Browsing by Author "Neha Chaurasia"

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Active-site plasticity revealed in the asymmetric dimer of AnPrx6 the 1-Cys peroxiredoxin and molecular chaperone from Anabaena sp. PCC 7210
(Nature Publishing Group, 2017) Yogesh Mishra; Michael Hall; Roland Locmelis; Kwangho Nam; Christopher A. G. Söderberg; Patrik Storm; Neha Chaurasia; Lal Chand Rai; Stefan Jansson; Wolfgang P. Schröder; Uwe H. Sauer
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are vital regulators of intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in all living organisms. Their activity depends on one or two catalytically active cysteine residues, the peroxidatic Cys (CP) and, if present, the resolving Cys (CR). A detailed catalytic cycle has been derived for typical 2-Cys Prxs, however, little is known about the catalytic cycle of 1-Cys Prxs. We have characterized Prx6 from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 (AnPrx6) and found that in addition to the expected peroxidase activity, AnPrx6 can act as a molecular chaperone in its dimeric state, contrary to other Prxs. The AnPrx6 crystal structure at 2.3 Å resolution reveals different active site conformations in each monomer of the asymmetric obligate homo-dimer. Molecular dynamic simulations support the observed structural plasticity. A FSH motif, conserved in 1-Cys Prxs, precedes the active site PxxxTxxCp signature and might contribute to the 1-Cys Prx reaction cycle. © 2017 The Author(s).
AhpC (alkyl hydroperoxide reductase) from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 protects Escherichia coli from multiple abiotic stresses
(2009) Yogesh Mishra; Neha Chaurasia; Lal Chand Rai
Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) is known to detoxify peroxides and reactive sulfur species (RSS). However, the relationship between its expression and combating of abiotic stresses is still not clear. To investigate this relationship, the genes encoding the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahpC) from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 were introduced into E. coli using pGEX-5X-2 vector and their possible functions against heat, salt, carbofuron, cadmium, copper and UV-B were analyzed. The transformed E. coli cells registered significantly increase in growth than the control cells under temperature (47 °C), NaCl (6% w/v), carbofuron (0.025 mg ml-1), CdCl2 (4 mM), CuCl2 (1 mM), and UV-B (10 min) exposure. Enhanced expression of ahpC gene as measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR under aforementioned stresses at different time points demonstrated its role in offering tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Author Correction: Active-site plasticity revealed in the asymmetric dimer of AnPrx6 the 1-Cys peroxiredoxin and molecular chaperone from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Scientific Reports (2017) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17044-3)
(Nature Publishing Group, 2018) Yogesh Mishra; Michael Hall; Roland Locmelis; Kwangho Nam; Christopher A. G. Söderberg; Patrik Storm; Neha Chaurasia; Lal Chand Rai; Stefan Jansson; Wolfgang P. Schröder; Uwe H. Sauer
The original version of this Article contained an error in the title of the paper, where "Anabaena sp. PCC 7120" was incorrectly given as "Anabaena sp. PCC 7210". This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information file. © 2018 The Author(s).
Cloning expression and analysis of phytochelatin synthase (pcs) gene from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 offering multiple stress tolerance in Escherichia coli
(2008) Neha Chaurasia; Yogesh Mishra; Lal Chand Rai
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins (PCs), plays role in heavy metal detoxification. The present study describes for first time the functional expression and characterization of pcs gene of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 in Escherichia coli in terms of offering protection against heat, salt, carbofuron (pesticide), cadmium, copper, and UV-B stress. The involvement of pcs gene in tolerance to above abiotic stresses was investigated by cloning of pcs gene in expression vector pGEX-5X-2 and its transformation in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The E. coli cells transformed with pGEX-5X-pcs showed better growth than control cells (pGEX-5X-2) under temperature (47 °C), NaCl (6% w/v), carbofuron (0.025 mg ml-1), CdCl2 (4 mM), CuCl2 (1 mM), and UV-B (10 min) exposure. The enhanced expression of pcs gene revealed by RT-PCR analysis under above stresses at different time intervals further advocates its role in tolerance against above abiotic stresses. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparison and optimization of protein extraction and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protocols for liverworts
(BioMed Central Ltd., 2020) Sandhya Yadav; Akanksha Srivastava; Subhankar Biswas; Neha Chaurasia; Sushil Kumar Singh; Sanjiv Kumar; Vaibhav Srivastava; Yogesh Mishra
Objective: Liverworts possess historical adaptive strategies for abiotic stresses because they were the first plants that shifted from water to land. Proteomics is a state-of-the-art technique that can capture snapshots of events occurring at the protein level in many organisms. Herein, we highlight the comparison and optimization of an effective protein extraction and precipitation protocol for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) of liverworts. Results: We compared three different protein extraction methods, i.e.,1.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) extraction, followed by three precipitation methods, i.e., 80% ethanol, 80% acetone, and 20% tricholoroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone, in a liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta. Among these methods, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) extraction, followed by 20% TCA-acetone precipitation, appeared to be more suitable for 2-DE. Furthermore, we performed modifications during protein washing, re-solubilization in rehydration buffer and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The modifications provided us better results in terms of protein yield, resolution, spot numbers, and intensities for 2-DE gels of D. hirsuta and other two liverworts, i.e., Marchantia paleacea and Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Furthermore, we randomly selected spots from the 2-DE gel of D. hirsuta and identified using mass spectrometry, which confirms the applicability of this protocol for liverworts proteomics. © 2020 The Author(s).
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
(2011) Yogesh Mishra; Michael Hall; Neha Chaurasia; Lal Chand Rai; Stefan Jansson; Wolfgang P. Schröder; Uwe H. Sauer
Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) is a key component of a large family of thiol-specific antioxidant (TSA) proteins distributed among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. AhpC is involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive sulfur species (RSS). Sequence analysis of AhpC from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 shows that this protein belongs to the 1 - Cys class of peroxiredoxins (Prxs). It has recently been reported that enhanced expression of this protein in Escherichia coli offers tolerance to multiple stresses such as heat, salt, copper, cadmium, pesticides and UV-B. However, the structural features and the mechanism behind this process remain unclear. To provide insights into its biochemical function, AhpC was expressed, purified and crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data were collected to a maximum d-spacing of 2.5 Å using synchrotron radiation. The crystal belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 80, b = 102, c = 109.6 Å. The structure of AhpC from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was determined by molecular-replacement methods using the human Prx enzyme hORF6 (PDB entry 1prx) as the template. © 2011 International Union of Crystallography All rights reserved.
Heat pretreatment alleviates UV-B toxicity in the cyanobacterium anabaena doliolum: A proteomic analysis of cross tolerance
(2009) Yogesh Mishra; Neha Chaurasia; Lal Chand Rai
This study offers proteomic elucidation of heat pretreatment-induced alleviation of UV-B toxicity in Anabaena doliolum. Heat-pretreated cells exposed to UV-B showed improved activity of PSI, PSII, whole chain, 14C fixation, ATP and NADPH contents compared to UV-B alone. Proteomic analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), MALDI-TOF MS/MS and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of UV-B and heat pretreatment followed by UV-B-treated cells exhibited significant and reproducible alterations in nine proteins homologous to phycocyanin-α-chain (PC-α-chain), phycoerythrocyanin-α-chain (PEC-α-chain), hypothetical protein alr0882, phycobilisome core component (PBS-CC), iron superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) large chain. Except the PEC-α-chain, hypothetical protein alr0882 and PBS-CC, all other proteins showed upregulation at low doses of UV-B (U2) and significant downregulation at higher doses of UV-B (U5). The disruption of redox status, signaling, pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle appears to be due to the downregulation of Fe-SOD, NDPK, FBA, PRK and RuBisCo thereby leading to the death of Anabaena. In contrast to this, the upregulation of all the above proteins in heat-pretreated cells, harboring different heat shock proteins (HSPs) like 60, 26 and 16.6, followed by UV-B treatment than only the UV-B-treated ones suggests a protective role of HSPs in mitigating UV-B toxicity. © 2008 The American Society of Photobiology.
Integrated proteomics and in-silico analysis unveil the alpha-cypermethrin detoxification mechanism in Graesiella Emersonii
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Ng Kunjarani Chanu; Madan Kumar Mandal; Shilpi Singh; Mukesh Kumar Yadav; Prashant Kumar Singh; Neha Chaurasia
The present study focuses on the response of microalgae Graesiella emersonii NC-M1 to alpha-cypermethrin exposure at the molecular level using 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry and in-silico analysis. The proteins such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit I (+ 1.61), Heat shock proteins 70 (+ 3.01), Cytochrome P450 (+ 2.81), ABC transporters (+ 1.68), Benzoate carboxyl methyltransferase (+ 5.13), and 6(G)-Fructosyltransferase (− 3.95) were advocated as key players against alpha-cypermethrin. The accumulation pattern of these proteins was validated by a gene-expression study using qPCR. Furthermore, in-silico analysis was constructed using 3D modelling of the selected proteins, followed by the model quality assessment. The binding energy between most selected proteins and alpha-cypermethrin shows a strong interaction, except for protein benzoate carboxyl methyltransferase. Docking the ligand and the receptor offers strong binding energy, but the selected ligand, alpha-cypermethrin, is binding at the surface groove/surface-exposed binding pocket or allosteric site of the protein that can modulate other functions. The binding of alpha-cypermethrin on the selected proteins might trigger some defensive mechanism, causing them to up-accumulate under stress. Further, qPCR and docking studies supported the down-accumulation of 6(G)-fucosyltransferase (6G-FT). Taken together, these proteins were involved in the detoxification of the insecticide, DNA damage repair, and maintaining cellular homeostasis, thereby liberating the G. emersonii NC-M1 from stress conditions. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Microbial services in agro-environmental management
(Elsevier, 2019) Antra Chatterjee; Madan Kumar Mandal; Neha Chaurasia
Today global food security holds utmost importance so as to match the rate of increasingly urbanization and growing population, simultaneously increasing new food production strategies for developing countries by following environmentally sustainable approaches. To achieve better crop yield, farmers are extensively applying chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which unwillingly leads to environmental perturbation. The amendment of chemical fertilizers resulted in acidification of soil and eutrophication of aquatic habitats, and it also supports emission of CH4. Microbial biofertilizers is a suitable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizer to achieve high crop production. Microbes from the rhizosphere are known to fix atmospheric nitrogen, releasing plant growth promoters, solubilizing and promoting uptake of essential metals responsible for better plant growth, and hence increasing crop yield. Rice is one of the most important staple foods in Asian countries. Rice cropping systems are the major anthropogenic sources of CH4 emission. The amendment of biochar to paddy field can mitigate CH4 emission and improves soil fertility by rising water holding and nutrient retention capacity of soil. The utilization of pesticide has as its main positive aspects the reduction of vector-borne diseases and increased crop production. But, only a smaller part of total pesticides are applied in the field to target pests and the residuals are distributed throughout the environment, which impinges on the nontarget organisms. Thus degradation of such residual pesticides from the environment is required to protect nontarget organisms. In this perspective, application of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria to degrade residual pesticides is an eco-friendly and imperative approach. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Modulation in growth, oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and morphology reveals higher toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin than chlorpyrifos towards a non-target green alga at high doses
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Prithu Baruah; Akanksha Srivastava; Yogesh Mishra; Neha Chaurasia
Considering the frequent detection of pesticides in the aquatic environment, the ecotoxicological effects of Chlorpyrifos (CHP), an organophosphate, and alpha-cypermethrin (ACM), a pyrethroid, on freshwater microalgae were compared for the first time in this study. High concentrations of both CHP and ACM significantly suppressed the growth of test microalga Graesiella emersonii (p < 0.05). The 96-h EC50 of CHP and ACM were 54.42 mg L−1 and 29.40 mg L−1, respectively. Sub-inhibitory doses of both pesticides increased ROS formation in a concentration-dependent manner, which was accompanied by changes in antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation, and variations in photosynthetic pigment concentration. Furthermore, both pesticides influenced photosystem II performance, oxygen-evolving complex efficiency and, intracellular ATP levels. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that high concentrations of both CHP and ACM caused considerable morphological changes in the microalga. In comparison, CHP was more toxic than ACM at low concentrations, whereas ACM was more toxic at high concentrations. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Overexpression of phytochelatin synthase (pcs) enhances abiotic stress tolerance by altering the proteome of transformed Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
(Springer-Verlag Wien, 2017) Neha Chaurasia; Yogesh Mishra; Antra Chatterjee; Ruchi Rai; Shivam Yadav; L.C. Rai
The present study provides data on the insertion of an extra copy of phytochelatin synthase (alr0975) in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The recombinant strain (AnFPN-pcs) compared to wild type showed approximately 22.3% increase in growth rate under UV-B, NaCl, heat, CuCl2, carbofuran, and CdCl2. It also registered 2.25-fold enhanced nitrogenase activity and 5-fold higher phytochelatin production. A comparison of the protein profile of wild type with the recombinant strain revealed that recombinant strain accumulated proteins belonging to the following categories: (i) detoxification (nutrient stress induced DNA binding protein, Mn-SOD, Alr0946 (CalA)), (ii) protein folding and modification (molecular chaperone DnaK, FKBP-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase), (iii) nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis (dihydroorotase and Ketol-acid reductoisomerase), (iv) photosynthesis and respiration (coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, phycocyanin alpha chain, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase), and (v) transport (sugar transport ATP-binding protein). Thus, it can be concluded that, above category proteins with their respective role in scavenging reactive oxygen species, proper folding of unfolded proteins, and protection of protein from degradation, sustained carbon fixation and energy pool and active transport of sugar together conceivably help the recombinant cyanobacterium (AnFPN-pcs) to cope with abiotic stress employed in the present study. Such recombinant strains have potential for future use as biofertilizer. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Wien.
Proteomic evaluation of the non-survival of Anabaena doliolum (Cyanophyta) at elevated temperatures
(2009) Yogesh Mishra; Poonam Bhargava; Neha Chaurasia; Lal Chand Rai
This paper presents proteomic evidence for the non-survival of Anabaena doliolum at elevated temperatures (43°C, 48°C, 53°C and 58°C), when photosystem II (PSII), carbon fixation, ATP and NADPH contents were significantly decreased. A total of 215,200,261,229 and 99 spots were clearly visible in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) gels of the cyanobacterium from the control and those subjected to 1 h treatment at the above temperatures, respectively. Proteomic analysis using 2DE, MALDI-TOF MS/MS and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of Anabaena exposed to the above temperatures displayed significant and reproducible alterations in 13 proteins homologous to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), keto-acid reductoisomerase, phycocyanin-α-chain, peroxiredoxin, ATP synthase-β-chain, RNA binding protein, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), GroES, phycoerythrocyanin-α-chain, AhpC/TSA family and phycobilisome rod-core linker (PBS-RCL) protein. Except Prx, GroES and ATP synthase-β-chain, other metabolic and oxidative stress proteins were down-regulated at temperatures over 48 C. The down-regulation of FBA, GAPDH, and FBPase beyond 48 C possibly disrupted glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle, thereby leading to the death of Anabaena above 48°C. Notwithstanding the above, an appreciable down-regulation of NDPK (involved in protein phosphorylation) and AhpC/TSA (specific scavenger of reactive sulphur species), may lead to loss of signalling and accumulation of reactive sulphur species, respectively, which contribute further to temperature stress. Appreciable induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), required for maintenance of metabolic proteins during thermal stress, as well as metabolic proteins up to 48°C and their down-regulation at 53°C and 58°C suggested a close interlinking of these proteins. However, down-regulation of HSP60, HSP26 and HSP 16.6 appears to be responsible for cell death. © 2009 British Phycological Society.
Proteomics analysis reveals several metabolic alterations in cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. NC-K1 in response to alpha-cypermethrin exposure
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Ng. Kunjarani Chanu; Madan Kumar Mandal; Akanksha Srivastava; Neha Chaurasia
In the current study, the effect of the EC50 and LC90 concentrations of pyrethroid insecticide alpha-cypermethrin to cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. NC-K1 was investigated at different time exposures (1st day, 4th day and 7th day) with reference to growth, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative damage and antioxidant defence system. Superoxide dismutase (1.38-fold), peroxidase (5.04) and proline content (2.27-fold) were enhanced compared to the control. After performing 2D gel electrophoresis at 1st day EC50 exposure, where appropriate differences in the biochemical and physiological parameters were observed, 22 differentially accumulated proteins (20 upregulated and 2 downregulated) were selected for mass spectrometry. Out of 42 proteins identified, 20 upregulated protein spots were classified into twelve categories according to their metabolic functions. Proteins related to photosynthesis (phycobilisome rod-core linker polypeptide, rubisco), stress responses (Hsp70, Hsp40, catalase family peroxidase), translation (elongation factor Tu) and amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyl transferase) were significantly upregulated. Additionally, proteins involved in transcription and DNA repair (Snf-2 histone linker phd ring helicase, RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoD and Holliday junction ATP-dependent DNA helicase RuvA) were considerably upregulated. Upregulation of these proteins against pesticide stress presumably maintained the photosynthesis, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, transport and signalling proteins, transcription, translation and DNA repair. Additionally, these proteins might involve in sufficient detoxification of ROS and play a crucial role in damage removal and repair of oxidized proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Taken together, Anabaena sp. NC-K1 responded towards alpha-cypermethrin stress via modulating its proteome to maintain its cellular metabolism and homeostasis. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Proteomics Reveals Damaging Effect of Alpha-Cypermethrin Exposure in a Non-Target Freshwater Microalga Chlorella sp. NC-MKM
(Springer, 2023) Ng. Kunjarani Chanu; Madan Kumar Mandal; Akanksha Srivastava; Yogesh Mishra; Neha Chaurasia
Alpha-cypermethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, is frequently used on crops to prevent insect attacks. However, occasionally, due to drift, leaching, or with rainwater, it enters the aquatic environment and poses a serious threat to the growth of non-target aquatic organisms. In the current study, we were interested in investigating the damaging effect of alpha-cypermethrin on a local freshwater non-target green alga Chlorella sp. NC-MKM in terms of its protein levels. This was achieved by exposing Chlorella sp. NC-MKM to an EC50 concentration of alpha-cypermethrin for 1 day, followed by the two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS. Fifty-three proteins, which had showed significant differential accumulation (> 1.5 fold, P < 0.05) after exposure to alpha-cypermethrin, were considered as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs). These DAPs were further divided into several functional categories, and the expressions of each in control and treatment samples were compared. Comparison revealed that alpha-cypermethrin exposure affects the accumulation of proteins related with photosynthesis, stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and transporters, translation, transcription, cell division, lipid metabolism, amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, secondary metabolites production, and post-translational modification, and thus rendered the tested algal isolate sensitive toward this pesticide. The overall findings of this research thus offer a fundamental understanding of the possible mechanism of action of the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin on the microalga Chlorella sp. NC-MKM and also suggest potential biomarkers for the investigation of pesticide exposed microalgae. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Shining bright: B@S-codoped graphitic carbon nitride nanorods illuminate enhanced catalytic C-N bond formation under visible-light
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Neha Chaurasia; Rajesh K. Yadav; Shaifali Mishra; Rehana Shahin; Satyam Singh; Navneet K. Gupta; S.K. Pandey; Mantesh Kumari Yadav; Jin-OoK Baeg; Ahmad J. Obaidullah; Krishna Kumar Yadav
Graphitic carbon nitride as a photocatalyst seeking attention nowadays, due to its thermal stability, band structure, and chemical properties. Herein, we reported a boron sulfur co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (B@S-g-C3N4) photocatalyst synthesized by a one-pot thermal polycondensation mechanism. However, it was observed that due to co-doping in native carbon nitride structure the photocatalytic behavior and the band structure enhanced which was capable of fascinating the demand of organic transformations i.e. photocatalytic and charge transfer capability. The synthesized B@S-g-C3N4 photocatalyst was characterized by UV–vis DRS, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, XPS and electrochemical properties. In addition, the synthesized B@S-g-C3N4 photocatalyst is a metal-free carbon nitride photocatalyst proven to be highly effective in performing organic transformations (conversion yield 98 %) like C-N bond formation under visible light source. © 2024
Thermal burn: An epidemiological retrospective study
(Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2014) S.K. Pandey; Neha Chaurasia; Awdhesh Kumar
The present retrospective study has been conducted in Varanasi area, cases brought to the Department of Forensic Medicine, IMS, BHU, Varanasi for the period of two years i.e. 2009 and 2010.Of the total unnatural deaths reported during the study period deaths due to burn injuries were 17.98 % and 17.07% respectively, showing the more or less steady trend. Burn deaths are usually associated with female and Dowry where female dies in her in-laws house within 7 years of her marriage. Female burn deaths dominated over male in the ratio of 1:4. Most of the deceased were from the married group (73.19%) followed by unmarried (23.55%). Predominant age group found to be 21-30years (45.13%) followed by age group 11-20 and 31-40 years showing almost same rate around 20% reflecting that young adults were more involved in such type of deaths. As regards to place of death only 9.72% died on the spot or on the way to Hospital while 90.28% died in Hospital reflecting the prompt and proper health care services. Whatever the manner of death Female burn deaths are investigated by magistrate as per provision of 176 Cr.P.C.and case registered under 304B IPC (Dowry Death) and Medico legal postmortem examination conducted by panel of Two Doctors, whereas male burn deaths are investigated by police as per provisions of 174 Cr.P.C. as routine case and medico-legal postmortem examination conducted by single doctor. © 2014, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved.
Two Evolutionary Diverged Liverworts that Shared the Same Habitats Developed a Few Distinct Seasonal Adaptive Strategies: Insights from a Transcriptomic Approach
(Springer, 2025) Suvajit Basu; Sandhya Yadav; Vishal Kumar Jha; Subhankar Biswas; Akanksha Srivastava; Kritika Tripathi; Raju Mondal; Neha Chaurasia; Sushil Kumar Singh; Yogesh Mishra
Since liverworts are among the earliest land plants to undergo seasonal fluctuations, they hold the secret to the molecular mechanism behind seasonal adaptation. Depending on their evolutionary histories, different liverwort species may have relatively distinct adaptive mechanisms. We therefore, performed a seasonal transcriptome analysis of two Indian liverworts, Dumortiera hirsuta and Plagiochasma appendiculatum, during their four different growing seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and fruiting season). These two species diverged at different points in their evolutionary history but coexist in the same habitat. Phylogenetic trees and evolutionary timescale analyses showed that D. hirsuta is primitive than P. appendiculatum. The RNA-seq analysis showed that D. hirsuta primarily modifies its transcriptome by differentially regulating growth, metabolism, and stress-responsive genes and related TFs in the post-monsoon but mainly induces specific stress-responsive genes in the fruiting season. This is likely to develop reproductive organs in the post-monsoon season and to strategically adapt to the harsh environmental conditions of both seasons by conserving energy during the fruiting season. Conversely, P. appendiculatum exhibited significant transcriptome variability by modulating the expression of genes with similar functions during both the fruiting and post-monsoon seasons, albeit to a lesser degree than D. hirsuta. This suggests that P. appendiculatum strategically modulated its necessary gene expression levels over an extended period of time while taking energy conservation into consideration in order to survive the harsh conditions of both seasons. This study offers the first comprehensive view of seasonal adaptive strategies employed by two evolutionary diverged liverworts that coexist in the same habitat. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.