Browsing by Author "Pankaj Singh"

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A data structure perspective to the RDD-based Apriori algorithm on Spark
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Pankaj Singh; Sudhakar Singh; P.K. Mishra; Rakhi Garg
During the recent years, a number of efficient and scalable frequent itemset mining algorithms for big data analytics have been proposed by many researchers. Initially, MapReduce-based frequent itemset mining algorithms on Hadoop cluster were proposed. Although, Hadoop has been developed as a cluster computing system for handling and processing big data, but the performance of Hadoop does not meet the expectation for the iterative algorithms of data mining, due to its high I/O, and writing and then reading intermediate results in the disk. Consequently, Spark has been developed as another cluster computing infrastructure which is much faster than Hadoop due to its in-memory computation. It is highly suitable for iterative algorithms and supports batch, interactive, iterative, and stream processing of data. Many frequent itemset mining algorithms have been re-designed on the Spark, and most of them are Apriori-based. All these Spark-based Apriori algorithms use Hash Tree as the underlying data structure. This paper investigates the efficiency of various data structures for the Spark-based Apriori. Although, the data structure perspective has been investigated previously, but for the MapReduce-based Apriori, and it must be re-investigated in the distributed computing environment of Spark. The considered underlying data structures are Hash Tree, Trie, and Hash Table Trie. The experimental results on the benchmark datasets show that the performance of Spark-based Apriori with Trie and Hash Table Trie are almost similar but both perform many times better than Hash Tree in the distributed computing environment of Spark. © 2019, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management.
Diversified courseware technology: A new hope to enhance the educational achievement of students with and without special needs in the inclusive classroom
(IEEE Computer Society, 2013) Pankaj Singh; Rakhi Garg; P.K. Mishra
The real classroom conditions are very challenging for the teachers and administrators because of having the diversified students with and without special needs in an inclusive classroom. It seems like the different colours of flowers in a single flask. To tackle the individual differences and to maximize the educational achievement of the every student it becomes necessary to upgrade the educational programs and course content in accordance with the diversified classroom situations. Diversified courseware technology honours the individual difference and satisfied the specific educational need of each student. Diversified Courseware technology enhances self-learning to students, teachers and trainers with the help of diagrams, animation, assessment tools, teaching notes and exercises. It has been observed that the usage of computer learning and courseware technology in education system has increased dramatically since its inception. The time and place is no more big issue in communication because of internet. However, more work is required to be done in the area of graphics to improve Diversified courseware technology to enhance the Educational Achievement of Students with and without Special Needs in the Inclusive Classroom. Through this paper we try to focus on the requirements and the challenges in the field of Diversified Courseware technology to enhance the Educational Achievement of Students with and without Special Needs in the Inclusive Classroom. We also emphasized on reading skill, application of computer in distance/regular mode, rural/tribal education and courseware technology for classroom aids, assessment software, reference software and various technology used in computer learning. © 2013 IEEE.
Effect of ionic liquid on structural, thermal and electrical transport properties of PVA-PVP based polymer blend electrolyte membrane
(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2021) Pankaj Singh; A.L. Saroj
The present paper deals with the loading effect of ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate [EMIM][MS] on structural and electrical transport properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG)- salt, sodium methyl sulfate (MeSO4Na) based polymer blend electrolyte (PBE) films. The samples were prepared using conventional solution cast method. The x-ray Diffraction (XRD) result shows that PBE films has characteristic peak with broad halo appeared in the range 2θ = 19.95° to 22.72° reveals the amorphous nature (semi-crystalline).The % degree of crystalinity (X c ) of prepared IL based PBE films were found to decreases with increasing IL content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in total attenuated reflectance (ATR) mode analysis reveals the interaction between the functional groups (C=O and O-H) of polymer electrolyte with the cation, EMIM+/anion of IL/salt. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that IL based PBE samples decomposes in multistep and Td,onset/peak value decreases with IL loading. Sample containing 30 wt%IL shows optimum dc conductivity value ∼1.5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 30 °C with minimum activation energy ∼0.21 eV. Logσ versus 1000/T plot for all PBE sample follow the Arrhenius type thermally activated process and activation energy decreased with increasing IL content in PBE films. Frequency dependent conductivity behavior for IL based PBE film follow the Jonscher's power law with power law exponent, n value<1 (amorphous polymeric system). AC conductivity spectra and loss tangent spectra (tanδ) with respect to IL/temperature content scalled successfully. Dielectric relaxation behavior and conductivity relaxation were analyses with respect to IL content and temperature. Mobility, total number of charge/ion density, ion diffusivity was estimated. Ionic transference number (ITN) measurement (tion ∼0.98, tele ∼0.02) reveals that ions are principal charge carriers in present system. Linear sweep voltametry (LSV) and cyclic voltamerty (CV) measurements show that 30 wt%IL containing sample has electrochemical stability window (ESW) ∼±2.7volt and Faradic oxidation reduction peaks were observed, respectively. © 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Effect of SiO2 Nano-particles on Plasticized Polymer Blend Electrolytes: Vibrational, Thermal, and Ionic Conductivity Study
(Bellwether Publishing, Ltd., 2020) Pankaj Singh; A.L. Saroj
In this paper, the effect of SiO2 nano-particles on PVA-PVP-PEG-NaI based polymer blend electrolyte (PBE) films was studied and optimized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and ac impedance spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the structural, thermal, and dc conductivity, respectively. XRD results reveal that the characteristic peaks of PVA-PVP-PEG-SiO2 based nano-composite PBEs appeared at 2θ~22° with broad halo. ATR-FTIR result shows the complexation/interaction of silica nano-particles with the functional groups of PBEs. TGA analysis shows the thermal stability and decomposition temperature peak (T d, peak) of the NCPBEs decrease with SiO2 content. The prepared NCPBE film having 0.6 wt% SiO2 shows maximum dc conductivity ~5.13x10−6 S/cm at 30°C. The ionic transference number measurement was performed by a dc polarization method, and the results reveal that the conducting species are predominately ions only. Linear sweep voltametric and cyclic voltammetric measurements have been done for electrochemical stability window study. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis.
Ion dynamics and dielectric relaxation behavior of PVA-PVP-NaI-SiO2 based nano-composites polymer blend electrolytes
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Pankaj Singh; P.N. Gupta; A.L. Saroj
In this paper we have reported the loading effect of SiO2 nano-particles on the electrical transport properties and dielectric relaxation behavior of the PVA-PVP-NaI based nano composite polymer blend electrolytes (NCPBEs). Solution cast technique has been used for the preparation of PVA-PVP-NaI-SiO2 based NCPBE films. AC impedance spectroscopic technique is used for the study of electrical conductivity and dielectric properties. The frequency dependence of AC conductivity with different SiO2 concentration for all prepared NCPBEs obeys the Jonscher power law (JPL) with exponent, n ≥ 1. The dielectric permittivity (ε′&ε″), electric modulus (M′&M″) vs. frequency plots at different concentrations and temperatures were reported. Mobility (μ), dc conductivity (σdc) and total number of charge carriers (N) were estimated and found that mobility varies with the SiO2 concentration. Sample containing 0.6 wt% of SiO2 shows optimum dc conductivity, σdc ~5.07 × 10−6 S/cm with μ ~4.60 × 10−7 and N ~6.98 × 1021. Dielectric relaxation peaks have been observed for all samples and relaxation time (τ) is minimum for 0.6 wt%SiO2 based NCPBE film. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Ion transport mechanism and dielectric relaxation behavior of PVA-imidazolium ionic liquid-based polymer electrolytes
(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2019) Pankaj Singh; Devesh Chandra Bharati; Horesh Kumar; A.L. Saroj
Solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with different wt% ionic liquid (IL), 1-Butyl-2, 3-dimethylimidazolium tetraflouroborate [BDMITFB] were prepared using the solution cast technique. Prepared samples were characterized using the AC impedance spectroscopic technique. AC conductivity spectra of a PVA-IL-based system at different concentrations/temperatures have been discussed. The fitted AC conductivity spectra using Jonscher's power law (JPL) exhibits the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) type conduction mechanism. The scaled AC conductivity spectra of PVA-IL-based films with temperature/concentrations collapsed into a single master curve indicating the ion conduction mechanism have the same origin. For higher IL loaded samples (20 and 25 wt%) mobility, μ dc conductivity, σ dc as well as total number density of charge carriers, N increases with increasing IL content in PVA. Dielectric permittivity (ϵ′ and ϵ″) and electric modulus (M′ and M″) study of prepared samples has been done. Temperature-dependent dc conductivity for prepared polymeric films follows the Arrhenius type thermally activated process. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Mining association rules in various computing environments: A survey
(Research India Publications, 2016) Sudhakar Singh; Pankaj Singh; Rakhi Garg; P.K. Mishra
Association Rule Mining (ARM) is one of the well know and most researched technique of data mining. There are so many ARM algorithms have been designed that their counting is a large number. In this paper we have surveyed the various ARM algorithms in four computing environments. The considered computing environments are sequential computing, parallel and distributed computing, grid computing and cloud computing. With the emergence of new computing paradigm, ARM algorithms have been designed by many researchers to improve the efficiency by utilizing the new paradigm. This paper represents the journey of ARM algorithms started from sequential algorithms, and through parallel and distributed, and grid based algorithms to the current state-of-the-art, along with the motives for adopting new machinery. © Research India Publications.
Perceived Life Outcomes of Indian Children During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Protective Roles of Joint and Nuclear Families
(Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, 2024) Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari; Raghavendra Prasad Tiwari; Rakesh Pandey; Bablu Ray; Abhigyan Dwivedi; Devaki Nandan Sharma; Pankaj Singh; Ajay Kumar Tiwari; Ajit Kumar Singh
Background: Although many negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are reported for adults, little is known about its impacts on children, especially in terms of the relative roles of joint and nuclear families. Using a qualitative design, we explored the protective roles of joint and nuclear families in shaping the children’s life outcomes during COVID-19. Methods: In a qualitative study, 16 full-time mothers of children aged 9-12 years (8 each from joint and nuclear families) from Sagar City, India were interviewed during June and July 2020. Interview contents were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Results: Five major themes were identified, negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, differences in positive engagements, emotional protective benefits, promotion of positive health habits, and routine activity management strategies. The results showed that the joint families availed and utilized more resources to positively engage their children in creativity, studies, exercise, and entertainment during the restrictions of the lockdown compared to the nuclear families. Contrary to the nuclear families, the joint families emphasized resolving emotional grievances, promoting positive emotional engagement, and extending more emotional support to their children. The joint and nuclear families also differed in their children’s food habits, health grievances, and physical exercise. Also, the joint families played more positive roles in managing children’s play behaviors, sleep habits, television watching, and other children’s activities compared to the nuclear families. Conclusion: The distinctive availability of experiential, emotional, relational, and positive value resources and knowledge repertoires of the two family systems may have extended differential protective benefits to their children during the COVID-19 lockdown. © 2024, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
RDD-Eclat: Approaches to Parallelize Eclat Algorithm on Spark RDD Framework
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2020) Pankaj Singh; Sudhakar Singh; P.K. Mishra; Rakhi Garg
Initially, a number of frequent itemset mining (FIM) algorithms have been designed on the Hadoop MapReduce, a distributed big data processing framework. But, due to heavy disk I/O, MapReduce is found to be inefficient for such highly iterative algorithms. Therefore, Spark, a more efficient distributed data processing framework, has been developed with in-memory computation and resilient distributed dataset (RDD) features to support the iterative algorithms. On the Spark RDD framework, Apriori and FP-Growth based FIM algorithms have been designed, but Eclat-based algorithm has not been explored yet. In this paper, RDD-Eclat, a parallel Eclat algorithm on the Spark RDD framework is proposed with its five variants. The proposed algorithms are evaluated on the various benchmark datasets, which shows that RDD-Eclat outperforms the Spark-based Apriori by many times. Also, the experimental results show the scalability of the proposed algorithms on increasing the number of cores and size of the dataset. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Suicidal ideation in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary mental hospital in North-East India
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2021) Santanu Nath; Kamal Kalita; Aparajeeta Baruah; Anantprakash Saraf; Diptadhi Mukherjee; Pankaj Singh
Introduction: Suicide is a leading cause of mortality in schizophrenia. The study attempts to find an association of suicidal ideation, a less studied entity than suicide attempt, with various sociodemographic and clinical profiles in patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional study involving 140 patients diagnosed as schizophrenia. Sociodemographic and clinical profiles were collected using a semi-structured proforma. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking, and Drug Attitude Inventory-10 were applied to assess psychopathology, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideas, and attitude toward psychotropics, respectively. The analysis was done using appropriate statistics. Results: Majority of the study sample were Hindus, male, unmarried, literate, unemployed, and belonging from lower socioeconomic class. About 25.7% attempted suicide earlier and 29.3% currently have suicidal ideation. A previous suicide attempt, family history of psychiatric illness and that of suicide and comorbid substance use, significantly predicted (p < 0.05) a current suicidal ideation. Ideation has also been found to be significantly correlated to comorbid depression and the positive, negative, emotional, and excitement domains of schizophrenic psychopathology. Conclusion: The current study shows suicidal ideations in schizophrenia patients to be significantly related to schizophrenic psychopathology and comorbid depression, thus calling for a holistic management in preventing a fatal outcome. © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
Understanding the Protective Roles of Indian Joint Families for Children During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 2025) Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari; Rakesh Pandey; Devaki Nandan Sharma; Bablu Ray; Abhigyan Dwivedi; Ajit Kumar Singh; Shanti Suman; Pankaj Singh; Ram Narain Mishra
Background: Although the recent pandemic›s impact on adults has been extensively studied, little research has been done on its impact on children, despite the harmful effects COVID-19 has on them. We aim to understand the protective function of Indian joint families for the perceived life outcomes of children (9-12 years) in the early stages of the recent pandemic. Methods: Using a qualitative research design, 25 full-time mothers from joint families with children (age range = 9-12 years) were chosen through convenience sampling. The data were collected through a semi-structured telephone interview and the transcriptions were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Results: The qualitative study revealed six themes: perceived distress, the diversity of relationships, harmonious relationships, involvement in household activities, supportive roles of the elderly and collective values and practices. The uncertainty and fear enhanced the perceived distress of family members and concern for the children. The abundant supportive relational resources, involvement in household activities, warmth, optimism and cooperation of the elderly, as well as interdependence and religious practices, were the resources described to protect the children from the negative effects of the pandemic. Conclusion: Indian joint families hold collectivist values that may have enabled greater support, cooperation, caring, interdependence, discipline, cultural knowledge, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Integrity, emotional stability, and caring from the elderly may have significant protective powers. Research, practice and policy implications are discussed. © 2025 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
Vibrational, thermal and ion transport properties of PVA-PVP-PEG-MeSO4Na based polymer blend electrolyte films
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Pankaj Singh; Devesh Chandra Bharati; P.N. Gupta; A.L. Saroj
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) based polymer blend electrolyte films have been prepared by varying the Sodium methylsulfate (MeSO4Na) salt, in different % ratio using solution cast technique. Various techniques i.e. ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC and AC Impedance spectroscopy have been used to characterize the prepared samples. ATR-FTIR result shows the complexation of MeSO4Na salt with PVA-PVP polymer blend. TGA results show the thermal stability of polymeric blend electrolyte changes with MeSO4Na content in PVA-PVP based polymer blend and also formation of miscible blend. DSC analysis reveals that single glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) changes with increasing MeSO4Na content. The dielectric relaxation frequency, fr has been found to increase with temperature in PVA-PVP-PEG-20MeSO4Na. Ionic conductivity and dielectric relaxation frequency vs. 1/T plots for PVA-PVP-PEG-20MeSO4Na based polymeric films follows the Arrhenius behavior. The maximum conductivity of 1.67 × 10−5 S/cm has been found for sample PVA-PVP-PEG-20MeSO4Na at room temperature. AC conductivity vs. frequency (Hz) curves was obtained for different PVA-PVP based polymer blend with respect to salt concentrations and temperatures. Dielectric permittivity and electric modulus of the polymeric films have been studied for various frequencies. Scaling i.e. σ/σ0 vs. ω/ωo has been done for PVA-PVP-PEG-20MeSO4Na polymer blend electrolyte. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.