging agents can improve the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection along with advent of diverse nanoparticle-based biosensors extends the scope for rapid and point-of-care diagnosis. Moreover, multifunctional nanoparticles facilitate simultaneous diagnosis and therapies of cancers in one go. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems with spatio-temporally controlled release mechanism facilitate targeted payload conveyance at the tumor sites with prolongs maintenance of adequate drug concentration to curtail general toxicity of the chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, it augments the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs by improving the penetration, distribution and bioavailability of the therapeutic agents, even occasionally fortifying with synergistic effects. Premature drug release, fast enzymatic degradation, and rapid clearance can also be avoided by exploiting nano-encapsulation and stimuli-responsive nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Cancer immunotherapy has also gained significant attention in current scenario which mostly relies upon nanoparticle-based biological and vaccine delivery systems along with introduction of nano-adjuvants as component of nano-vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity and protection against cancers. Thus nanotechnology has the potential to empower the arsenal against cancer by diverse means; however, it faces some inherent challenges such as potential toxicity of nanomaterials, stringent regulatory issues delaying smooth and timely clinical transition of nano-drugs, lack of established international standards and protocols, redundant nanoparticle applications, and associated issues regarding the intellectual property rights, etc. Diligent focused efforts from all the stakeholders globally is paying-off as significant improvement have been observed in the “bench to beside” transition of the nano-formulations and newer candidates are reaching the market at regular basis currently which ensures a bright future prospect of nanotechnology in cancer arena. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Nanotechnology in Colorectal Cancer for Precision Diagnosis and Therapy
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Basanti Brar; Koushlesh Ranjan; Ankur Palria; Rajesh Kumar; Mayukh Ghosh; Sweety Sihag; Prasad Minakshi
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently occurring tumor in the human population. CRCs are usually adenocarcinomatous and originate as a polyp on the inner wall of the colon or rectum which may become malignant in the due course of time. Although the therapeutic options of CRC are limited, the early diagnosis of CRC may play an important role in preventive and therapeutic interventions to decrease the mortality rate. The CRC-affected tissues exhibit several molecular markers that may be exploited as the novel strategy to develop newer approaches for the treatment of the disease. Nanotechnology consists of a wide array of innovative and astonishing nanomaterials with both diagnostics and therapeutic potential. Several nanomaterials and nano formulations such as Carbon nanotubes, Dendrimer, Liposomes, Silica Nanoparticles, Gold nanoparticles, Metal-organic frameworks, Core-shell polymeric nano-formulations, Nano-emulsion System, etc can be used to targeted anticancer drug delivery and diagnostic purposes in CRC. The light-sensitive photosensitizer drugs loaded gold and silica nanoparticles can be used to diagnose as well as the killing of CRC cells by the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to cancer cells. This review is focused on the recent advancement of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Copyright © 2021 Brar, Ranjan, Palria, Kumar, Ghosh, Sihag and Minakshi.
Optimization of microwave parameters to enhance phytochemicals, antioxidants and metabolite profile of de-oiled rice bran
(Nature Research, 2024) Alonkrita Chowdhury; Alla Yaswanth Naveen Kumar; Rajesh Kumar; Vivek Kumar Maurya; M.S. Mahesh; Abhishek Kumar Singh; Pavan Kumar Yadav; Mayukh Ghosh
The current study explores the effects of microwave treatment at varying wattage and durations on the phytoconstituents, antioxidant status, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and metabolite profiles of de-oiled rice bran. The total phenolics and flavonoids showed both increases and decreases depending on specific microwave parameters, while flavonol content consistently increased across all treated groups compared to the control. The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating activity, and ascorbic acid content were enhanced in most of the microwaved samples; however, longer microwave exposure at higher wattage led to their reduction. A treatment-specific decrease in ANFs, including condensed tannins, oxalates, and phytates, was observed. HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics identified a diverse range of primary and secondary metabolites, which clustered in a group-specific manner, indicating notable group-wise metabolite variations. Analysis of discriminating metabolites revealed no significant differences in the overall levels of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and cofactors, sugars, amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and their derivatives among the treated groups compared to the control; however, several individual metabolites within these metabolite classes differed significantly. These findings suggest that optimized microwaving of de-oiled rice bran can enhance phytochemicals and antioxidants while improving the metabolite profile. © The Author(s) 2024.
Organoid Technology: A Reliable Developmental Biology Tool for Organ-Specific Nanotoxicity Evaluation
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Minakshi Prasad; Rajesh Kumar; Lukumoni Buragohain; Ankur Kumari; Mayukh Ghosh
Engineered nanomaterials are bestowed with certain inherent physicochemical properties unlike their parent materials, rendering them suitable for the multifaceted needs of state-of-the-art biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. The log-phase development of nano-science along with improved “bench to beside” conversion carries an enhanced probability of human exposure with numerous nanoparticles. Thus, toxicity assessment of these novel nanoscale materials holds a key to ensuring the safety aspects or else the global biome will certainly face a debacle. The toxicity may span from health hazards due to direct exposure to indirect means through food chain contamination or environmental pollution, even causing genotoxicity. Multiple ways of nanotoxicity evaluation include several in vitro and in vivo methods, with in vitro methods occupying the bulk of the “experimental space.” The underlying reason may be multiple, but ethical constraints in in vivo animal experiments are a significant one. Two-dimensional (2D) monoculture is undoubtedly the most exploited in vitro method providing advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, high throughput, and reproducibility. However, it often fails to mimic a tissue or organ which possesses a defined three-dimensional structure (3D) along with intercellular communication machinery. Instead, microtissues such as spheroids or organoids having a precise 3D architecture and proximate in vivo tissue-like behavior can provide a more realistic evaluation than 2D monocultures. Recent developments in microfluidics and bioreactor-based organoid synthesis have eased the difficulties to prosper nano-toxicological analysis in organoid models surpassing the obstacle of ethical issues. The present review will enlighten applications of organoids in nanotoxicological evaluation, their advantages, and prospects toward securing commonplace nano-interventions. © Copyright © 2021 Prasad, Kumar, Buragohain, Kumari and Ghosh.