Browsing by Author "Mohammad Hasanian"

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Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Austin E. Schumacher; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Amirali Aali; Cristiana Abbafati; Jaffar Abbas; Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh; Madineh Akram Abbasi; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab; Mohammad Abdollahi; Meriem Abdoun; Auwal Abdullahi; Ame Mehadi Abdurehman; Mesfin Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Armita Abedi; Tadesse M. Abegaz; Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga; E.S. Abhilash; Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Mohamed Abouzid; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Michael R.M. Abrigo; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Juan Manuel Acuna; Tim Adair; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Oyelola A. Adegboye; Victor Adekanmbi; Bashir Aden; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Rishan Adha; Amin Adibi; Wirawan Adikusuma; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Abel Afework; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Ali Afraz; Shadi Afyouni; Saira Afzal; Pradyumna Agasthi; Shahin Aghamiri; Antonella Agodi; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M. Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Mohadese Ahmadzade; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Olufemi Ajumobi; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu; Essona Matatom Akara; Karolina Akinosoglou; Sreelatha Akkala; Samuel Akyirem; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Ammar Al Homsi; Mohammad Al Qadire; Moein Ala; Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi; Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-Ahdal; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Manjurul Alam; Zufishan Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Robert W. Aldridge; Sharifullah Alemi; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Abid Ali; Akhtar Ali; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Hassam Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Zahid Ali; Shohreh Alian Samakkhah; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Mohammad Aligol; Rasoul Alimi; Ahmednur Adem Aliyi; Adel Al-Jumaily; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Wael Almahmeed; Sabah Al-Marwani; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Omar Almidani; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Nivaldo Alonso; Jaber S. Alqahtani; Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Farrukh Jawad Alvi; Hassan Alwafi; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Karem H. Alzoubi; Azmeraw T. Amare; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Abebe Feyissa Amhare; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Javad Aminian Dehkordi; Sohrab Amiri; Hubert Amu; Dickson A. Amugsi; Jimoh Amzat; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; Pedro Prata Andrade; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Dhanalakshmi Angappan; Abhishek Anil; Afifa Anjum; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Razman Arabzadeh Bahri; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Mosab Arafat; Ana Margarida Araújo; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Abdulfatai Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Timur Aripov; Benedetta Armocida; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A. Artamonov; Kurnia Dwi Artanti; Judie Arulappan; Idowu Thomas Aruleba; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Malke Asaad; Saeed Asgary; Mubarek Yesse Ashemo; Muhammad Ashraf; Marvellous O. Asika; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Sameh Attia; Avinash Aujayeb; Abolfazl Avan; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Getnet Melaku Ayele; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh; Sina Azadnajafabad; Gulrez Shah Azhar; Shahkaar Aziz; Ahmed Y. Azzam; Mina Babashahi; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Soroush Baghdadi; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Sulaiman Bah; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Jianjun Bai; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L. Baker; Shankar M. Bakkannavar; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Saliu A. Balogun; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; Maciej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Biswajit Banik; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Shirin Barati; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Ronald D. Barr; Lope H. Barrero; Zarrin Basharat; Asma'u I.J. Bashir; Hameed Akande Bashiru; Pritish Baskaran; Buddha Basnyat; Quique Bassat; João Diogo Basso; Saurav Basu; Kavita Batra; Ravi Batra; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Thomas Beaney; Neeraj Bedi; Tahmina Begum; Emad Behboudi; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Maryam Beiranvand; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi; Michelle L. Bell; Aminu K. Bello; Muhammad Bashir Bello; Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello; Luis Belo; Apostolos Beloukas; Salaheddine Bendak; Derrick A. Bennett; Isabela M. Bensenor; Habib Benzian; Zombor Berezvai; Adam E. Berman; Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez; Paulo J.G. Bettencourt; Habtamu B. Beyene; Kebede A. Beyene; Devidas S. Bhagat; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Prarthna V. Bhardwaj; Ashish Bhargava; Sonu Bhaskar; Vivek Bhat; Gurjit Kaur Bhatti; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Manpreet S. Bhatti; Rajbir Bhatti; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Boris Bikbov; Nada Binmadi; Bagas Suryo Bintoro; Antonio Biondi; Catherine Bisignano; Francesca Bisulli; Atanu Biswas; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Saeid Bitaraf; Tone Bjørge; Archie Bleyer; Mary Sefa Boampong; Virginia Bodolica; Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin; Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa; Milad Bonakdar Hashemi; Aime Bonny; Kaustubh Bora; Berrak Bora Basara; Safiya Bala Borodo; Rohan Borschmann; Alejandro Botero Carvajal; Souad Bouaoud; Sofiane Boudalia; Edward J. Boyko; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Dejana Braithwaite; Hermann Brenner; Gabrielle Britton; Annie J. Browne; Andre R. Brunoni; Norma B. Bulamu; Lemma N. Bulto; Danilo Buonsenso; Katrin Burkart; Richard A. Burns; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Reinhard Busse; Yasser Bustanji; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos; Tianji Cai; Daniela Calina; Luis Alberto Cámera; Luciana Aparecida Campos; Ismael R. Campos-Nonato; Chao Cao; Carlos Alberto Cardenas; Rosario Cárdenas; Sinclair Carr; Giulia Carreras; Juan J. Carrero; Andrea Carugno; Felix Carvalho; Márcia Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela; Giulio Castelpietra; Ferrán Catalá-López; Alberico L. Catapano; Maria Sofia Cattaruzza; Arthur Caye; Christopher R. Cederroth; Francieli Cembranel; Muthia Cenderadewi; Kelly M. Cercy; Ester Cerin; Muge Cevik; Pamela R. Chacón-Uscamaita; Yaacoub Chahine; Chiranjib Chakraborty; Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan; Chin-Kuo Chang; Periklis Charalampous; Jaykaran Charan; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou; Malizgani Paul Chavula; Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema; An-Tian Chen; Haowei Chen; Lingxiao Chen; Meng Xuan Chen; Simiao Chen; Nicolas Cherbuin; Derek S. Chew; Gerald Chi; Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres; Abdulaal Chitheer; So Mi Jemma Cho; William C.S. Cho; Bryan Chong; Hitesh Chopra; Rahul Choudhary; Rajiv Chowdhury; Dinh-Toi Chu; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Eric Chung; Eunice Chung; Sheng-Chia Chung; Karly I. Cini; Cain C.T. Clark; Kaleb Coberly; Alyssa Columbus; Haley Comfort; Joao Conde; Sara Conti; Paolo Angelo Cortesi; Vera Marisa Costa; Ewerton Cousin; Richard G. Cowden; Michael H. Criqui; Natália Cruz-Martins; Garland T. Culbreth; Patricia Cullen; Matthew Cunningham; Daniel da Silva E Silva; Sriharsha Dadana; Omid Dadras; Zhaoli Dai; Koustuv Dalal; Lachlan L. Dalli; Giovanni Damiani; Emanuele D'Amico; Sara Daneshvar; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Jai K. Das; Saswati Das; Nihar Ranjan Dash; Mohsen Dashti; Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes; Nicole Davis Weaver; Kairat Davletov; Diego De Leo; Aklilu Tamire Debele; Louisa Degenhardt; Reza Dehbandi; Lee Deitesfeld; Ivan Delgado-Enciso; Laura Delgado-Ortiz; Daniel Demant; Berecha Hundessa Demessa; Andreas K. Demetriades; Xinlei Deng; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Nikolaos Dervenis; Don C. Des Jarlais; Hardik Dineshbhai Desai; Rupak Desai; Keshab Deuba; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Sourav Dey; Arkadeep Dhali; Kuldeep Dhama; Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal; Meghnath Dhimal; Sameer Dhingra; Diana Dias Da Silva; Daniel Diaz; Adriana Dima; Delaney D. Ding; M. Ashworth Dirac; Abhinav Dixit; Shilpi Gupta Dixit; Thanh Chi Do; Thao Huynh Phuong Do; Camila Bruneli Do Prado; Masoud Dodangeh; Klara Georgieva Dokova; Christiane Dolecek; E Ray Dorsey; Wendel Mombaque dos Santos; Rajkumar Doshi; Leila Doshmangir; Abdel Douiri; Robert Kokou Dowou; Tim Robert Driscoll; Haneil Larson Dsouza; John Dube; Samuel C. Dumith; Susanna J. Dunachie; Bruce B. Duncan; Andre Rodrigues Duraes; Senbagam Duraisamy; Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye; Sulagna Dutta; Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach; Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic; Oluwakemi Ebenezer; Ejemai Eboreime; Alireza Ebrahimi; Chidiebere Peter Echieh; Abdelaziz Ed-Dra; Hisham Atan Edinur; David Edvardsson; Kristina Edvardsson; Defi Efendi; Ferry Efendi; Shayan Eghdami; Terje Andreas Eikemo; Ebrahim Eini; Michael Ekholuenetale; Emmanuel Ekpor; Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo; Rabie Adel El Arab; Doaa Abdel Wahab El Morsi; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Iffat Elbarazi; Noha Mousaad Elemam; Frank J. Elgar; Islam Y. Elgendy; Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary; Hala Rashad Elhabashy; Muhammed Elhadi; Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy; Mohammed Elshaer; Ibrahim Elsohaby; Amir Emami Zeydi; Mehdi Emamverdi; Theophilus I. Emeto; Luchuo Engelbert Bain; Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar; Tesfahun C. Eshetie; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Juan Espinosa-Montero; Kara Estep; Farshid Etaee; Ugochukwu Anthony Eze; Natalia Fabin; Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka; Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe; Saman Fahimi; Luca Falzone; Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha; MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris; Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani; Andre Faro; Hossein Farrokhpour; Ali Fatehizadeh; Hamed Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Pooria Fazeli; Valery L. Feigin; Ginenus Fekadu; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Abdullah Hamid Feroze; Daniela Ferrante; Pietro Ferrara; Nuno Ferreira; Getahun Fetensa; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Joanne Flavel; Abraham D. Flaxman; Luisa S. Flor; Bobirca Teodor Florin; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Kristen Marie Foley; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Lisa M. Force; Carla Fornari; Behzad Foroutan; Matteo Foschi; Kate Louise Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Alberto Freitas; Joseph Friedman; Sara D. Friedman; Takeshi Fukumoto; John E. Fuller; Peter Andras Gaal; Muktar A. Gadanya; Santosh Gaihre; Abduzhappar Gaipov; Emmanuela Gakidou; Yaseen Galali; Nasrin Galehdar; Silvano Gallus; Quan Gan; Aravind P. Gandhi; Balasankar Ganesan; Jalaj Garg; Shuo-Yan Gau; Prem Gautam; Rupesh K. Gautam; Federica Gazzelloni; Miglas W. Gebregergis; Mesfin Gebrehiwot; Tesfay Brhane Gebremariam; Urge Gerema; Motuma Erena Getachew; Tamirat Getachew; Peter W. Gething; Mansour Ghafourifard; Sulmaz Ghahramani; Khalid Yaser Ghailan; Alireza Ghajar; Mohammad Javad Ghanbarnia; MohammadReza Ghasemi; Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh; Fariba Ghassemi; Ramy Mohamed Ghazy; Sailaja Ghimire; Asadollah Gholamian; Ali Gholamrezanezhad; Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah; Ghozali Ghozali; Sherief Ghozy; Arun Digambarrao Ghuge; Alessandro Gialluisi; Ruth Margaret Gibson; Artyom Urievich Gil; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Richard F. Gillum; Themba G. Ginindza; Alem Girmay; James C. Glasbey; Elena V. Gnedovskaya; Laszlo Göbölös; Amit Goel; Mohamad Goldust; Mahaveer Golechha; Pouya Goleij; Arefeh Golestanfar; Davide Golinelli; Philimon N. Gona; Houman Goudarzi; Amir Hossein Goudarzian; Anmol Goyal; Scott Greenhalgh; Michal Grivna; Giovanni Guarducci; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Mesay Dechasa Gudeta; Avirup Guha; Stefano Guicciardi; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Sasidhar Gunturu; Cui Guo; Anish Kumar Gupta; Bhawna Gupta; Indarchand Ratanlal Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Sapna Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vijai Kumar Gupta; Vivek Kumar Gupta; Reyna Alma Gutiérrez; Farrokh Habibzadeh; Parham Habibzadeh; Vladimir Hachinski; Mohammad Haddadi; Rasool Haddadi; Nils Haep; Adel Hajj Ali; Esam S. Halboub; Sobia Ahsan Halim; Brian J. Hall; Sebastian Haller; Rabih Halwani; Randah R. Hamadeh; Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah; Samer Hamidi; Mohammad Hamiduzzaman; Ahmad Hammoud; Nasrin Hanifi; Graeme J. Hankey; Md Abdul Hannan; Md Nuruzzaman Haque; Harapan Harapan; Josep Maria Haro; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Faizul Hasan; Ikramul Hasan; M Tasdik Hasan; Hamidreza Hasani; Mohammad Hasanian; Ali Hasanpour-Dehkordi; Abbas M. Hassan; Amr Hassan; Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam; Soheil Hassanipour; Johannes Haubold; Rasmus J. Havmoeller; Simon I. Hay; Youssef Hbid; Jeffrey J. Hebert; Omar E. Hegazi; Golnaz Heidari; Mohammad Heidari; Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan; Reza Heidari-Soureshjani; Bartosz Helfer; Claudiu Herteliu; Hamed Hesami; Dineshani Hettiarachchi; Demisu Zenbaba Heyi; Kamal Hezam; Yuta Hiraike; Howard J. Hoffman; Ramesh Holla; Nobuyuki Horita; Md Belal Hossain; Md Mahbub Hossain; Sahadat Hossain; Mohammad-Salar Hosseini; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Mohamed Hsairi; Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh; Chengxi Hu; Junjie Huang; Md Nazmul Huda; Fernando N. Hugo; Michael Hultström; Javid Hussain; Salman Hussain; Nawfal R. Hussein; Le Duc Huy; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Oluwatope Olaniyi Idowu; Desta Ijo; Kevin S. Ikuta; Mehran Ilaghi; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Mustapha Immurana; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Arnaud Iradukunda; Farideh Iravanpour; Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu; Md Rabiul Islam; Mohammad Mainul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Farhad Islami; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail; Gaetano Isola; Masao Iwagami; Chidozie C.D. Iwu; Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja; Mahalaxmi Iyer; Linda Merin; Jalil Jaafari; Louis Jacob; Kathryn H. Jacobsen; Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh; Morteza Jafarinia; Khushleen Jaggi; Kasra Jahankhani; Nader Jahanmehr; Haitham Jahrami; Akhil Jain; Nityanand Jain; Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh; Elham Jamshidi; Chinmay T. Jani; Mark M. Janko; Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau; Sathish Kumar Jayapal; Shubha Jayaram; Jayakumar Jeganathan; Alelign Tasew Jema; Digisie Mequanint Jemere; Wonjeong Jeong; Anil K. Jha; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Heng Jiang; Yingzhao Jin; Yinzi Jin; Olatunji Johnson; Nabi Jomehzadeh; Darwin Phan Jones; Tamas Joo; Abel Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Charity Ehimwenma Joshua; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Mikk Jürisson; Billingsley Kaambwa; Ali Kabir; Hannaneh Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Farima Kahe; Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar; Rizwan Kalani; Leila R. Kalankesh; Feroze Kaliyadan; Sanjay Kalra; Ashwin Kamath; Arun Kamireddy; Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai; Himal Kandel; Edmund Wedam Kanmiki; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Rami S. Kantar; Neeti Kapoor; Mehrdad Karajizadeh; Behzad Karami Matin; Shama D. Karanth; Ibraheem M. Karaye; Asima Karim; Hanie Karimi; Salah Eddin Karimi; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Samad Karkhah; Ajit K. Karna; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Hengameh Kasraei; Nigussie Assefa Kassaw; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Molly B. Kassel; Adarsh Katamreddy; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi; Patrick D.M.C. Katoto; Joonas H. Kauppila; Navjot Kaur; Neda Kaydi; Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda; Gbenga A. Kayode; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Sara Kazeminia; Leila Keikavoosi-Arani; Cathleen Keller; John H. Kempen; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Mohammad Keykhaei; Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri; Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Himanshu Khajuria; Mohammad Khalafi; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Ibrahim A. Khalil; Faham Khamesipour; Asaduzzaman Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Ikramullah Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; Maseer Khan; Moien A.B. Khan; Taimoor Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Fatemeh Khatami; Armin Khavandegar; Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani; Khalid A. Kheirallah; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Elaheh Khodadoust; Moein Khormali; Mahmood Khosrowjerdi; Jagdish Khubchandani; Helda Khusun; Zemene Demelash Kifle; Grace Kim; Jihee Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Kasey E. Kinzel; Girmay Tsegay Kiross; Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa; Juniper Boroka Kiss; Mika Kivimäki; Desmond Klu; Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen; Ali-Asghar Kolahi; Farzad Kompani; Gerbrand Koren; Soewarta Kosen; Karel Kostev; Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana; Ai Koyanagi; Michael A. Kravchenko; Kewal Krishan; Hare Krishna; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; Kris J. Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Connor M. Kubeisy; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Md Abdul Kuddus; Mohammed Kuddus; Ilari Kuitunen; Omar Kujan; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Vishnutheertha Kulkarni; Ashish Kumar; Harish Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Shiv Kumar; Madhulata Kumari; Almagul Kurmanova; Om P. Kurmi; Asep Kusnali; Dian Kusuma; Tezer Kutluk; Ambily Kuttikkattu; Evans F. Kyei; Ilias Kyriopoulos; Carlo La Vecchia; Muhammad Awwal Ladan; Lucie Laflamme; Chandrakant Lahariya; Abdelilah Lahmar; Daphne Teck Ching Lai; Tri Laksono; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Ratilal Lalloo; Tea Lallukka; Judit Lám; Demetris Lamnisos; Tuo Lan; Francesco Lanfranchi; Berthold Langguth; Van Charles Lansingh; Ariane Laplante-Lévesque; Bagher Larijani; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Kamaluddin Latief; Mahrukh Latif; Kaveh Latifinaibin; Paolo Lauriola; Long Khanh Dao Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Thao Thi Thu Le; Trang Diep Thanh Le; Munjae Lee; Paul H. Lee; Sang-Woong Lee; Seung Won Lee; Wei-Chen Lee; Yo Han Lee; Samson Mideksa Legesse; James Leigh; Jacopo Lenzi; Elvynna Leong; Temesgen L. Lerango; Ming-Chieh Li; Wei Li; Xiaopan Li; Yichong Li; Zhihui Li; Massimo Libra; Virendra S. Ligade; Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa Likaka; Lee-Ling Lim; Ro-Ting Lin; Shuzhi Lin; Vasileios-Arsenios Lioutas; Stefan Listl; Jue Liu; Simin Liu; Xiaofeng Liu; Katherine M. Livingstone; Erand Llanaj; Chun-Han Lo; Arianna Maever Loreche; László Lorenzovici; Mojgan Lotfi; Masoud Lotfizadeh; Rafael Lozano; Jailos Lubinda; Giancarlo Lucchetti; Alessandra Lugo; Raimundas Lunevicius
Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Mohsen Naghavi; Kanyin Liane Ong; Amirali Aali; Hazim S. Ababneh; Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh; Mohammadreza Abbasian; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari; Hedayat Abbastabar; Samar Abd ElHafeez; Michael Abdelmasseh; Sherief Abd-Elsalam; Ahmed Abdelwahab; Mohammad Abdollahi; Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar; Meriem Abdoun; Deldar Morad Abdulah; Auwal Abdullahi; Mesfin Abebe; Samrawit Shawel Abebe; Aidin Abedi; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; E.S. Abhilash; Hassan Abidi; Olumide Abiodun; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Meysam Abolmaali; Mohamed Abouzid; Girma Beressa Aboye; Lucas Guimaraes Abreu; Woldu Aberhe Abrha; Dariush Abtahi; Samir Abu Rumeileh; Hasan Abualruz; Bilyaminu Abubakar; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Salahdein Aburuz; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Tadele Girum Adal; Abdu A. Adamu; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Giovanni Addolorato; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi; Victor Adekanmbi; Abiola Victor Adepoju; Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji; Juliana Bunmi Adetunji; Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa; Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka; Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye; Biruk Adie Admass; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Saryia Adra; Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Suneth Buddhika Agampodi; Pradyumna Agasthi; Manik Aggarwal; Shahin Aghamiri; Feleke Doyore Agide; Antonella Agodi; Anurag Agrawal; Williams Agyemang-Duah; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah; Aqeel Ahmad; Danish Ahmad; Firdos Ahmad; Muayyad M Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Shahzaib Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade; Ali Ahmed; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Luai A. Ahmed; Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed; Meqdad Saleh Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Syed Anees Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Essona Matatom Akara; Hossein Akbarialiabad; Karolina Akinosoglou; Tomi Akinyemiju; Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif; Samuel Akyirem; Hanadi Al Hamad; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Fares Alahdab; Samer O. Alalalmeh; Tariq A. Alalwan; Ziyad Al-Aly; Khurshid Alam; Manjurul Alam; Noore Alam; Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer; Fahad Mashhour Alanezi; Turki M. Alanzi; Sayer Al-Azzam; Almaza Albakri; Mohammed Albashtawy; Mohammad T. AlBataineh; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal; Khalifah A. Aldawsari; Wafa A. Aldhaleei; Robert W. Aldridge; Haileselasie Berhane Alema; Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu; Sharifullah Alemi; Yihun Mulugeta Alemu; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Khalid F. Alhabib; Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa; Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi; Abid Ali; Amjad Ali; Liaqat Ali; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Shahid Ali; Syed Shujait Shujait Ali; Gianfranco Alicandro; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Reyhaneh Alikhani; Yousef Alimohamadi; Ahmednur Adem Aliyi; Mohammad A. M. Aljasir; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Francois Alla; Peter Allebeck; Sabah Al-Marwani; Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi; Louay Almidani; Omar Almidani; Mahmoud A. Alomari; Basem Al-Omari; Jordi Alonso; Jaber S. Alqahtani; Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi; Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi; Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah; Zaid Altaany; Awais Altaf; Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Deborah Oyine Aluh; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Hassan Alwafi; Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi; Hany Aly; Safwat Aly; Karem H. Alzoubi; Reza Amani; Azmeraw T. Amare; Prince M. Amegbor; Edward Kwabena Ameyaw; Tarek Tawfik Amin; Alireza Amindarolzarbi; Sohrab Amiri; Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq; Hubert Amu; Dickson A. Amugsi; Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa; Robert Ancuceanu; Deanna Anderlini; David B. Anderson; Pedro Prata Andrade; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Tudorel Andrei; Colin Angus; Abhishek Anil; Sneha Anil; Amir Anoushiravani; Hossein Ansari; Ansariadi Ansariadi; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam; Catherine M. Antony; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Saeid Anvari; Saleha Anwar; Sumadi Lukman Anwar; Razique Anwer; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Muhammad Aqeel; Juan Pablo Arab; Jalal Arabloo; Mosab Arafat; Aleksandr Y. Aravkin; Demelash Areda; Abdulfatai Aremu; Olatunde Aremu; Hany Ariffin; Mesay Arkew; Benedetta Armocida; Michael Benjamin Arndt; Johan Arnlov; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A. Artamonov; Judie Arulappan; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba; Ashokan Arumugam; Malke Asaad; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Akeza Awealom Asgedom; Mona Asghariahmadabad; Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi; Muhammad Ashraf; Armin Aslani; Thomas Astell-Burt; Mohammad Athar; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu; Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw; Prince Atorkey; Maha Moh'D Wahbi Atout; Alok Atreya; Avinash Aujayeb; Marcel Ausloos; Abolfazl Avan; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Amlaku Mulat Aweke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Haleh Ayatollahi; Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos; Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh; Sina Azadnajafabad; Rui M. S. Azevedo; Ahmed Y. Azzam; B.B. Darshan; Abraham Samuel Babu; Muhammad Badar; Ashish D. Badiye; Soroush Baghdadi; Nasser Bagheri; Sara Bagherieh; Sulaiman Bah; Saeed Bahadorikhalili; Najmeh Bahmanziari; Ruhai Bai; Atif Amin Baig; Jennifer L. Baker; Abdulaziz T. Bako; Ravleen Kaur Bakshi; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Madhan Balasubramanian; Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu; Kiran Bam; MacIej Banach; Soham Bandyopadhyay; Palash Chandra Banik; Hansi Bansal; Kannu Bansal; Franca Barbic; Martina Barchitta; Mainak Bardhan; Erfan Bardideh; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Till Winfried Barnighausen; Francesco Barone-Adesi; Hiba Jawdat Barqawi; Lope H. Barrero; Amadou Barrow; Sandra Barteit; Lingkan Barua; Zarrin Basharat; Azadeh Bashiri; Afisu Basiru; Pritish Baskaran; Buddha Basnyat; Quique Bassat; João Diogo Basso; Ann V. L. Basting; Sanjay Basu; Kavita Batra; Bernhard T. Baune; Mohsen Bayati; Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn; Thomas Beaney; Neeraj Bedi; Massimiliano Beghi; Emad Behboudi; Priyamadhaba Behera; Amir Hossein Behnoush; Masoud Behzadifar; Maryam Beiranvand; Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez; Yannick Béjot; Sefealem Assefa Belay; Chalie Mulu Belete; Michelle L. 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Karaye; Andre Karch; Asima Karim; Salah Eddin Karimi; Arman Karimi Behnagh; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim Kasnazani; Hengameh Kasraei; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Molly B. Kassel; Joonas H. Kauppila; Navjot Kaur; Norito Kawakami; Gbenga A. Kayode; Foad Kazemi; Sina Kazemian; Tahseen Haider Kazmi; Getu Mosisa Kebebew; Adera Debella Kebede; Fassikaw Kebede; Tibebeselassie S. Keflie; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Cathleen Keller; Jaimon Terence Kelly; John H. Kempen; Jessica A. Kerr; Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot; Himanshu Khajuria; Amirmohammad Khalaji; Nauman Khalid; Anees Ahmed Khalil; Alireza Khalilian; Faham Khamesipour; Ajmal Khan; Asaduzzaman Khan; Gulfaraz Khan; Ikramullah Khan; Imteyaz A. Khan; M. Nuruzzaman Khan; Mohammad Jobair Khan; Moien Ab Khan; Zeeshan Ali Khan; Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license