Browsing by Author "Neha Singh"

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A comprehensive review of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and concomitant resource recovery
(Elsevier, 2024) Atun Roy Choudhury; Neha Singh; Vihangraj V. Kulkarni; Vishal; Ayushi Gupta; Caitano Jose Fernandes; Subhasmita Sahoo; Sankar Ganesh Palani; Surajit Chakraborty
Due to the ever-rising demand for meat, the number of slaughterhouses and associated wastewater generation have significantly increased in the recent past. Processes such as lairage, sticking, washing, hide storage, and rendering require a huge volume of water. Tentatively, 82%-98% of the entire water consumed (~1100L of freshwater/adult ruminant) for slaughtering and ancillary processes gets converted as wastewater. The typical ranges of the parameters that characterize slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) are: pH: 6.2-7.9, TSS: 14,000-19,000mg/L, TDS: 1200-350,000mg/L, FOG: 12,000-37,000mg/L, COD: 4200-120,000mg/L, BOD: 1800-49,000mg/L, TKN: 120-1105mg/L, TP: 3-305mg/L. Large variations and a severely high concentration of nutrients and FOG complicate the SWW treatment and recovery processes. Formerly, a combination of pretreatment (drum screen, settler, coagulation and flocculation) followed by physical treatment (dissolved air floatation) or biological treatment (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, activated sludge process) was practiced to treat SWW. But the process requires a long start-up, acclimatization period, and large area, yet lacks efficacy, especially in removing TP. So, in recent times, advanced pretreatment by electrocoagulation followed by secondary treatment using an anaerobic baffled reactor or anaerobic sequencing batch reactor is practiced. Further, the treated effluent is subjected to membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis processes. Such a treatment strategy could lead to 90% efficiency or more. The treatment cost is approximately 0.12 USD/KL, which can be further lowered by facilitating energy recovery as methane-rich biogas from the anaerobic process (250mLCH4 gVS−1 SWW). The treated wastewater can be rationally reused to partially compensate for the water demand for in-situ processes such as scalding, chilling, dehairing, slaughter-line rind treatment, carcass dressing, cutting, deboning, and fat plant. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.
A Medical Marvel And Complex Clinical Scenario: The Largest Documented Case of Renal Metastasis from Pleomorphic Adenoma, Weighing 13.5 kg
(Springer, 2025) Lalit Kumar; Rohan Shankar; Neha Singh; Tarun K. Batra
Renal masses weighing as much as 13.5 kg are uncommon in the era of radiological imaging. A 52-year-old male presented with a left renal and parotid tumor with a history of parotidectomy 30 years back. He had an open radical nephrectomy followed by total parotidectomy. The patient had an uneventful recovery without any complications. The histopathology report of the renal tumor came as pleomorphic adenoma, while parotidectomy as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. This case highlights the indolent nature of pleomorphic adenoma presenting as delayed, huge renal metastasis. The thorough evaluation, accurate diagnosis, surgical excision of the tumor, and long-term close surveillance in pleomorphic adenoma are essential. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Indian Association of Surgical Oncology 2025.
An enigmatic pathogenetic mechanism of hypoxia inducible factor - 1/2 alpha in the progression of fibrosis of oral submucous fibrosis and its malignant transformation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Keerthika R; Akhilesh Chandra; Trupti Jain; Neha Singh; Rahul Agrawal
Objective: Oral submucous fibrosis is a frequently reported potentially malignant disorder characterized by fibrosis and a malignant transformation rate of 7–30%. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1/2α in malignant transformation mechanisms of oral submucous fibrosis remains uncharted territory owing to a scarcity of studies. Thus the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1/2α in the progression of fibrosis of oral submucous fibrosis and its malignant transformation. Material and methods: Using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases, full-text articles that investigated hypoxia-inducible factor-1/2α in oral submucous fibrosis were entailed for review. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was employed to evaluate risk of bias in all articles and Review Manager was utilized for meta-analysis. Results: Eighteen and eight qualified articles respectively were included for qualitative and quantitative data synthesis. Progressive upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1/2α in oral submucous fibrosis is associated with fibrosis-induced carcinogenesis. A Random-effects model uncloaked that oral submucous fibrosis cases with significantly increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α had an increased associated risk of malignant transformation compared with controls (combined odds ratio 523.83, 95% confidence interval 125.74- 2182.28, p < 0.00001). Conclusion: The existing evidence substantiates the notion that hypoxia-inducible factor-1/2α, a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism of progression and malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis in the background of fibrosis. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
An Introduction to Salt Stress Perception and Toxicity Level: Worldwide Report at a Glance
(wiley, 2021) Atun Roy Choudhury; Neha Singh; A. Yushi Gupta; Sankar Ganesh Palani
The impact of salt stress is found to be most severe on agricultural crops. Elevated soil salinity hampers the plants in various ways such as osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, retarded cell division, reduced photosynthesis, to name a few. Prolonged exposure provoked the development of a defense mechanism in some species against salt stress and toxicity either by excluding through cells or by enhancing the salt tolerance. Accumulation of excessive salt content in the soil causing direct and indirect adverse effects on flora and fauna is termed as salt stress. Based on the origin and root cause, there are two different categories of salinity, namely, primary and secondary. Hydro-geological activities contribute in escalating soil salinity and sodicity. Salinity issue dominates about 21% of comprehensive land footprint, especially arid regions of Asia and Pacific and areas with impeded drainage. Salt stress induces a diverse range of metabolic and growth-oriented detrimental changes in plants. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ascertaining and Optimizing the Water Footprint and Sludge Management Practice in Steel Industries
(MDPI, 2023) Atun Roy Choudhury; Neha Singh; Arutchelvan Veeraraghavan; Ayushi Gupta; Sankar Ganesh Palani; Mohammad Mehdizadeh; Anahita Omidi; Duraid K. A. Al-Taey
Steelmaking is a water-intensive process. The mean water intake against each ton of steel manufactured is ascertained as between 2 and 20 m3. Primarily, the stated requirement is in the form of make-up water to compensate for evaporation and mechanical losses and does not contribute to wastewater generation. Conversely, unit operations, such as rolling, continuous casting, pickling, etc., generate highly complex wastewater rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), cyanide, ammonia, non-consumed acids, benzene, toluene, xylene, oil, grease, etc. Further, the conjugative wastewater contains a high concentration of metallic oxides, toxic elements, oil, nitrogen, and heavy metals such as zinc, nickel, chromium, etc. These contaminants are generally treated and neutralized using physicochemical and membrane-based systems. This also yields hazardous sludge, which is landfilled, thereby incurring an ancillary financial burden. However, sludge can be a frugal source of extracting multi-dimensional benefits. The present review investigated and identified the most water-intensive and wastewater/sludge-contributing unit operations and proposed a preferential combination of treatments to balance efficacy and economy. Further, the various global practices for sludge recycling and management documented in the existing literature are summarized and ranked with the help of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The findings revealed concrete making and nutrient recovery as the most- and least-preferred recycling alternatives. © 2023 by the authors.
Centella asiatica prevents D-galactose-Induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the adult rat brain
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Zeba Firdaus; Neha Singh; Santosh Kumar Prajapati; Sairam Krishnamurthy; Tryambak Deo Singh
Chronic D-galactose (D-gal) administration causes cognitive impairment and is used widely in animal models for anti-aging studies. Centella asiatica (CA), a traditional herbal medicine, has been used as a brain tonic to enhance memory. This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of an ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica (CAE) against D-gal-induced aging in rats. Healthy male rats were divided into three groups: Control, D-gal, and D-gal + CAE. The Control group received normal saline (i.p.), whereas the D-gal group received D-gal (120 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), and the D-gal + CAE group received D-gal (120 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and CAE (300 mg/kg b.w., orally) daily for 42 days. Behavioral and brain biochemical and histopathological changes were assessed after treatment. The results of the behavioral study depicted that D-gal significantly reduces the spontaneous alternation and locomotor activity indicating behavioral and cognitive impairment. Biochemical studies showed that D-gal significantly increases the oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in rat brain. Histopathological study showed that D-gal disturbs the normal architecture of hippocampal and cortical cells, indicating degeneration in these brain areas. D-gal and CAE co-treatment for 42 days attenuated the behavioral, biochemical, and neuroanatomical impairments caused by the D-gal; it markedly suppresses the D-gal-induced oxidative stress and AChE activity in the brain, and maintains the normal cellular architecture in hippocampal and cortical areas. Thus, this study shows that CAE can protect the brain from the adverse effects of D-gal (e.g., memory loss and cognitive impairment) by modulating AChE activity and oxidative stress. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Clinical profile and response to treatment with pegylated interferon α 2b and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C-A reappraisal from a tertiary care center in northern India
(Elsevier, 2014) Vinod K. Dixit; Jayanta K. Ghosh; Sangey C. Lamtha; Pankaj Kaushik; Sundeep K. Goyal; Manas K. Behera; Neha Singh; Ashok K. Jain
Aim: To assess the clinical profile of 80 chronic hepatitis C patients in a tertiary health care center in Northern India and also to study the efficacy and tolerability of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) α 2b and ribavirin therapy in a cohort of chronic hepatitis C patients. Methods: Thirty subjects with chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) with genotypes 2 and 3 received Peg-IFN α 2b 1.5 μg/kg subcutaneously weekly plus daily ribavirin 800 mg for 24 weeks. Subjects with genotype 1 infection received therapy for 48 weeks with ribavirin 1000 mg/day and Peg-IFN α 2b dose remained the same. The primary end point was the sustained viral response (SVR). Drug dosage was modified or temporarily discontinued if anemia or bone marrow suppression developed. Results: The clinical profile of chronic hepatitis C infected patients showed decompensated cirrhosis in the more elderly patients. Genotype 3 was the commonest genotype and was seen in 21 (70%) patients. The mean baseline HCV RNA was high. SVR was achieved less commonly with genotype 1 than with genotype 2/3. Patients who became negative for HCV RNA at 4-weeks (rapid virological response or RVR) and 12 weeks (early virological response or EVR) of treatment showed significantly higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates. Similarly, patients who showed normalization of ALT level at 4-weeks and 12-weeks of treatment showed significant high rate of SVR. Overall treatment was well tolerated. Conclusion: In our region, CHC subjects have high viral load and genotype 3 being the most common. Treatment with Peg-IFN α 2b and ribavirin is effective and well tolerated. Genotype 1 was more resistant to the treatment. Patients who achieved RVR and EVR are more likely to achieve SVR. Although the numbers of patients in this study was small, considering the paucity of data of treatment from India, the data is relevant. © 2014 INASL.
Comparative evaluation of long-term monotherapies & combination therapies in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A pilot study
(Indian Council of Medical Research, 2016) Manjita Srivastava; Neha Singh; Vinod Kumar Dixit; Gopal Nath; Ashok Kumar Jain
Background & objectives: Reduction of viraemia in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection using nucleoside/nucleotide analogues reduces fatal liver disease-related events, but development of resistance in virus presents serious clinical challenge. Therefore, comparative evaluation of prolonged antiviral monotherapy and combination therapies was prospectively studied to assess their influence on viral suppression, rapidity of response, development of drug resistance and surfacing mutants in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. Methods: A total of 158 (62eAg-ve) chronic hepatitis B patients were prospectively studied for 24 months. Final analysis was performed on patients treated with lamivudine (LAM, n = 28), adefovirdipivoxil (ADV, n = 24), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, n = 26), entecavir (ETV, n = 25), LAM + ADV (n = 28) and LAM + TDF (n = 27). Quantitative hepatitis B virus DNA was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multiple comparisons among drugs and genotypic mutations were analyzed. Results: Progressive biochemical and virological response were noted with all the regimens at 24 months except LAM and ADV which were associated with viral breakthrough (VBT) in 46.4 and 25 per cent, respectively. Mutations: rtM204V (39.3%), M204V+L180M (10.7%) while rtA181V (8.1%) and rtN236T (8.3%) were observed with LAM and ADV regimen, respectively. LAM + ADV combination therapy revealed VBT in seven per cent of the cases without mutations whereas TDF, ETV and LAM + TDF therapies neither showed VBT nor mutations. Interpretation & conclusions: LAM was the least potent drug among all therapeutic options followed by ADV. TDF and ETV were genetically stable antivirals with a strong efficacy. Among newer combination therapies, LAM + TDF revealed more efficacy in virological remission and acted as a profound genetic barrier on long term. Hence, newer generation molecules (TDF, ETV) and effective combination therapy should be a certain choice. © 2016, Indian Council of Medical Research. All rights reserved.
Couple interaction and predicting vulnerability to domestic violence in Uttar Pradesh, India
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2014) Brijesh P. Singh; Kaushalendra K. Singh; Neha Singh
Domestic violence, when conducted against women, is a type of gender-based violence that negatively impacts a woman's physical and psychological health, causing insecurity, lack of safety, and loss of health and self-worth. Domestic violence is an important consideration for sexual, reproductive, and child health, as it can affect contraceptive behaviors of couples as well as levels of infant mortality. In the present analysis, an attempt has been made to study the relationship between women's experience of domestic violence and couple interaction after controlling for certain socioeconomic and demographic variables using logistic regression. This study looks at data from the National Family Health Survey-III conducted from 2005 to 2006 in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. Findings reveal that 43% of women suffer from domestic violence in the society as a whole; however, if a couple makes joint decisions in household matters, the prevalence of domestic violence is observed to be 24% less. Education and occupation of women, standard of living, media exposure, and partner's alcoholic behaviors are also found to be possible predictors of domestic violence. © The Author(s) 2014.
Defluoridation of groundwater using natural adsorbent
(Enviro Media, 2013) Nand Lal Singh; Neha Singh; Sujeet Kumar; P.K. Mishra
Fluoride is the major inorganic pollutant of natural origin found in groundwater. The safe limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.0 mg/L (WHO). Several adsorbent materials have been tried in the past to find out an efficient and economical defluoridating agent. The most commonly used adsorbents are activated alumina and activated carbon. In present work, an effort has been made to remove the fluoride from groundwater by adsorption process. Rice-husk, saw-dust, naphtha ash have been used and adsorption has been studied by varying different parameters. Feasibility of adsorption at groundwater pH has been studied. It was found that among the three, Naphtha-ash acted as a good absorbent. Saw dust and rice husk also worked as good absorbents but saw dust requires contact time of 20 hrs for efficient adsorption while rice husk showed efficiency of 85-90% in contact period of 6hrs only. As Naptha ash is not available easily, and saw dust require a long contact period, rice husk, abundantly available in the region, can be used as a good adsorbent for removal of fluoride from groundwater. Copyright © EM International.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Investigation of Quinazoline Derivatives as Multitargeting Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
(American Chemical Society, 2024) Akash Verma; Digambar Kumar Waiker; Neha Singh; Anima Roy; Namrata Singh; Poorvi Saraf; Bhagwati Bhardwaj; Sairam Krishnamurthy; Surendra Kumar Trigun; Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
An efficient and promising method of treating complex neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the multitarget-directed approach. Here in this work, a series of quinazoline derivatives (AV-1 to AV-21) were rationally designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated as multitargeted directed ligands against human cholinesterase (hChE) and human β-secretase (hBACE-1) that exhibit moderate to good inhibitory effects. Compounds AV-1, AV-2, and AV-3 from the series demonstrated balanced and significant inhibition against these targets. These compounds also displayed excellent blood−brain barrier permeability via the PAMPA-BBB assay. Compound AV-2 significantly displaced propidium iodide (PI) from the acetylcholinesterase-peripheral anionic site (AChE-PAS) and was found to be non-neurotoxic at the maximum tested concentration (80 μM) against differentiated SH-SY5Y cell lines. Compound AV-2 also prevented AChE- and self-induced Aβ aggregation in the thioflavin T assay. Additionally, compound AV-2 significantly ameliorated scopolamine and Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in the in vivo behavioral Y-maze and Morris water maze studies, respectively. The ex vivo and biochemical analysis further revealed good hippocampal AChE inhibition and the antioxidant potential of the compound AV-2. Western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of hippocampal brain revealed reduced Aβ, BACE-1, APP/Aβ, and Tau molecular protein expressions levels. The pharmacokinetic analysis of compound AV-2 demonstrated significant oral absorption with good bioavailability. The in silico molecular modeling studies of lead compound AV-2 moreover demonstrated a reasonable binding profile with AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and stable ligand−protein complexes throughout the 100 ns run. Compound AV-2 can be regarded as the lead candidate and could be explored more for AD therapy. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
Detecting level of genetic differentiation in two closely related species of Drosophila: D. bipectinata and D. malerkotliana
(Serbian Genetics Society, 2016) A.K. Singh; Sanjay Kumar; Neha Singh
A considerable amount of allozyme variation exists among different populations of a Drosophila species. Such allozyme variation can also be observed between two closely related species of Drosophila which show reproductive isolation but experience mating under laboratory conditions and produce hybrids. D. bipectinata and D. malerkotliana are two closely related sympatric species and belong to bipectinata species complex. Allozyme polymorphism studies conducted with them and their hybrids reveal that these two species have enough genetic differentiation due to allozyme variation at three enzyme coding loci; however, their hybrids exhibit common allozyme variants of both the species. The hybrids exhibit very little genetic differentiation from either of their parents.
Diagnostic Utility of Cytomorphometric Evaluation of Exfoliated Oral Mucosal Cells in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
(Springer, 2024) R. Keerthika; Akhilesh Chandra; Mahesh Khairnar; Trupti Jain; Neha Singh; Rahul Agrawal
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the sixth leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Early diagnosis and periodic monitoring are mandatory to prevent complications. The custom of noninvasive exfoliative cytology diagnostic technique is the need of the hour in diabetes, where the invasive methods lose viability. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to analyze the cytomorphometric changes in the exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa, as an adjunct to the diagnosis of type II diabetes. A thorough search was made by using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. Original research articles, that evaluated cytomorphometric parameters (nuclear area, cytoplasmic area, cytoplasmic nuclear ratio) in type II diabetes patients were included in this review. Risk of bias was analysed for each study using Joanna Briggs Institute and Review Manager was used for meta-analysis. All nine subgroups included for qualitative and quantitative data synthesis revealed that there was a significant increase in nuclear area and a decrease in cytoplasmic nuclear ratio in diabetic patients as compared to non-diabetics. Random-effects model also confirmed cytologically altered (nuclear area and cytoplasmic nuclear ratio) parameters to have a significantly increased risk of association with diabetes. Furthermore, these morphometry parameters were also associated with glycemic control and there was no gender disparity among them. Mounting evidence authenticate that cytomorphometric analysis of oral mucosal cells using exfoliative cytology might be aid as an adjunct non-invasive diagnostic tool for type II diabetes. © Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2024.
Evaluation of CERES-Wheat model for different wheat cultivars at Varanasi
(Association of Agrometeorologists, 2016) R.K. Mall; Neha Singh; Hema Singh
[No abstract available]
Expert’s tips on regional blocks in neonates and infants
(Korean Society of Anesthesiologists, 2024) Vrushali Chandrashekhar Ponde; Amrita Rath; Neha Singh
Pediatric regional anesthesia (RA) has emerged as a rapidly advancing dimension within pediatric anesthesia, demanding a continual commitment to knowledge acquisition. This review underscores the contemporary significance of this specialty, focusing on its application in neonates and infants. The primary objective of RA is to address perioperative pain effectively while preserving the delicate physiological balance, thereby enhancing overall patient care. This review explores the advantages offered by RA in this age group. Furthermore, con-ventional, and recently introduced techniques of RA are examined by exploring the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. The aim is to provide clinicians with a nuanced understanding of their applicability in different clinical scenarios. Additionally, the review elu-cidates the unique considerations associated with pediatric RA, acknowledging pediatric pa-tients’ distinctive anatomical and physiological characteristics. The exceptional cases of congenital anomalies and their implications for the choice of RA are considered. An aspect of the review is its focus on dosages of local anesthetics and the volumes required for various blocks in neonates and infants. The dosages for continuous infusion and practical is-sues with infusions are considered. Complications associated with RA are described, along with their prevention and treatment. The review offers pragmatic insights into the selection criteria for various regional blocks, aiding anesthesiologists in making informed decisions tailored to individual patient needs. © The Korean Society of Anesthesiologists, 2024.
Extraction, isolation, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel piperic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
(Springer Nature, 2024) Jitendra Kumar; Gauri Shankar; Sunil Kumar; Jobin Thomas; Neha Singh; Saripella Srikrishna; Jitendra Satija; Sairam Krishnamurthy; Gyan Modi; Sunil Kumar Mishra
In this paper, we developed a series of piperic acid (PA) analogs with the aim of overcoming the limitations associated with the natural products for the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A comprehensive SAR study was performed to enhance cholinesterase inhibition of PA. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition and its kinetic data suggested 6j as the lead molecule (AChE IC50 = 2.13 ± 0.015 µM, BChE = 28.19 ± 0.20%), in comparison to PA (AChE = 7.14 ± 0.98%) which was further selected for various biological studies in AD models. 6j, exhibited interaction with the peripheral anionic site of AChE, BBB permeability (Pe = 7.98), and antioxidant property (% radical scavenging activity = 35.41 ± 1.09, 2.43 ± 1.65, for 6j and PA at 20 Mμ, respectively). The result from the metal chelation study suggests that 6j did not effectively chelate iron. The molecular modeling studies suggested that 6j could effectively interact with Ser293, Phe295, Arg296, and Tyr34 of AChE. In the cell-based cytotoxicity studies, 6j exhibited cytocompatibility at the different tested concentrations. The acute toxicity data on mice suggested that compound 6j had no renal and hepatotoxicity at 500 mg/kg. Moreover, 6j could effectively reverse scopolamine-induced amnesia by improving spatial and cognitive memory in mice. The above results strongly suggest that compound 6j may act as a novel multi-targeted lead for AD therapy. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
Governance Issues for Sustainable Water Management in Rapti River Basin, Uttar Pradesh
(Springer, 2021) Narendra Kumar Rana; Neha Singh
During the last two decades, various key concepts emerged in the field of water management both in developed as well as developing countries. In the developing world compulsion for the integration of ecological, social, and economic aspects of sustainable development in water management led to several debates on the notions of integration, good water governance, and participatory water management. The present empirical study on a small river basin shows that even if integration, good governance, and participation have many potential benefits, these are difficult to achieve in practice. In this context, a critical analysis of water resource management is pertinent. The Rapti is a hill-fed river basin shared by two riparian nations, i.e., India and Nepal. Due to inadequate management, the resource potential of the river basin is not fully utilized, rather the river became a symbol of underdevelopment in the region. With the increasing concentration of anthropogenic activities both at upstream as well as downstream part, river ecology has been continuously degrading and numbers of environmental and social conflicts are emerging. With the help of primary and secondary data, the study highlights how integration is difficult in the case of a river shared by two riparian nations and identified the complexity caused by multiple stakeholders at the basin level. The study also identifies a number of governance issues like, management of floodplains and their resources, compliance to flood forecasting and warning, public utility management within the active channel zones, annual maintenance of river banks, illegal sand mining, integration of development schemes within the context of floodplain environment, livelihood issues and incorporation of community expectations that need to be prioritized for sustainable water management at basin scale at microlevel. Besides, the study highlighted several potential issues for future research. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
Impact of Nanoparticles on Human Health and Environment
(CRC Press, 2023) Sadhna Chauhan; Payal Chakraborty; Chandan Maharana; Neha Singh; Asha Kumari
The advent of a new genre of services and consumer products across many fields is only one way in which nanotechnology has altered the face of the world. The usage of materials with dimension aspects in the nano-range has prompted concerns about worker, consumer, and environmental safety despite their distinct benefits and vast range of uses in the home and industrial sectors. Nanoparticles can affect people and the environment via interactions through a variety of processes because of their tiny size and other new physiochemical properties. Additionally, the features of nanoparticles that determine their toxicity are explored, as well as potential methods by which nanoparticles can enter the human body. There is an urgent requirement to introduce the methodologies that can evaluate the lethal effect of nanoparticles on humans as well as the environment because there is very little information available pertaining to long-term vulnerability to humans. Additionally, methods for reducing human exposure to harmful nanoparticles, including hazard identification and risk assessment, successes, shortcomings, and upcoming difficulties of toxicological investigations including nanoparticles are also discussed in this chapter. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Parul Chaudhary, Anuj Chaudhary, Ashok Kumar Nadda, and Priyanka Khati; individual chapters, the contributors.
Lead optimization based design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as multi-targeting agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment
(Elsevier Masson s.r.l., 2024) Akash Verma; Digambar Kumar Waiker; Neha Singh; Abhinav Singh; Poorvi Saraf; Bhagwati Bhardwaj; Pradeep Kumar; Sairam Krishnamurthy; Saripella Srikrishna; Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
The complexity and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have driven us to further explore quinazoline scaffolds as multi-targeting agents for AD treatment. The lead optimization strategy was utilized in designing of new series of derivatives (AK-1 to AK-14) followed by synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation against human cholinesterase's (hChE) and β-secretase (hBACE-1) enzymes. Amongst them, compounds AK-1, AK-2, and AK-3 showed good and significant inhibitory activity against both hAChE and hBACE-1 enzymes with favorable permeation across the blood-brain barrier. The most active compound AK-2 revealed significant propidium iodide (PI) displacement from the AChE-PAS region and was non-neurotoxic against SH-SY5Y cell lines. The lead molecule (AK-2) also showed Aβ aggregation inhibition in a self- and AChE-induced Aβ aggregation, Thioflavin-T assay. Further, compound AK-2 significantly ameliorated Aβ-induced cognitive deficits in the Aβ-induced Morris water maze rat model and demonstrated a significant rescue in eye phenotype in the Aꞵ-phenotypic drosophila model of AD. Ex-vivo immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis on hippocampal rat brains showed reduced Aβ and BACE-1 protein levels. Compound AK-2 suggested good oral absorption via pharmacokinetic studies and displayed a good and stable ligand-protein interaction in in-silico molecular modeling analysis. Thus, the compound AK-2 can be regarded as a lead molecule and should be investigated further for the treatment of AD. © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS
Management of internal disc derangement using normal saline and sodium hyaluronate: A comparative study
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2021) Neha Singh; Shailendra Dubey; Nilesh Bhanawat; Gaurav Rai; Abhishek Kumar; Ritesh Vatsa
Background: Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the unadorned form of surgical therapy which comprises of lavage of inflammatory enzymes and mediators and improve joint mobility and eliminate pain by pressure of the lavage solution in the upper compartment of TMJ. Objectives: The current study was conducted to assess and compare the effectiveness of arthrocentesis with normal saline alone and in conjunction with sodium hyaluronate (SH) injection in the treatment of internal derangement of the TMJ. Methodology: Sixty patients with internal derangement of the TMJ were randomly divided into two equal groups; Group 1 was performed with normal saline and Group 2 with normal saline followed by 1 ml of SH. The patients were followed up after 1 week to check for any postoperative complications and 1, 2, and 3 months for subsequent sessions and changes in subjective and objective variables. Results: The increase in mouth opening from preoperative to 3 months' postoperatively was 4.9 mm for Group 1 and 6.43 mm for Group 2. The change in the pain score (visual analogue scale scale) in Group 1 from the preoperative session to 3 months' follow-up was 7.23-4.1 and in Group 2 was 7.36-3.7. The difference in clicking/popping in Group 1 from preoperative session to 3 months' follow-up was 2.43-1 and in Group 2 was 2.4-0.53. Conclusion: Patients refractory to conservative treatment showed promising results with arthrocentesis with SH than arthrocentesis alone in treatment of TMJ internal derangement. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.