Browsing by Author "Mrinalini Kumari"

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Basic overview of human physiology
(Elsevier, 2020) Atul Srivastava; Mrinalini Kumari; Dinesh Prasad Gond; Subhashini
Physiology has been defined as the branch of science dedicated to analyze and understand all the events, activities and functions of the living system. It is the study of normal function and vital processes of living organism. Classified as the sub-section and subdivision of biology and zoology, it covers a range of subject that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological compounds, and how they all interact to make life possible. The different division of physiology are only the various attempts to approach and understand the same problem from different angle. System biology considers all living phenomena as emergent properties due to interface among components of the system. Each system is highly complicated and each functions properly only when it cooperates with the other in maintaining the proper internal environment. The present knowledge of physiology has already assumed gigantic proportion and recent researches are adding everyday something new to it. The present review gives an idea about the major human physiological process like movement, digestion, respiration, blood circulation their composition and functioning and how each system are interrealated affecting functioning of other regulating the body function. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Microbial biofilms and their role in acute and chronic pathogenesis
(Elsevier, 2024) Atul Srivastava; Mrinalini Kumari; Dinesh Prasad Gond; Subhashini
The context of microorganism living within the commune rather than merely as autonomous individual is one of the quickly gaining acceptances. These communities of the organism residing within the extracellular polymeric substance matrix are termed biofilms. A biofilm is an assembly of microbial cells that is irretrievably linked with a surface and covered primarily in a matrix of polysaccharide material. The ability to figure biofilms is a universal attribute of all microorganisms including bacteria. Biofilms may impact human health both positively and negatively. With the tendency to grow anywhere on abiotic as well as biotic surfaces, these act as a potent source of various infections. The rising burden of several diseases caused by microbial infections implies an immense menace to global health. Biofilm formation has been confirmed in numerous pathogens and is evidently mentioned as an important strategy for microbial survival. This chapter provides an overview on biofilms, their structure and formation, and their impact on human health. The current chapter also entails light on the involvement of biofilms in pulmonary infections and existing strategies employed for the treatment. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Recent applications of nanomedicine in lung disease
(Elsevier, 2022) Atul Srivastava; Mrinalini Kumari; Dinesh Prasad Gond; Subhashini
Lung diseases include a wide spectrum of illnesses, such as asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancers, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and have been a huge threat to human health and life. However, the treatment and diagnosis of various lung diseases are challenging. Among the several treatment strategies and diagnostic techniques, the adverse effect to chemotherapy in cancers, multidrug resistance in tuberculosis, side effects, toxicity, poor drug delivery, and metabolism require the development of novel and promising alternative treatments. Nanotechnology provides a promising tool for the development of innovative treatment overcoming many drug challenges. Nanotechnology being widely studied in medicinal field has given rise to the interdisciplinary nanomedicine field allowing fundamental changes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Lungs provide a good target organ for drug delivery via an aerosol inhalation mode. Lungs provide a large surface area for local drug action and systemic drug absorption and hence nanomedicines have been a boon in treating many of the lung diseases without leading to any side effects or toxicity. The present chapter aims to review nanoparticles-based drug delivery systems studied over the last decade as therapeutic agents in lung diseases. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Study on the reproductive organs and fertility of the male mice following administration of metronidazole
(2013) Mrinalini Kumari; Poonam Singh
Background: Metronidazole (MTZ) is commonly used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal drug. Various doses of MTZ have been reported to inhibit spermatogenic activity and sperm indices. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, dose-dependent effects of MTZ on the structural and functional integrity of the testis and accessory reproductive organs have been investigated. Adult male mice of Swiss strain were administered orally with MTZ at the doses of 250 mg/kgBW/day and 500 mg/kgBW/day for 28 consecutive days to study the changes in the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, sperm indices and fertility. Reversal effects of the drug were also studied on the same mice, 42 days after cessation of the treatment. Results: Therapeutic dose of MTZ (250 mg/kgBW/day) neither altered the weights of the testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle nor their histoarchitecture and sperm indices. The drug at the high dose (500 mg/kg BW/day) caused significant reductions in the weights of the testis and epididymis. Histoarchitecture of the testis and epididymis at the high dose revealed marked regressive changes while that of seminal vesicle remained unaffected. Significant reductions were noticed in the motility, viability and count of epididymal spermatozoa while the concentrations of epididymal sialic acid and seminal vesicular fructose remained unaltered after the treatment. No significant changes were noticed in the mating ability as well as in the level of serum testosterone in the treated mice. Fertility of the male mice treated with high dose of MTZ declined markedly leading to an increase in pre- and postimplantation loss while a significant decrease was noticed in the number of live blastocysts in females impregnated with such males. MTZinduced changes in the male reproductive organs and fertility were reinstated 42 days after cessation of the treatment. Conclusion: High dose of MTZ induced reversible deleterious effects on the male reproduction and fertility.
Tribulus terrestris ameliorates metronidazole-induced spermatogenic inhibition and testicular oxidative stress in the laboratory mouse
(Medknow Publications, 2015) Mrinalini Kumari; Poonam Singh
Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of the fruit extract of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on the metronidazole (MTZ)-induced alterations in spermatogenesis, sperm count, testicular functions, and oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult Swiss strain mice were divided into six groups. Animals of Groups I and II served as untreated and vehicle-treated controls, while that of Groups III and IV were administered with MTZ (500 mg/kg BW/day) and TT (200 mg/kg BW/day) alone for 28 days, respectively. Low (100 mg/kg BW/day) and high (200 mg/kg BW/day) doses of TT along with MTZ (500 mg/kg BW/day) were administered for 28 days in the mice of Groups V and VI, respectively.Twenty four hours after the last treatment, all the animals were euthanized to study the histological changes in the testis and sperm count in the epididymis. Testicular functional markers, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, were also assessed in the mice of all the groups. Results: Metronidazole caused marked alterations in the testicular weight, spermatogenesis, activities of antioxidant enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and the level of LPO. The epididymal sperm count also declined significantly in MTZ-treated group. These changes were partially restored following co-administration of 500 mg/kg BW/day of MTZ and 100 mg/kg BW/day of TT. However, in the mice co-administered with 500 mg/kg BW/day of MTZ and 200 mg/kg BW/day of TT, the changes reverted back completely, similar to that of the controls. Conclusion: The fruit extract of TT ameliorates the MTZ-induced alterations in the testis.
Tribulus terrestris improves metronidazole-induced impaired fertility in the male mice
(Makerere University, Medical School, 2018) Mrinalini Kumari; Poonam Singh
Introduction: Fruit extract of Tribulus terrestris (TT) bears aphrodisiac and antioxidative properties. Antimicrobial drug, metronidazole (MTZ) impairs the spermatogenic activity and fertility in males. Objective: Validation of the use of fruit extract of TT as a supplement against MTZ-induced fertility impairment in males. Methods: Adult Swiss strain male mice were administered with 500mg/kgBW/day of MTZ for 28 days. Low (100mg/kgBW/ day) and high (200mg/kgBW/day) doses of TT were administered simultaneously with MTZ (500mg/kgBW/day) for same duration. All males were cohabited with virgin proestrus females. Vaginal plug formation was observed to calculate the libido index. Cohabited females were sacrificed on fifteenth day of gestation to dissect out the ovaries and uteri. Fertility index, quantal pregnancy, pre-implantation and post-implantation losses were calculated. Results: MTZ-treated males showed unaltered mating ability, however, the females impregnated by such males exhibited marked alterations in the fertility index, quantal pregnancy and pre-and post-implantation losses. Supplementation with low dose of TT failed to restore such reproductive toxicities exhibited by administration of MTZ. However, the altered reproductive toxicities were reinstated to control values following supplementation with high dose of TT. Conclusion: The fruit extract of TT may emerge as an effective herbal remedy, correcting the drug-induced fertility impairments in males. © 2018 Kumari et al.