Browsing by Author "P. Kumar"

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A Mathematical Model for Hyperbolic Space-fractional Bioheat Transfer during Thermal Therapy
(Elsevier Ltd, 2015) P. Kumar; Dinesh Kumar; K.N. Rai
In this paper, we have developed a hyperbolic space-fractional bioheat transfer model based on the single-phase-lagging constitutive relation. The numerical solution of the present problem has been done using fractional backward finite difference scheme and Legendre wavelet Galerkin approach. The effect of fractional parabolic and hyperbolic bioheat transfer model on temperature profile within living biological tissues has been studied and compared with their respective standard cases. Numerical results are presented graphically in both standard and anomalous case for different values of parameters. © 2015 The Authors.
A Novel Transformation: Based on Inverse Trigonometric Lindley Distribution
(Gnedenko Forum, 2022) D. Kumar; P.K. Chaurasia; P. Kumar; A. Chaurasia
As we see that the present era is directly depending upon various kinds of machines. In other words, we can say that we are fully surrounded by machines. Machines are assembled with many components and each component has its own importance. For proper functioning of a machine, these components should be up to date. Therefore, for smooth functioning, we have to make replacement of the component before its failure. In this present paper, we propose a new transformation which is purely based on inverse trigonometry with lindley distribution for the first time and so, named "Inverse Trigonometric Lindley Distribution". It find its various properties like survival function, hazard rate function, moments, conditional moments, order statistics, entropy measurement etc. Maximum likelihood estimator have also considered for estimation of parameter. To know the paternal behavior of the model, different real datasets have been considered. To understand the behavior of estimators at the long run, simulation study is being performed in detail. © 2022 Gnedenko Forum. All Rights Reserved.
A numerical study on dual-phase-lag model of bio-heat transfer during hyperthermia treatment
(Elsevier Ltd, 2015) P. Kumar; Dinesh Kumar; K.N. Rai
The success of hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer depends on the precise prediction and control of temperature. It was absolutely a necessity for hyperthermia treatment planning to understand the temperature distribution within living biological tissues. In this paper, dual-phase-lag model of bio-heat transfer has been studied using Gaussian distribution source term under most generalized boundary condition during hyperthermia treatment. An approximate analytical solution of the present problem has been done by Finite element wavelet Galerkin method which uses Legendre wavelet as a basis function. Multi-resolution analysis of Legendre wavelet in the present case localizes small scale variations of solution and fast switching of functional bases. The whole analysis is presented in dimensionless form. The dual-phase-lag model of bio-heat transfer has compared with Pennes and Thermal wave model of bio-heat transfer and it has been found that large differences in the temperature at the hyperthermia position and time to achieve the hyperthermia temperature exist, when we increase the value of τT. Particular cases when surface subjected to boundary condition of 1st, 2nd and 3rd kind are discussed in detail. The use of dual-phase-lag model of bio-heat transfer and finite element wavelet Galerkin method as a solution method helps in precise prediction of temperature. Gaussian distribution source term helps in control of temperature during hyperthermia treatment. So, it makes this study more useful for clinical applications. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
A study on DPL model of heat transfer in bi-layer tissues during MFH treatment
(Elsevier Ltd, 2016) Dinesh Kumar; P. Kumar; K.N. Rai
In this paper, dual-phase-lag bioheat transfer model subjected to Fourier and non-Fourier boundary conditions for bi-layer tissues has been solved using finite element Legendre wavelet Galerkin method (FELWGM) during magnetic fluid hyperthermia. FELWGM localizes small scale variation of solution and fast switching of functional bases. It has been observed that moderate hyperthermia temperature range (41-46 °C) can be better achieved in spherical symmetric coordinate system and treatment method will be independent of the Fourier and non-Fourier boundary conditions used. The effect of phase-lag times has been observed only in tumor region. FCC FePt magnetic nano-particle produces more effective treatment with respect to other magnetic nano-particles. The effect of variability of magnetic heat source parameters (magnetic induction, frequency, diameter of magnetic nano-particles, volume fractional of magnetic nano-particles and ligand layer thickness) has been investigated. The physical property of these parameters has been described in detail during magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) treatment and also discussed the clinical application of MFH in Oncology. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
Bilateral synchronous testicular germ cell tumours in a patient with bilateral cryptorchidism
(2012) P. Kumar; R. Kumar; S.K. Tiwary; A.K. Khanna
Bilateral testicular tumours are rare, and 80% of bilateral tumours are metachronous. The incidence of testicular tumours is high in cryptorchidism. Synchronous bilateral testicular tumours are rare, and bilateral synchronous testicular tumours in bilateral cryptorchidism extremely rare, probably not reported previously.
Classical and Bayesian Estimation of Parameter of SSE(ε)-distribution Under Type-II Censored Data
(Gnedenko Forum, 2022) P. Kumar; D. Kumar; P. Kumar; U. Singh
In this present piece of work, we have considered a lifetime distribution based on trigonometric function called SSE(ε)-distribution and discuss its various properties which have not been added previously by host as well as any other authors. This distribution is useful and a good contribution in research under trigonometric function. We are deriving some more useful properties such as moments, conditional moments, mean deviation about mean, mean deviation about median, order statistics etc. Estimation of parameter has been done for both classical and Bayesian paradigms under Type-II censored sample. Simulation study has also been carried out to know the progress of the estimators in the sense of having smallest risk (over the sample space) at the long-run use. © 2022 Reliability: Theory and Applications. All rights reserved.
Clinical significance of kidney biopsy in acute renal failure (ARF)
(1992) J. Prakash; K. Tripathi; U. Kumar; P. Kumar
[No abstract available]
Comprehensive evaluation of soil moisture retrieval models under different crop cover types using C-band synthetic aperture radar data
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2019) P. Kumar; R. Prasad; A. Choudhary; D.K. Gupta; V.N. Mishra; A.K. Vishwakarma; A.K. Singh; P.K. Srivastava
In the present study, random forest regression (RFR), support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network regression (ANNR) models were evaluated for the retrieval of soil moisture covered by winter wheat, barley and corn crops. SVR with radial basis function kernel was provided the highest adj. R2 (0.95) value for soil moisture retrieval covered by the wheat crop at VV polarization. However, RFR provided the adj. R2 (0.94) value for soil moisture retrieval covered by barley crop at VV polarization using Sentinel-1A satellite data. The adj. R2 (0.94) values were found for the soil moisture covered by corn crop at VV polarization using RFR, SVR linear and radial basis function kernels. The least performance was reported using ANNR model for almost all the crops under investigation. The soil moisture retrieval outcomes were found better at VV polarization in comparison to VH polarization using three different models. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Crataeva nurvala Hook and Forst (Varuna)-the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders
(1982) P.J. Deshpande; M. Sahu; P. Kumar
[No abstract available]
Crop variables estimation by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system using bistatic scatterometer data
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) D.K. Gupta; R. Prasad; P. Kumar; V.N. Mishra; P.K.S. Dikshit; S.B. Dwivedi; A. Ohri; R.S. Singh; V. Srivastav; Prashant Kumar Srivastava
The aim of present study is to estimate the crop variables by means of high performing technique like adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) using the bistatic scatterometer data. An outdoor 4×4 m2 crop bed of rice crop was prepared for performing all the experiments. The bistatic measurements were carried out over the entire growing stages of the rice crop from transplanting to ripening stage at the angular range of 200 to 700 with the steps 50 at both HH- and VV-polarizations in X-band. The ANFIS algorithm was used for the estimation of rice crop variables. The observed bistatic scattering coefficients and crop variables (biomass, leaf area index, plant height and chlorophyll content) were interpolated with the phenological stages of the rice crop. The 80% data sets were used for training while the remaining 20% were kept separately for the testing purposes. The bistatic scattering coefficients were used as the input data sets and the rice crop variables as the target data sets of fuzzy inference system for both the polarizations. The estimated values were found closer to the observed values of rice crop variables that indicate a satisfactory performance of ANFIS algorithm for estimating rice crop variables. © 2015 IEEE.
Deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) near detector conceptual design report
(MDPI, 2021) A. Abed Abud; B. Abi; R. Acciarri; M.A. Acero; G. Adamov; D. Adams; M. Adinolfi; A. Aduszkiewicz; Z. Ahmad; J. Ahmed; T. Alion; S. Alonso Monsalve; M. Alrashed; C. Alt; A. Alton; P. Amedo; J. Anderson; C. Andreopoulos; M.P. Andrews; F. Andrianala; S. Andringa; N. Anfimov; A. Ankowski; M. Antonova; S. Antusch; A. Aranda-Fernandez; A. Ariga; L.O. Arnold; M.A. Arroyave; J. Asaadi; A. Aurisano; V. Aushev; D. Autiero; M. Ayala-Torres; F. Azfar; A. Back; H. Back; J.J. Back; C. Backhouse; P. Baesso; I. Bagaturia; L. Bagby; S. Balasubramanian; P. Baldi; B. Baller; B. Bambah; F. Barao; G. Barenboim; G.J. Barker; W. Barkhouse; C. Barnes; G. Barr; J. Barranco Monarca; N. Barros; J.L. Barrow; A. Basharina-Freshville; A. Bashyal; V. Basque; E. Belchior; J.B.R. Battat; F. Battisti; F. Bay; J. L. Bazo Alba; J.F. Beacom; E. Bechetoille; B. Behera; L. Bellantoni; G. Bellettini; V. Bellini; O. Beltramello; D. Belver; N. Benekos; F. Bento Neves; S. Berkman; P. Bernardini; R.M. Berner; H. Berns; S. Bertolucci; M. Betancourt; A. Betancur Rodríguez; M. Bhattacharjee; S. Bhuller; B. Bhuyan; S. Biagi; J. Bian; M. Biassoni; K. Biery; B. Bilki; M. Bishai; A. Bitadze; A. Blake; F.D.M. Blaszczyk; G.C. Blazey; E. Blucher; J. Boissevain; S. Bolognesi; T. Bolton; L. Bomben; M. Bonesini; M. Bongrand; F. Bonini; A. Booth; C. Booth; S. Bordoni; A. Borkum; T. Boschi; N. Bostan; P. Bour; C. Bourgeois; S.B. Boyd; D. Boyden; J. Bracinik; D. Braga; D. Brailsford; A. Brandt; J. Bremer; C. Brew; E. Brianne; S.J. Brice; C. Brizzolari; C. Bromberg; G. Brooijmans; J. Brooke; A. Bross; G. Brunetti; M. Brunetti; N. Buchanan; H. Budd; I. Cagnoli; D. Caiulo; P. Calafiura; J. Calcutt; M. Calin; S. Calvez; E. Calvo; A. Caminata; M. Campanelli; K. Cankocak; D. Caratelli; G. Carini; B. Carlus; P. Carniti; I. Caro Terrazas; H. Carranza; T. Carroll; J.F. Castaño Forero; A. Castillo; C. Castromonte; E. Catano-Mur; C. Cattadori; F. Cavalier; F. Cavanna; S. Centro; G. Cerati; A. Cervelli; A. Cervera Villanueva; M. Chalifour; A. Chappell; E. Chardonnet; N. Charitonidis; A. Chatterjee; S. Chattopadhyay; H. Chen; M. Chen; Y. Chen; Z. Chen; D. Cherdack; C. Chi; S. Childress; A. Chiriacescu; G. Chisnall; K. Cho; S. Choate; D. Chokheli; S. Choubey; A. Christensen; D. Christian; G. Christodoulou; A. Chukanov; E. Church; V. Cicero; P. Clarke; T.E. Coan; A.G. Cocco; J.A.B. Coelho; E. Conley; R. Conley; J.M. Conrad; M. Convery; S. Copello; L. Corwin; L. Cremaldi; L. Cremonesi; J.I. Crespo-Anadón; E. Cristaldo; R. Cross; A. Cudd; C. Cuesta; Y. Cui; D. Cussans; M. Dabrowski; O. Dalager; H. Da Motta; L. Da Silva Peres; C. David; Q. David; G.S. Davies; S. Davini; J. Dawson; K. De; R.M. De Almeida; P. Debbins; I. De Bonis; M.P. Decowski; A. De Gouvêa; P.C. De Holanda; I.L. De Icaza Astiz; A. Deisting; P. De Jong; A. Delbart; D. Delepine; M. Delgado; A. Dell’Acqua; P. De Lurgio; J.R.T. De Mello Neto; D.M. De Muth; S. Dennis; C. Densham; G.W. Deptuch; A. De Roeck; V. De Romeri; G. De Souza; R. Dharmapalan; F. Diaz; J.S. Díaz; S. Di Domizio; L. Di Giulio; P. Ding; L. Di Noto; C. Distefano; R. Diurba; M. Diwan; Z. Djurcic; N. Dokania; S. Dolan; M.J. Dolinski; L. Domine; D. Douglas; D. Douillet; G. Drake; F. Drielsma; D. Duchesneau; K. Duffy; P. Dunne; T. Durkin; H. Duyang; O. Dvornikov; D.A. Dwyer; A.S. Dyshkant; M. Eads; A. Earle; D. Edmunds; J. Eisch; L. Emberger; S. Emery; A. Ereditato; C.O. Escobar; G. Eurin; J.J. Evans; E. Ewart; A.C. Ezeribe; K. Fahey; A. Falcone; C. Farnese; Y. Farzan; J. Felix; M. Fernandes Carneiro Da Silva; E. Fernandez-Martinez; P. Fernandez Menendez; F. Ferraro; L. Fields; F. Filthaut; A. Fiorentini; R.S. Fitzpatrick; W. Flanagan; B. Fleming; R. Flight; D.V. Forero; J. Fowler; W. Fox; J. Franc; K. Francis; D. Franco; J. Freeman; J. Freestone; J. Fried; A. Friedland; S. Fuess; I. Furic; A.P. Furmanski; A. Gabrielli; A. Gago; H. Gallagher; A. Gallas; A. Gallego-Ros; N. Gallice; V. Galymov; E. Gamberini; T. Gamble; R. Gandhi; R. Gandrajula; F. Gao; S. Gao; D. Garcia-Gamez; M.Á. García-Peris; S. Gardiner; D. Gastler; G. Ge; B. Gelli; A. Gendotti; S. Gent; Z. Ghorbani-Moghaddam; D. Gibin; I. Gil-Botella; S. Gilligan; C. Girerd; A.K. Giri; D. Gnani; O. Gogota; M. Gold; S. Gollapinni; K. Gollwitzer; R.A. Gomes; L.V. Gomez Bermeo; L.S. Gomez Fajardo; F. Gonnella; J.A. Gonzalez-Cuevas; D. Gonzalez-Diaz; M. Gonzalez-Lopez; M.C. Goodman; O. Goodwin; S. Goswami; C. Gotti; E. Goudzovski; C. Grace; M. Graham; R. Gran; E. Granados; P. Granger; A. Grant; C. Grant; D. Gratieri; P. Green; L. Greenler; J. Greer; W.C. Griffith; M. Groh; J. Grudzinski; K. Grzelak; W. Gu; V. Guarino; R. Guenette; E. Guerard; M. Guerzoni; A. Guglielmi; B. Guo; K.K. Guthikonda; R. Gutierrez; P. Guzowski; M.M. Guzzo; S. Gwon; A. Habig; H. Hadavand; R. Haenni; A. Hahn; J. Haiston; P. Hamacher-Baumann; T. Hamernik; P. Hamilton; J. Han; D.A. Harris; J. Hartnell; J. Harton; T. Hasegawa; C. Hasnip; R. Hatcher; K.W. Hatfield; A. Hatzikoutelis; C. Hayes; E. Hazen; A. Heavey; K.M. Heeger; J. Heise; K. Hennessy; S. Henry; M.A. Hernandez Morquecho; K. Herner; L. Hertel; J. Hewes; A. Higuera; T. Hill; S.J. Hillier; A. Himmel; J. Hoff; C. Hohl; A. Holin; E. Hoppe; G.A. Horton-Smith; M. Hostert; A. Hourlier; B. Howard; R. Howell; J. Huang; J. Huang; J. Hugon; G. Iles; N. Ilic; A.M. Iliescu; R. Illingworth; G. Ingratta; A. Ioannisian; L. Isenhower; R. Itay; A. Izmaylov; S. Jackson; V. Jain; E. James; B. Jargowsky; F. Jediny; D. Jena; Y.S. Jeong; C. Jesús-Valls; X. Ji; L. Jiang; S. Jiménez; A. Jipa; R. Johnson; N. Johnston; B. Jones; S.B. Jones; M. Judah; C.K. Jung; T. Junk; Y. Jwa; M. Kabirnezhad; A. Kaboth; I. Kadenko; I. Kakorin; F. Kamiya; N. Kaneshige; G. Karagiorgi; G. Karaman; A. Karcher; M. Karolak; Y. Karyotakis; S. Kasai; S.P. Kasetti; L. Kashur; N. Kazaryan; E. Kearns; P. Keener; K.J. Kelly; E. Kemp; O. Kemularia; W. Ketchum; S.H. Kettell; M. Khabibullin; A. Khotjantsev; A. Khvedelidze; D. Kim; B. King; B. Kirby; M. Kirby; J. Klein; K. Koehler; L.W. Koerner; S. Kohn; P.P. Koller; L. Kolupaeva; M. Kordosky; T. Kosc; U. Kose; V.A. Kostelecký; K. Kothekar; F. Krennrich; I. Kreslo; Y. Kudenko; V.A. Kudryavtsev; S. Kulagin; J. Kumar; P. Kumar; R. Kumar; P. Kunze; N. Kurita; C. Kuruppu; V. Kus; T. Kutter; A. Lambert; B. Land; K. Lande; C.E. Lane; K. Lang; T. Langford; J. Larkin; P. Lasorak; D. Last; C. Lastoria; A. Laundrie; G. Laurenti; A. Lawrence; I. Lazanu; R. Lazur; T. Le; S. Leardini; J. Learned; P. Lebrun; T. Lecompte; G. Lehmann Miotto; R. Lehnert; M.A. Leigui De Oliveira; M. Leitner; L. Li; S.W. Li; T. Li; Y. Li; H. Liao; C.S. Lin; Q. Lin; S. Lin; A. Lister; B.R. Littlejohn; J. Liu; S. Lockwitz; T. Loew; M. Lokajicek; I. Lomidze; K. Long; K. Loo; D. Lorca; T. Lord; J.M. Losecco; W.C. Louis; X.-G. Lu; K.B. Luk; X. Luo; N. Lurkin; T. Lux; V.P. Luzio; D. Macfarlane; A.A. Machado; P. Machado; C.T. Macias; J.R. Macier; A. Maddalena; A. Madera; P. Madigan; S. Magill; K. Mahn; A. Maio; A. Major; J.A. Maloney; G. Mandrioli; R.C. Mandujano; J. Maneira; L. Manenti; S. Manly; A. Mann; K. Manolopoulos; M. Manrique Plata; V.N. Manyam; L. Manzanillas; M. Marchan; A. Marchionni; W. Marciano; D. Marfatia; C. Mariani; J. Maricic; R. Marie; F. Marinho; A.D. Marino; D. Marsden; M. Marshak; C.M. Marshall; J. Marshall; J. Marteau; J. Martin-Albo; N. Martinez; D.A. Martinez Caicedo; S. Martynenko; K. Mason; A. Mastbaum; M. Masud; S. Matsuno; J. Matthews; C. Mauger; N. Mauri; K. Mavrokoridis; I. Mawby; R. Mazza; A. Mazzacane; E. Mazzucato; T. McAskill; E. McCluskey; N. McConkey; K.S. McFarland; C. McGrew; A. McNab; A. Mefodiev; P. Mehta; P. Melas; O. Mena; S. Menary; H. Mendez; D.P. Méndez; A. Menegolli; G. Meng; M.D. Messier; W. Metcalf; T. Mettler; M. Mewes; H. Meyer; T. Miao; G. Michna; T. Miedema; J. Migenda; V. Mikola; R. Milincic; W. Miller; J. Mills; C. Milne; O. Mineev; O.G. Miranda; S. Miryala; C.S. Mishra; S.R. Mishra; A. Mislivec; D. Mladenov; I. Mocioiu; K. Moffat; N. Moggi; R. Mohanta; T.A. Mohayai; N. Mokhov; J. Molina; L. Molina Bueno; A. Montanari; C. Montanari; D. Montanari; E. Montagna; L.M. Montano Zetina; J. Moon; M. Mooney; A.F. Moor; D. Moreno; C. Morris; C. Mossey; E. Motuk; C.A. Moura; J. Mousseau; W. Mu; L. Mualem; J. Mueller; M. Muether; S. Mufson; F. Muheim; A. Muir; M. Mulhearn; D. Munford; H. Muramatsu; S. Murphy; J. Musser; J. Nachtman; S. Nagu; M. Nalbandyan; R. Nandakumar; D. Naples; S. Narita; D. Navas-Nicolás; A. Navrer-Agasson; N. Nayak; M. Nebot-Guinot; K. Negishi; J.K. Nelson; J. Nesbit; M. Nessi; D. Newbold; M. Newcomer; D. Newhart; H. Newton; M. Niccolo; R. Nichol; F. Nicolas-Arnaldos; M. Nicoletta; E. Niner; K. Nishimura; A. Norman; A. Norrick; R. Northrop; P. Novella; J.A. Nowak; M. Oberling; J.P. Ochoa-Ricoux; A. Olivares Del Campo; A. Olivier; A. Olshevskiy; Y. Onel; Y. Onishchuk; J. Ott; L. Pagani; S. Pakvasa; G. Palacio; O. Palamara; S. Palestini; J.M. Paley; M. Pallavicini; C. Palomares; J.L. Palomino-Gallo; E. Pantic; V. Paolone; V. Papadimitriou; R. Papaleo; A. Papanestis; S. Paramesvaran; S. Parke; Z. Parsa; M. Parvu; S. Pascoli; L. Pasqualini; J. Pasternak; J. Pater; C. Patrick; L. Patrizii; R.B. Patterson; S.J. Patton; T. Patzak; A. Paudel; B. Paulos; L. Paulucci; Z. Pavlovic; G. Pawloski; D. Payne; V. Pec; S.J.M. Peeters; E. Pennacchio; A. Penzo; O.L.G. Peres; J. Perry; D. Pershey; G. Pessina; G. Petrillo; C. Petta; R. Petti; F. Piastra; L. Pickering; F. Pietropaolo; R. Plunkett; R. Poling; X. Pons; N. Poonthottathil; F. Poppi; S. Pordes; J. Porter; M. Potekhin; R. Potenza; B.V.K.S. Potukuchi; J. Pozimski; M. Pozzato; S. Prakash; T. Prakash; S. Prince; D. Pugnere; X. Qian; M.C. Queiroga Bazetto; J.L. Raaf; V. Radeka; J. Rademacker; B. Radics; A. Rafique; E. Raguzin; M. Rai; M. Rajaoalisoa; I. Rakhno; A. Rakotonandrasana; L. Rakotondravohitra; Y.A. Ramachers; R. Rameika; M.A. Ramirez Delgado; B. Ramson; A. Rappoldi; G. Raselli; P. Ratoff; S. Raut; R.F. Razakamiandra; J.S. Real; B. Rebel; M. Reggiani-Guzzo; T. Rehak; J. Reichenbacher; S.D. Reitzner; H. Rejeb Sfar; A. Renshaw; S. Rescia; F. Resnati; A. Reynolds; C. Riccio; G. Riccobene; L.C.J. Rice; J. Ricol; A. Rigamonti; Y. Rigaut; D. Rivera; L. Rochester; M. Roda; P. Rodrigues; M.J. Rodriguez Alonso; E. Rodriguez Bonilla; J. Rodriguez Rondon; S. Rosauro-Alcaraz; M. Rosenberg; P. Rosier; B. Roskovec; M. Rossella; J. Rout; P. Roy; S. Roy; A. Rubbia; C. Rubbia; F.C. Rubio; B. Russell; D. Ruterbories; R. Saakyan; S. Sacerdoti; T. Safford; R. Sahay; N. Sahu; P. Sala; N. Samios; O. Samoylov; M.C. Sanchez; D.A. Sanders; D. Sankey; S. Santana; M. Santos-Maldonado; N. Saoulidou; P. Sapienza; C. Sarasty; I. Sarcevic; G. Savage; V. Savinov; A. Scaramelli; A. Scarff; A. Scarpelli; T. Schaffer; H. Schellman; P. Schlabach; D. Schmitz; K. Scholberg; A. Schukraft; E. Segreto; J. Sensenig; I. Seong; A. Sergi; D. Sgalaberna; M.H. Shaevitz; S. Shafaq; M. Shamma; R. Sharankova; H.R. Sharma; R. Sharma; T. Shaw; C. Shepherd-Themistocleous; S. Shin; D. Shooltz; R. Shrock; L. Simard; F. Simon; N. Simos; J. Sinclair; G. Sinev; J. Singh; J. Singh; V. Singh; R. Sipos; F.W. Sippach; G. Sirri; A. Sitraka; K. Siyeon; K. Skarpaas; A. Smith; E. Smith; P. Smith; J. Smolik; M. Smy; E.L. Snider; P. Snopok; M. Soares Nunes; H. Sobel; M. Soderberg; C.J. Solano Salinas; S. Söldner-Rembold; S. Soleti; N. Solomey; V. Solovov; W.E. Sondheim; M. Sorel; J. Soto-Oton; A. Sousa; K. Soustruznik; F. Spagliardi; M. Spanu; J. Spitz; N.J.C. Spooner; K. Spurgeon; R. Staley; M. Stancari; L. Stanco; R. Stanley; R. Stein; H.M. Steiner; J. Stewart; B. Stillwell; J. Stock; F. Stocker; T. Stokes; M. Strait; T. Strauss; S. Striganov; A. Stuart; J.G. Suarez; H. Sullivan; D. Summers; A. Surdo; V. Susic; L. Suter; C.M. Sutera; R. Svoboda; B. Szczerbinska; A.M. Szelc; R. Talaga; H.A. Tanaka; B. Tapia Oregui; A. Tapper; S. Tariq; E. Tatar; R. Tayloe; A.M. Teklu; M. Tenti; K. Terao; C.A. Ternes; F. Terranova; G. Testera; A. Thea; J.L. Thompson; C. Thorn; S.C. Timm; J. Todd; A. Tonazzo; D. Torbunov; M. Torti; M. Tortola; F. Tortorici; D. Totani; M. Toups; C. Touramanis; N. Tosi; R. Travaglini; J. Trevor; S. Trilov; W.H. Trzaska; Y.T. Tsai; Z. Tsamalaidze; K.V. Tsang; N. Tsverava; S. Tufanli; C. Tull; E. Tyley; M. Tzanov; M.A. Uchida; J. Urheim; T. Usher; S. Uzunyan; M.R. Vagins; P. Vahle; G.A. Valdiviesso; E. Valencia; P. Valerio; Z. Vallari; J.W.F. Valle; S. Vallecorsa; R. Van Berg; R.G. Van De Water; F. Varanini; D. Vargas; G. Varner; J. Vasel; S. Vasina; G. Vasseur; N. Vaughan; K. Vaziri; S. Ventura; A. Verdugo; S. Vergani; M.A. Vermeulen; M. Verzocchi; M. Vicenzi; H. Vieira De Souza; C. Vignoli; C. Vilela; B. Viren; T. Vrba; T. Wachala; A.V. Waldron; M. Wallbank; H. Wang; J. Wang; L. Wang; M.H.L.S. Wang; Y. Wang; Y. Wang; K. Warburton; D. Warner; M. Wascko; D. Waters; A. Watson; P. Weatherly; A. Weber; M. Weber; H. Wei; A. Weinstein; D. Wenman; M. Wetstein; A. White; L.H. Whitehead; D. Whittington; M.J. Wilking; C. Wilkinson; Z. Williams; F. Wilson; R.J. Wilson; J. Wolcott; T. Wongjirad; A. Wood; K. Wood; E. Worcester; M. Worcester; C. Wret; W. Wu; W. Wu; Y. Xiao; E. Yandel; G. Yang; K. Yang; S. Yang; T. Yang; A. Yankelevich; N. Yershov; K. Yonehara; T. Young; B. Yu; H. Yu; J. Yu; W. Yuan; R. Zaki; J. Zalesak; L. Zambelli; B. Zamorano; A. Zani; L. Zazueta; G. Zeit; G.P. Zeller; J. Zennamo; K. Zeug; C. Zhang; M. Zhao; E. Zhivun; G. Zhu; P. Zilberman; E.D. Zimmerman; M. Zito; S. Zucchelli; J. Zuklin; V. Zutshi; R. Zwaska
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international, world-class experiment aimed at exploring fundamental questions about the universe that are at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics research. DUNE will study questions pertaining to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of supernovae, the subtleties of neutrino interaction physics, and a number of beyond the Standard Model topics accessible in a powerful neutrino beam. A critical component of the DUNE physics program involves the study of changes in a powerful beam of neutrinos, i.e., neutrino oscillations, as the neutrinos propagate a long distance. The experiment consists of a near detector, sited close to the source of the beam, and a far detector, sited along the beam at a large distance. This document, the DUNE Near Detector Conceptual Design Report (CDR), describes the design of the DUNE near detector and the science program that drives the design and technology choices. The goals and requirements underlying the design, along with projected performance are given. It serves as a starting point for a more detailed design that will be described in future documents. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC
(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2022) A. Abed Abud; B. Abi; R. Acciarri; M.A. Acero; M.R. Adames; G. Adamov; D. Adams; M. Adinolfi; A. Aduszkiewicz; J. Aguilar; Z. Ahmad; J. Ahmed; B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh; T. Alion; K. Allison; S. Alonso Monsalve; M. Alrashed; C. Alt; A. Alton; P. Amedo; J. Anderson; C. Andreopoulos; M. Andreotti; M.P. Andrews; F. Andrianala; S. Andringa; N. Anfimov; A. Ankowski; M. Antoniassi; M. Antonova; A. Antoshkin; S. Antusch; A. Aranda-Fernandez; A. Ariga; L.O. Arnold; M.A. Arroyave; J. Asaadi; L. Asquith; A. Aurisano; V. Aushev; D. Autiero; M. Ayala-Torres; F. Azfar; A. Back; H. Back; J.J. Back; C. Backhouse; P. Baesso; I. Bagaturia; L. Bagby; N. Balashov; S. Balasubramanian; P. Baldi; B. Baller; B. Bambah; F. Barao; G. Barenboim; G.J. Barker; W. Barkhouse; C. Barnes; G. Barr; J. Barranco Monarca; A. Barros; N. Barros; J.L. Barrow; A. Basharina-Freshville; A. Bashyal; V. Basque; E. Belchior; J.B.R. Battat; F. Battisti; F. Bay; J.L. Bazo Alba; J.F. Beacom; E. Bechetoille; B. 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Ferraro; L. Fields; P. Filip; F. Filthaut; A. Fiorentini; M. Fiorini; R.S. Fitzpatrick; W. Flanagan; B. Fleming; R. Flight; D.V. Forero; J. Fowler; W. Fox; J. Franc; K. Francis; D. Franco; J. Freeman; J. Freestone; J. Fried; A. Friedland; F. Fuentes Robayo; S. Fuess; I. Furic; A.P. Furmanski; A. Gabrielli; A. Gago; H. Gallagher; A. Gallas; A. Gallego-Ros; N. Gallice; V. Galymov; E. Gamberini; T. Gamble; F. Ganacim; R. Gandhi; R. Gandrajula; F. Gao; S. Gao; A.C.B. Garcia; D. Garcia-Gamez; M.Á. García-Peris; S. Gardiner; D. Gastler; J. Gauvreau; G. Ge; B. Gelli; A. Gendotti; S. Gent; Z. Ghorbani-Moghaddam; P. Giammaria; T. Giammaria; D. Gibin; I. Gil-Botella; S. Gilligan; C. Girerd; A.K. Giri; D. Gnani; O. Gogota; M. Gold; S. Gollapinni; K. Gollwitzer; R.A. Gomes; L.V. Gomez Bermeo; L.S. Gomez Fajardo; F. Gonnella; J.A. Gonzalez-Cuevas; D. Gonzalez Diaz; M. Gonzalez-Lopez; M.C. Goodman; O. Goodwin; S. Goswami; C. Gotti; E. Goudzovski; C. Grace; M. Graham; R. Gran; E. Granados; P. 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Rice; J. Ricol; A. Rigamonti; Y. Rigaut; D. Rivera; A. Robert; L. Rochester; M. Roda; P. Rodrigues; M.J. Rodriguez Alonso; E. Rodriguez Bonilla; J. Rodriguez Rondon; L.A. Romo Villa; S. Rosauro-Alcaraz; M. Rosenberg; P. Rosier; B. Roskovec; M. Rossella; M. Rossi; J. Rout; P. Roy; S. Roy; A. Rubbia; C. Rubbia; F.C. Rubio; B. Russell; D. Ruterbories; A. Rybnikov; A. Saa-Hernandez; R. Saakyan; S. Sacerdoti; T. Safford; N. Sahu; P. Sala; N. Samios; O. Samoylov; M.C. Sanchez; V. Sandberg; D.A. Sanders; D. Sankey; S. Santana; M. Santos-Maldonado; N. Saoulidou; P. Sapienza; C. Sarasty; I. Sarcevic; G. Savage; V. Savinov; A. Scaramelli; A. Scarff; A. Scarpelli; T. Schaffer; H. Schellman; S. Schifano; P. Schlabach; D. Schmitz; K. Scholberg; A. Schukraft; E. Segreto; A. Selyunin; C.R. Senise; J. Sensenig; M. Seoane; I. Seong; A. Sergi; D. Sgalaberna; M.H. Shaevitz; S. Shafaq; M. Shamma; R. Sharankova; H.R. Sharma; R. Sharma; R. Kumar; T. Shaw; C. Shepherd-Themistocleous; A. Sheshukov; S. Shin; I. Shoemaker; D. Shooltz; R. Shrock; H. Siegel; L. Simard; F. Simon; N. Simos; J. Sinclair; G. Sinev; J. Singh; J. Singh; L. Singh; V. Singh; R. Sipos; F.W. Sippach; G. Sirri; A. Sitraka; K. Siyeon; K. Skarpaas; A. Smith; E. Smith; P. Smith; J. Smolik; M. Smy; E.L. Snider; P. Snopok; D. Snowden-Ifft; M. Soares Nunes; H. Sobel; M. Soderberg; S. Sokolov; C.J. Solano Salinas; S. Söldner-Rembold; S.R. Soleti; N. Solomey; V. Solovov; W.E. Sondheim; M. Sorel; A. Sotnikov; J. Soto-Oton; A. Sousa; K. Soustruznik; F. Spagliardi; M. Spanu; J. Spitz; N.J.C. Spooner; K. Spurgeon; R. Staley; M. Stancari; L. Stanco; R. Stanley; R. Stein; H.M. Steiner; A.F. Steklain Lisbôa; J. Stewart; B. Stillwell; J. Stock; F. Stocker; T. Stokes; M. Strait; T. Strauss; S. Striganov; A. Stuart; J.G. Suarez; H. Sullivan; D. Summers; A. Surdo; V. Susic; L. Suter; C.M. Sutera; R. Svoboda; B. Szczerbinska; A.M. Szelc; H.A. Tanaka; B. Tapia Oregui; A. Tapper; S. Tariq; E. Tatar; R. Tayloe; A.M. Teklu; M. Tenti; K. Terao; C.A. Ternes; F. Terranova; G. Testera; T. Thakore; A. Thea; J.L. Thompson; C. Thorn; S.C. Timm; V. Tishchenko; J. Todd; L. Tomassetti; A. Tonazzo; D. Torbunov; M. Torti; M. Tortola; F. Tortorici; N. Tosi; D. Totani; M. Toups; C. Touramanis; R. Travaglini; J. Trevor; S. Trilov; W.H. Trzaska; Y. Tsai; Y.-T. Tsai; Z. Tsamalaidze; K.V. Tsang; N. Tsverava; S. Tufanli; C. Tull; E. Tyley; M. Tzanov; L. Uboldi; M.A. Uchida; J. Urheim; T. Usher; S. Uzunyan; M.R. Vagins; P. Vahle; G.A. Valdiviesso; E. Valencia; V. Pia; Z. Vallari; E. Vallazza; J.W.F. Valle; S. Vallecorsa; R. van Berg; R.G. van de Water; F. Varanini; D. Vargas; G. Varner; J. Vasel; S. Vasina; G. Vasseur; N. Vaughan; K. Vaziri; S. Ventura; A. Verdugo; S. Vergani; M.A. Vermeulen; M. Verzocchi; M. Vicenzi; H. Vieira de Souza; C. Vignoli; C. Vilela; B. Viren; T. Vrba; T. Wachala; A.V. Waldron; M. Wallbank; C. Wallis; H. Wang; J. Wang; L. Wang; M.H.L.S. Wang; Y. Wang; Y. Wang; K. Warburton; D. Warner; M.O. Wascko; D. Waters; A. Watson; P. Weatherly; A. Weber; M. Weber; H. Wei; A. Weinstein; D. Wenman; M. Wetstein; A. White; L.H. Whitehead; D. Whittington; M.J. Wilking; C. Wilkinson; Z. Williams; F. Wilson; R.J. Wilson; W. Wisniewski; J. Wolcott; T. Wongjirad; A. Wood; K. Wood; E. Worcester; M. Worcester; C. Wret; W. Wu; W. Wu; Y. Xiao; F. Xie; E. Yandel; G. Yang; K. Yang; S. Yang; T. Yang; A. Yankelevich; N. Yershov; K. Yonehara; T. Young; B. Yu; H. Yu; H. Yu; J. Yu; W. Yuan; R. Zaki; J. Zalesak; L. Zambelli; B. Zamorano; A. Zani; L. Zazueta; G.P. Zeller; J. Zennamo; K. Zeug; C. Zhang; M. Zhao; E. Zhivun; G. Zhu; P. Zilberman; E.D. Zimmerman; M. Zito; S. Zucchelli; J. Zuklin; V. Zutshi; R. Zwaska
The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 × 6 × 7.2 m3. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components. © 2022 CERN
Differential gene expression analysis in antimony-unresponsive Indian kala azar (visceral leishmaniasis) clinical isolates by DNA microarray
(2007) N. Singh; R. Almeida; H. Kothari; P. Kumar; G. Mandal; M. Chatterjee; S. Venkatachalam; M.K. Govind; S.K. Mandal; S. Sundar
In this study, cDNA microarray analysis of a closely related species, Leishmania major, was used as a screening tool to compare antimonial-resistant and susceptible clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani in order to to identify candidate genes on the basis of antimony resistance. Clinically confirmed resistant isolate 39 and sensitive isolate 2001 were used in this study. Many differentially regulated genes were identified whose expression levels differ in sodium antimony gluconate (SAG)-treated patients. Interestingly, genes on the array, showing changes in expression of over 2-fold revealed the identity of ABC transporters, which are known determinants of drug resistance in laboratory mutants. The functionality of the transporters was validated by flow cytometry which, being biologically informative, provides direct clues to gene function. The results suggest that isolate 39 could have developed resistance by an increased multidrug resistance protein (MRP)-like pump. This study provides preliminary clues to the role of a thiol-dependent efflux system in antimonial resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.
Effect of annealing below crystallization temperature on structural and mechanical properties of Co66Si16B12Fe 4Mo2 metallic glass
(National Institute of Optoelectronics, 2009) P. Kumar; K. Singh; T.P. Yadav; O.N. Srivastava
The influence of thermal treatment on the structural and mechanical properties of Co66Si16B12Fe4Mo 2 metallic glass has been investigated in present study. Co 66Si16B12Fe4Mo2 metallic glass has been subjected to isothermal annealing at 450°C for different time such as 1, 2, 5 and 8 h and studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The Voight function analysis has been used for calculation of effective crystallite size and relative strain of all the annealed samples. The crystallite size has been found to be ̃ 40 - 60 nm after different h of annealing. The mechanical properties of above alloy before and after annealing has been studied by micro-hardness technique. Sample annealed for 8 h at 450°C becomes completely crystallized due to local structural rearrangements of the amorphous matrix by promoting the retention of nucleation during annealing and shows the maximum hardness among all crystalline and glassy samples.
Effect of sectioning the prothoracic gland nerves in the larva of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L
(Birkhäuser-Verlag, 1977) K.P. Srivastava; R.K. Tiwari; P. Kumar
Sectioning the nerves innervating the prothoracic glands of the larva of the lemon-butterfly has no effect on the development and metamorphosis of the insect. The results are discussed in the light of the known facts. © 1977 Birkhäuser Verlag.
Effect of temporal synergism of neural oscillations on photorefractoriness in Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix japonica)
(2006) C.M. Chaturvedi; A.C. Tiwari; P. Kumar
Circadian rhythms in many metabolic functions including neural (transmitters) and hormonal secretion appear to change with physiological condition. It is also reported that seasonal changes in photoperiodism/ reproduction and other metabolic conditions may result from a temporal interaction of circadian neural oscillations that change seasonally. To test this hypothesis, the present study was designed to study the effect of temporal synergism of two neural oscillations (serotonin and dopamine) on relative photorefractoriness of Japanese quail. Serotonin and dopamine precursor drugs (5-HTP, 5-hydroxytryptophan and L-DOPA, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine) were administered (intraperitonially 5 mg/100 g body weight) at six different time intervals of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hr in sexually mature quail (> 12 weeks old). The birds of control group received two daily injections of normal saline. The treatment was given for 13 days in continuous condition of light and then the quail were shifted to intermediate daylength (LD 13.5:10.5 for experiment 1) and short daylength (LD 8:16 for experiment 2). Six weeks following treatment, birds in intermediate daylength snowed regressed cloacal gland and testicular activity except in 12-hr group, which exhibited gonadostimulatory condition. But birds of all the groups in short daylength showed complete regression of cloacal gland after 4 weeks of the treatment. In experiment 3, reproductively quiescent relative photorefractory quail maintained under intermediate daylength (LD 13.5:10.5) received 13 daily injections of 5-HTP and L-DOPA at the interval of 12 hr. At 6 weeks post-treatment, it was observed that unlike cloacal gland of control quail, which remained regressed, that of 12-hr quail showed significant development. These findings indicate that 12-hr temporal interaction of 5-HTP and L-DOPA administration maintained reproductive system in stimulated condition and prevented reproductive regression in photorefractory quail, but did not prevent the onset of scotosensitivity. It is concluded that the 12-hr temporal relationship of circadian serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations not only eliminates photorefractoriness but may also re-establish photosensitivity in relative photorefractory quail. These findings suggest the regulatory role of neural oscillations and their temporal interaction in the regulation of neuroendocrine-gonadal axis with special reference to photosensitivity/refractoriness. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of unilateral ovariectomy and subsequent ovum implantation in mice.
(1992) P.L. Pakrasi; P. Kumar; A. Kumar
Unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) was done on any stage of the cycle and the animals were mated within day 1 to day 21 to observe the acute and long term effect of ULO on ovum implantation. Implantation reduced in proportion to single ovary if the animals were mated within 24 hr of ULO. Increase in ovarian weight along with an increase in implantation number continued in mated mice and reached at peak on day 19-21 of ULO (sacrificed after 6 days i.e., 25-27 days of ULO). After ULO the remaining ovary compensated within day 5-6 of ULO even during pregnancy. Ovarian histology showed stimulation of small antral follicles in mice mated on day 3 of ULO (sacrificed after 6 days i.e., day 9 of ULO) along with a decrease of large antral follicles and pre-antral follicles. Preantral follicles were at peak on day 12-14. Large antral follicles attained a peak on day 4 which slowly decreased. The occurrence of implantation in such ULO conditions are discussed.
Expression of p27 and p16 and their clinical significance in gastric cancer
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) S. Kumari; P. Kumar; M. Kumar; S. Singh; G. Narayan
Background: Deregulated expression of cell cycle regulators p27 and p16 is associated with cancer progression. p27kip1 and p16INKa are a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor whose major target is the cyclinE/CDK2 and cyclinD/CDK4/6 complex, respectively, that governs cell cycle transition from late G1 to S phase. Methods: We recruited biopsies of a total of 84 subjects including 72 primary tumor biopsies from histopathologically proven gastric carcinoma, 8 adjacent controls and 12 independent controls. We used gastric cancer cell line, AGS, for validation of our data. Expression profiling at transcript level was done by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and at proteome level by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Receiver operator characteristics analysis was done for determining the diagnostic utility of p27 and p16 with respect to the sensitivity and specificity. Results: We demonstrate that p27 and p16 are frequently over expressed in early stages of gastric carcinoma. Our semi-quantitative data show a significant upregulation of p27 (Mean ± SEM, 0.4771 ± 0.0895; p = 0.0001) and p16 (Mean ± SEM, 0.4676 ± 0.04305; p = 0.0001) at mRNA level. Concordant to semi-quantitative data, immunohistochemistry data also showed a significant upregulation of p27 (Mean ± SEM, 196.4 ± 10.84; p < 0.0001) and p16 (Mean ± SEM, 100.4 ± 23.71; p < 0.0001) at protein level. Conclusions: The present study showed that the significant upregulation of p27 and p16 were associated with early events in gastric carcinogenesis. Our data suggests that clinical correlation of these differentially expressed genes may be useful as diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of gastric carcinoma and promising therapeutics target for GC patients. © 2020, Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO).
First molecular modelling report on tri-substituted pyrazolines as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors through classical and machine learning based multi-QSAR analysis
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) S. Nandi; P. Kumar; S.A. Amin; T. Jha; S. Gayen
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) falls under a broad category of metallohydrolase enzymes responsible for the catalysis of the phosphodiesterase bond, and thus it can terminate the action of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Overexpression of this enzyme leads to development of a number of pathological conditions. Thus, targeting the enzyme to develop inhibitors could be useful for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as well as pulmonary hypertension. In the current study, several molecular modelling techniques were utilized including Bayesian classification, single tree and forest tree recursive partitioning, and genetic function approximation to identify crucial structural fingerprints important for optimization of tri-substituted pyrazoline derivatives as PDE5 inhibitors. Later, various machine learning models were also developed that could be utilized to predict and screen PDE5 inhibitors in the future. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Gastroretentive drug delivery system of ranitidine hydrochloride based on osmotic technology: Development and evaluation
(2008) P. Kumar; S. Singh; B. Mishra
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) of Ranitidine hydrochloride (RHC) has been designed based on the osmotic technology, with the floating and swelling features in order to prolong the gastric retention time. The developed system consisted of osmotic core (containing drug, osmotic agent and hydrophilic polymers), coated with semipermeable membrane (SPM) which is then further coated with compression coating of gelling agent (HPMC K4M) containing gas generating agent (citric acid). All the developed formulations were evaluated for floating lag time, duration of floating, drug content and in-vitro drug release profile. Formulation variables like levels of hydrophilic polymer (0-18.26%w/w), type of plasticizer (PEG-400, Dibutyl phthalate), coat thickness of SPM (60-100μm), were found to affect the drug release from the developed formulations. Drug release was directly proportional to hydrophilic nature of plasticizer but inversely proportional to the levels of hydrophilic polymer and coat thickness of SPM. Drug release from developed formulations was independent of level of gas generating agent in compression coat, pH and agitation intensities of release media but dependent on osmotic pressure of the release media. All the developed formulation showed floating lag time of less than 2 min (desired) and were floated for more than 12 hr. Floating lag time was inversely related to level of citric acid in compression coat and directly related to the density of the developed formulations. The manufacturing procedure was found to be reproducible and formulations were stable after 3 months accelerated stability study. Prediction of steady state levels showed the plasma concentrations of RHC to be within desired range. © 2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.