Browsing by Author "Namrata Joshi"

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Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of Devdarvadyarishta in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
(National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, 2023) Chinky Goyal; Khemchand Sharma; Namrata Joshi
Devdarvadyarishta is a honey based medicated alcoholic formulation that has been documented to elicit hypoglycemic activity in Ayurvedic lexicon. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant effect of Devdarvadyarishta in STZ induced type II diabetic rats. 24 Wistar albino rats were distributed into four groups with six animals in each group viz., Group I (Normal Control Group), Group II (Diabetic control group), group III (Standard drug Glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg of body weight), group IV (Devdarvadyarishta at 2000 mg/kg of body weight). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at dose level of 35 mg/kg. The whole study was conducted for 30 days. Changes in parameters like body weight, blood glucose, blood urea, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, insulin, alkaline phosphatase, oral glucose tolerance test and liver anti-oxidant parameters viz., superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione were recorded. Histopathology of liver and pancreas was also done. Result showed significant improvement in parameters like body weight, lipid profile, blood glucose, serum creatinine, insulin and alkaline phosphatase which were almost analogous to potent antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Histopathological studies reinforce the healing of pancreas by increase in pancreatic islet numbers and size, amelioration in atrophy, well-rejuvenated normal cellular arrangement and reduced necrosis with normal blood vessels in liver by test drug as a possible mechanism of its antidiabetic and anti-oxidant activity our study suggests that Devdarvadyarishta suppresses the symptoms of diabetes and diabetes related oxidative stress in animal study. © 2023, National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research. All rights reserved.
Ayurvedic preparations of Raudra Rasa inhibit agonist-mediated platelet activation and restrict thrombogenicity without affecting cell viability
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Susheel Nidhi Chaurasia; Vipin Singh; Mohammad Ekhlak; Manoj Kumar Dash; Namrata Joshi; Debabrata Dash
Ayurveda is considered to be one of the most ancient forms of medicine still practiced. The Ayurvedic preparation Raudra Rasa and its derivatives have been widely employed against cancer since the 12th century, but the effect of these traditional formulations on platelet function and signaling has not previously been examined. Here we demonstrate that Raudra Rasa and its derivatives significantly reduce thrombin-induced integrin activation and granule secretion in platelets, as observed by reduced PAC-1 binding and P-selectin externalization, respectively. These formulations also inhibited thrombin-stimulated phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential in platelets. Consistent with the above, Raudra Rasa significantly reduced thrombin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the platelet proteins, as well as phosphorylation of the enzymes AKT and GSK-3β. In summary, Raudra Rasa inhibits agonist-mediated platelet activation without affecting cell viability, suggesting it may have therapeutic potential as an anti-platelet/anti-thrombotic agent. © 2023 The Authors. FEBS Open Bio published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
Ayurvedic supportive therapy in the management of breast cancer
(Elsevier GmbH, 2021) Manoj Kumar Dash; Namrata Joshi; D.N.S Gautam; Remya Jayakumar; Y.B. Tripathi
Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women. Initial signs of cancer start in the lymph nodes located under the arm, within the breast, and near the collarbone. Many promising remedies for breast cancer are included in Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine. Nowadays, multi-targeted herbal drugs are used as an adjuvant therapy alongside conventional medicine in the management of t0068is type of cancer. The present review concentrates on the available literature found in Ayurveda regarding plants and breast cancer. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar were searched, resulting in 115 articles, as per the authors study criteria, by using keywords, breast cancer, and medicinal plants, then were able to aggregate 64 therapeutic targets from 35 different plant species in this review article. Result: Seven treatment areas were identified: Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, Endocrine suppressor, Tumour suppressor, Glut-1 inhibitor, Aromatase inhibitor, and Lectin-containing plants. Among the molecular targets, 51 % (33/64) caused apoptosis and 37 % (24/64) demonstrated cell proliferation activity. The review provides evidence of data suggesting that 17 % therapeutic targets have carcinogen inactivation activity, 10 % have precancerous growth prevention activity, 9% have mutagenesis and gene expression activity, and 4 % regulate toxic metabolism. Conclusion: Ayurvedic herbs that suppress multiple pathways must be chosen for prevention as well as treatment of the disease. It may not only be beneficial in reducing the harms of chemotherapeutic agents but also enhances their efficacy as supportive care. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH
Characterization of lead sulfide obtained from Naga Bhasma
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Manoj Kumar Dash; Namrata Joshi; Laxmikant Dwivedi; Vd Sushil Dubey; Kamal Nayan Dwivedi
Background: Lead sulfide nanoparticles were manufactured from lead oxide using a procedure described in the Ayurveda formulary of India, which involved using a quantum of the heat of up to 60 puta, which is officially known as the Shasti puta Naga Bhasma. Objective: The study shows sulfurization of nanoparticles significantly decreased their toxicity due to the lower solubility. Materials and Methods: The present work used the arsenic sulfide media and traditional puta for processing and the characterization of the same has been conducted. Different analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) were used.The study shows sulfurization of nanoparticles significantly decreased their toxicity due to the lower solubility. Materials and Methods: The present work used the arsenic sulfide media and traditional puta for Naga bhasma processing and the characterization of the same has been conducted. Different analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) were used. Results: Powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis all showed that the produced nanoparticles are lead sulfide nanoparticles with a particle size of an average of 84.60 and the crystalline average size of 69.06 nm. Conclusion: The rounded, rod, oval, cubic, and circular morphology of the produced lead sulfide nanoparticles can be seen in the SEM image. The stretching and bending functional groups in the sample were alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl alpha, beta-unsaturated, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, aliphatic amines, primary amines, secondary amines, alkyl halides, alkyl halides are studied through the FTIR spectrum. © 2023 The Authors
Clinical efficacy of Gojihvadi Kwath, Shirishadi Kwath, Sanjeevani Vati, Panchagavya Ghrita Granules & Shunthi Churna for COVID-19 management, a randomized controlled trial
(National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, 2024) Parameswarappa S. Byadgi; Meena Kumari; Vishwambhar Singh; Arun Kumar Dwivedi; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Sushil Kumar Dubey; Ashvanee Kumar Chaudhary; R.N. Chaurasia; Namrata Joshi; Hitesh Jani; Rajeev Kumar Mishra; T.B. Singh; P.S. Arunima; Remya Jayakumar
The obscure disease pattern of COVID-19 have to be evaluated with Ayurvedic interventions and the present clinical trial was a randomized open label parallel three-arm control trial on the major and minor symptomatic patients with the recent pandemic. The patients were recruited from the Super specialty building of Sir Sunderlal hospital, COVID-19 ward and home isolated ones. The Ayurvedic intervention includes the 15 days oral administration (Group A) –Gojihvadi Kwath, Sanjeevani Vati; Panchagavya Ghrit Granules; Shunthi (Dry ginger powder) plus conventional treatment, in (Group B) – Shirishadi Kwath, Sanjeevani Vati; Panchagavya Ghrit Granules; Shunthi (Dry ginger powder) plus conventional treatment and in Group C (control group) only the conventional medicines. Assessment was done based on the RT-PCR reports, signs and symptoms. The results point out the efficacy of trial medicine (that is group A and B) to discharge the patients earlier than those from the control group. The early reduction in the signs and symptoms noted were also observed. Group B showed a faster recovery from dry cough and shortness of breath and improvement in appetite. Home-isolation patients showed faster recovery of clinical symptoms than the hospitalized patients. Ayurvedic interventions can accelerate viral load clearance associated with quicker recovery and concurrently decrease the risk of viral dissemination. Additionally, there were no adverse reactions observed with these trial medicines. © 2024, National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research. All rights reserved.
Critical review of Brahma Rasayana W.S.R to its immunomodulatory activity
(BRNSS Publication Hub, 2018) Manoj Kumar Dash; Namrata Joshi; Kavita Mahla; Madhuri Vindhyaraj
Rasayana is one of the eight clinical specialties of Ayurveda. The Rasayana therapy enhance the qualities of Rasa, enhances it with nutrients, so it is useful as longevity, memory, intelligence, optimum development of physique, and sense organs. Brahma Rasayana is one of the most important Rasayana of Ayurvedic texts. It is useful to improve memory and immunity of the body. Brahma Rasayana was found to activate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity significantly. The present review is undertaken for screening herbs (ingredients) of Brahma Rasayana to evaluate their immunomodulatory properties and established the correlation between Rasayana and immunomodulatory effect. Critical review of herbs to show immunomodulatory property is compiled from various Ayurvedic texts as well as from multiple articles on the internet to justify their immunomodulatory property on the basis of data collected. Many of the herbs reviewed of Brahma Rasayana are found to act as immunomodulators as per Ayurveda. This shows their potential to act as antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, vaccine adjuvant, or immunity against diseases property. The ingredients of Brahma Rasayana formulation are the herbs among all reviewed in the present study found to exhibit immunomodulatory effect of formulation. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights reserved.
Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals in the Management of Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinological Challenges in Aging and Nutraceuticals
(CRC Press, 2021) Remya Jayakumar; Namrata Joshi; Manoj Dash
Annath bavanthi boothani… when the gospels from Vedic literature hails food, the subsistence of all material bodies [1], ancient treatise by Sage Kashyapa emphasized the food factor as medicine itself [2]. Hippocrates’s quote “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food” preceded the very concept [3]. The framework of food as medicine gets later highlighted by Stephen de Felice by coining the term NUTRACEUTICAL in 1989 [4]. Nutraceuticals started reverberating the baseline history of food as medicine and nowadays can be seen conjoined with any conventional medical prescription and health concept. The loosened legalities regarding the new trend were the added advantage for the upcoming wave leaving behind the questions of safety. This nutraceutical key to health when thoroughly shuffled might be suiting the antiaging process on a preventive schedule. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Jayant Nemchand Lokhande, Yashwant Vishnupant Pathak; individual chapters, the contributors CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Pharmaceutical characterization and exploration of Arkeshwara rasa in MDA-MB-231 cells
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Remya Jayakumar; Manoj Kumar Dash; Pankaj Kumar; Shiwakshi Sharma; Saumya Gulati; Akanksha Pandey; Kaushavi Cholke; Zeeshan Fatima; S.K. Trigun; Namrata Joshi
Background: The diverse specificity mode of cancer treatment targets and chemo resistance demands the necessity of drug entities which can address the devastating dynamicity of the disease. Objectives: To check the anti-tumour potential of traditional medicine rich in polyherbal components and metal nanoparticle namely Arkeshwara rasa (AR). Material methods: The AR was prepared in a modified version with reference from Rasaratna Samuchaya and characterized using sophisticated instrumental analysis including XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, TGA-DSC, and LC-MS and tested against the MDA-MB-231 cell line to screen cell viability and the cytotoxicity with MTT, SRB and the AO assay. Results: XRD pattern shows cubic tetrahedrite structure with Sb, Cu, S peaks and trace elements like Fe, Mg, etc. The particle size of AR ranges between 20 and 30 nm. The TGA points thermal decomposition at 210 °C and the metal sulphide peaks in DSC. LC-MS analysis reveals the components of the formulation more on the flavonoid portion. The IC50 value of MTT and SRB are 25.28 μg/mL and 31.7 μg/mL respectively. The AO colorimeter substantiated the cell viability and the apoptosis figures of the same cell line. The AR exhibits cytotoxicity and reaffirms the apoptosis fraction with SRB assay. Conclusions: The Hesperidine, Neohesperidin, Rutin components in the phytochemical pool can synergize the anti-tumour potential with either influencing cellular pathways or decreasing chemo resistance to conventional treatment. AR need to be further experimented with reverse transcription, flow cytometry, western blotting, etc. © 2023 The Authors
Physico-chemical characterization of kajjali, black sulphide of mercury, with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Namrata Joshi; Manoj Kumar Dash; Chandan Upadhyay; Vikas Jindal; Pradip Kumar Panda; Manjari Shukla
Background: Kajjali is used as a base for Ayurvedic herbo-mineral medicines. It is a combination of mercury with sulfur in varying proportions. The ratio of sulfur (S) added to mercury (Hg) directly relates to the therapeutic efficacy of the compound. Objective: To analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of samaguna gandhaka kajjali (Hg: S = 1:1) and shadaguna gandhaka kajjali (Hg: S = 1:6). Materials and methods: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetry analysis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were applied to characterize each type of kajjali. Results: It was found that the particle size of the formed kajjali compound increases with a decrease in the mercury to sulfur ratio. The presence of excess sulfur does not change the surface oxidation states as revealed by the XPS analysis. No trace of mercury has been found in both samaguna gandhaka kajjali (SGK-1) and shadguna gandhaka kajjali (SGK-6), indicating a complete Hg reaction with S. Conclusion: Kajjali simulates nanomaterial of the modern era and possesses therapeutic efficacy as mentioned in classical Ayurveda texts. Complete trituration of mercury and sulfur combination ends up with this kajjali formation incorporating the potency of nanotherapeutics. © 2021 The Authors
Preliminary data on cytotoxicity and functional group assessment of a herb-mineral combination against colorectal carcinoma cell line
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024) Remya Jayakumar; Manoj Kumar Dash; Saumya Gulati; Akanksha Pandey; Surendra Kumar Trigun; Namrata Joshi
Objectives: The invasive screening methods and the late stage diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are contributing for the devastative prognosis. The gradual shift of the disease pattern among younger generations requires the implementation of phytochemicals and traditional medicines. Arkeshwara rasa (AR) is a herb-mineral combination of Tamra bhasma/incinerated copper ashes and Dwigun Kajjali/mercury sulphide levigated with Calotropis procera leaf juice, Plumbago zeylanica root decoction and the decoction of three myrobalans (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Emblica Officinalis decoction)/Triphala decoction. Methods: The SW-480 cell line was checked for the cytotoxicity and the cell viability criteria with MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assay revealed the depth of apoptosis affected cells in the fluorescent images. The FTIR analysis exhibited the graphical spectrum of functional groups within the compound AR. Results: The IC50 from the 10-7 to 10-3 concentrations against SW-480 cells was 40.4μg/mL. The staining of AO/EtBr was performed to visualize live and dead cells and it is evident from the result that number of apoptotic cells increases at increasing concentration of AR. The single bond with stretch vibrations of O-H and N-H are more concentrated in the 2,500-3,200cm-1 and 3,700-4,000cm-1 of the spectra whereas, the finger print region carries the O-H and S=O type peaks. Conclusions: The AR shows strong cyto-toxicity against the SW-480 cells by inducing apoptosis. It also modulates cellular metabolism with the involvement of functional groups which antagonizes the strong acids. Moreover, these effects need to be analyzed further based in the in vivo and various in vitro models. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Screening of anti-cancerous potential of classical Raudra rasa and modified Raudra rasa modified with hiraka bhasma (nanodiamond) through FTIR & LC-MS analysis
(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2022) Manoj Kumar Dash; Namrata Joshi; Vd. Sushil Dubey; Kamal Nayan Dwivedi; Dev Nath Singh Gautam
Objectives: Raudra rasa is an ayurvedic medicine explicitly prescribed for the treatment of arbuda (cancer), whereas hiraka bhasma has the potential to promote cancer healing properties. Together, these two medicines provide multifunction benefits. This paper analyses the functional groups of Raudra rasa modified with hiraka bhasma and compares it with the classically prepared raudra rasa. To identify the functional group, organic ligands, and active compounds present in samples of raudra rasa (CRR) and modified raudra rasa with hiraka bhasma (MRR) contributing to cancer alleviation by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & LC-MS analysis. Methods: Classical raudra rasa (CRR), its ingredients, shadguna kajjali (SK); decoction of Piper betel Linn. (PBD); Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (ASD); Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (BDD); Piper longum Linn. (PLD); cow urine (GM), & similarly modified raudra rasa (MRR), its ingredients, hiraka bhasma (HB); shadguna rasasindura (SHR); water-soluble extract of Piper betel Linn. (PBE); Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (ASE); Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (BDE); cow urine ark (GA); Piper Longum Linn. (PLE) were subjected to FTIR and LC-MS analysis. Results: Among all 15 samples studied, maximum numbers of peaks (21) were seen in MRR indicating a greater number of functional groups. Further, in MRR, a maximum peak in the double bond region is suggestive of its higher stability compared to CRR. Both the compound is preliminarily a mixture of the number of functional groups like; fluoro, methyl, amino, hydroxy, nitro, methylamino, carbonyl, and iodo groups, having known anti-proliferative activities. By the FT-IR analysis, the biologically active compounds in aqueous and methanol extract of CRR & MRR were identified that have anti-cancerous compounds. In the present study, a total of 40 major compounds like alkaloids, amino acid, carboxylic acid, Flavonoids, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, phenylpropanoid, Sphingosine, stilbenoid, sugar, phosphate, terpenoids, vitamin from aqueous & methanol extract of CRR & MRR were identified by LC-MS. Conclusions: This research paper highlights the presence of different functional groups and bioactive compounds known to have anti-cancer activities. Thus, this review suggests future recommendations for the design and development of improved anticancer drugs with higher efficacy. © 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Swarna Bhasma reduces the blood concentration of tumor-specific signatures and protects from hepatocellular damages in Ehrlich ascites mice model
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Namrata Joshi; Pankaj Kumar; Shiwakshi Sharma; Remya Jayakumar; Anand Mishra; V. Harsha; Manoj Kumar Dash
Background: The paradigm shift with alarmingly high rate of global cancer incidences encourages the application of incinerated gold Nano powder, Swarna Bhasma (SB) due to its exceptional potency, affordability, and minimal toxic effects. Previous experimental investigations were unable to provide a biochemical understanding of the anti-carcinogenic properties of SB. Objective: To evaluate the tumour related markers in blood and possible alteration in hepatic parameters due to SB. Methods: EAC (Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma) induced tumour was generated in the female Swiss albino mice divided into 6 groups, namely, Vehicle Control (VC), Disease Control (DC), Standard Control (SC), and Treatment Groups with escalating doses (1.95, 3.9, and 7.8 mg/kg body weight) of SB. Blood serum quantified was measured for the levels of CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen), TNF-α (Tumour Necrosis Factoralpha), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), ALT (Alanine transaminase), and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase). Changes in daily food consumption, body weight, and tumour volume (with Vernier caliper) were coherently studied and analysed. The data was analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's Honest Significance Test. Result: SB demonstrated effective reduction of CEA levels at higher doses, and TNF-α levels at medium doses. Both moderate and high doses exhibited a noteworthy, dosedependent decrease in IL-6 levels. Furthermore, SB led to a dose-dependent reduction in the AST/ALT ratio. A significant reduction in tumour volume were reported in both the moderate and high doses of SB along with marked improvement in anorexia. The higher doses of SB exhibited the serum validated results in the hepatic, renal and the splenic tissues. Conclusion: The anti-carcinogenic activity of SB appeared to be dose-dependent. The finding also underscored the hepato-protective capability of SB in lower dose by alleviating cancer-related liver damage © 2025 The Authors
The Potential Impact of Ayurvedic Traditional Bhasma on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Pathogenesis
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Pankaj Kumar; Remya Jayakumar; Manoj Kumar Dash; Namrata Joshi
The mass casualties caused by the delta variant and the wave of the newer “Omicron” variant of SARS-COV-2 in India have brought about great concern among healthcare officials. The government and healthcare agencies are seeking effective strategies to counter the pandemic. The application of nanotechnology and repurposing of drugs are reported as promising approaches in the management of COVID-19 disease. It has also immensely boomed the search for productive, re-liable, cost-effective, and bio-assimilable alternative solutions. Since ancient times, the traditional-ly employed Ayurvedic bhasmas have been used for diverse infectious diseases, which are now employed as nanomedicine that could be applied for managing COVID-19-related health anomalies. Like currently engineered metal nanoparticles (NPs), the bhasma nanoparticles (BNPs) are also packed with unique physicochemical properties, including multi-elemental nanocrystalline compo-sition, size, shape, dissolution, surface charge, hydrophobicity, and multi-pathway regulatory as well as modulatory effects. Because of these conformational and configurational-based physico-chemical advantages, Bhasma NPs may have promising potential to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the incidence of pneumonia-like common lung infections in children as well as age-related inflammatory diseases via immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and adju-vant-related properties. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
Transmission modes of COVID-19 disease pandemic in the light of ancient wisdom of Ayurveda medicine: a review
(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2022) Namrata Joshi; Manoj Kumar Dash; Remya Jayakumar
Human-to-human transmission of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurs most often when people are in the incubation stage of the disease or are carriers and have no symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 transmission on different levels showed that the cold and dry climate, hot wind and relative humid wind, maximum wind speed, turbulent wind, intensified recirculating flow were causing transmission higher than factors. The role of environmental factors described in Ayurveda like air, water, soil, season, frequent earthquakes, sunlight exposure, frequent thunderstorm with lightening, and factors from arthropods were revalidated in perspective of COVID-19 transmission. The authors searched the information regarding epidemic diseases in Ayurveda textbooks. Pubmed, Science Direct, Wikipedia, Elsevier, Lancet, and Springer were approached for the latest knowledge relating to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Google Scholar search engine was thoroughly checked upon for scientific evidence regarding the Ayurveda drugs. Various environmental factors like soil, air, water, frequent earthquake disasters, wildlife animals, aquatic birds, space, inevitable disastrous factors, weather or seasonal hazards, violent thunderstorm with lightning, intermediate hosts, sunlight exposure etc. were considered for their role in the genesis of the disease. The Ayurvedic concepts behind the etiology and development of epidemics are the same as modern epidemiological theories. The mysteries of many aspects of the current pandemic might be deciphered by traditional medicine knowledge and thus adding upon to the integrative medicine concept. © 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.