Browsing by Author "Paramjeet Yadav"

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A non-covalently cross-linked self-healing hydrogel for drug delivery: characterization, mechanical strength, and anti-cancer potential
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Sheetal Jaiswal; Sandeep Kumar; Paramjeet Yadav; Krishtan Pal; Shere Afgan; Arvind Acharya; Ravi Prakash; Pralay Maiti; Rajesh Kumar
This research article introduced a novel one-pot method for synthesizing hydrogels, utilizing iron ions (Fe3+) and guar gum succinate (GGS) as cross-linkers. These hydrogels were characterized as cross-linked networks, with hydrogen bonds forming a sacrificial network and coordination bonds serving as the primary network. The reversible nature of these networks was attributed to the hydrogels’ exceptional toughness and remarkable self-healing properties. The hydrogel's chemical structure was confirmed through FTIR spectroscopy. XRD analysis highlighted the disruption of the crystalline nature of GGS upon cross-linking with Fe3+. By controlling the Fe3+ concentration, the hydrogels’ mechanical properties were tailored. Rheological measurements demonstrated mechanical and self-healing properties, while swelling studies revealed pH-dependent behavior. In vitro studies showed the hydrogels’ significant anti-proliferative effect against U-87MG (human glioblastoma) cancer cells, while remaining biocompatible with normal cell lines (HEK-293). These results indicated the potential application of these hydrogels in advancing cancer treatment strategies. © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Allylthiourea-mediated self-healing hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol): Enhanced cell viability/biocompatibility and sustained drug release
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Paramjeet Yadav; Shere Afgan; Krishtan Pal; Sheetal Jaiswal; Pooja Goswami; Ravi Prakash; Rajesh Kumar; Biplob Koch; Pralay Maiti
Hydrogel-based materials represent promising candidates for drug delivery. In our research, we synthesized a series of hydrogels—PVATU-1 (2:1), PVATU-2 (1:1), and PVATU-3 (0.5:1)—by adjusting the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) ratio while maintaining a constant ratio of allylthiourea (ATU) monomer and glutaraldehyde cross-linker, aiming to understand their impacts on gelation. These PVATU hydrogels displayed impressive swelling in neutral conditions and exhibited visible self-healing capabilities. Notably, PVATU-1 shows superior mechanical strength among the variants. Surface analysis using AFM and SEM unveiled porous structures within the hydrogels, while thermal stability tests indicated their resilience up to 200°C. DSC analysis revealed minimal variation in glass transition temperatures (Tg), affirming stability. A distinct endothermic peak around 250–350°C across all hydrogels confirmed their semi-crystalline nature, corroborated by powder XRD. Noteworthy, PVATU-1 demonstrated optimal loading and releasing efficiency for levofloxacin, with 74.5% loading and 82.8% releasing efficiency within 18 h. Biocompatibility assessments on HeLa cells affirmed the nontoxicity of PVATU hydrogel treatments. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Biomedical Applications of Aerogels: Therapeutic Potential, Safety, and Future Research Directions
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2024) Sheetal Jaiswal; Paramjeet Yadav; Rajesh Kumar
Aerogels are garnering considerable attention in biomedical fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. These materials are noted for their low density, high porosity, and customizable pore structures, making them highly suitable for applications such as drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and wound healing. They provide excellent platforms for loading drugs and active biomolecules. Consequently, research into the therapeutic potential of aerogels has surged, both in vitro and in vivo, reflecting an increased acknowledgment of their biomedical promise. Despite this growing body of research, detailed data on the in vivo performance and safety of aerogels remain sparse. While polymer-based, silica-based, and hybrid aerogels are generally deemed safe, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity. This review presents a thorough examination of the biomedical applications of aerogels, exploring both conventional uses and innovative applications like decontamination. We assess the biological impacts of aerogels on cells and organisms, focusing on their therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Through this detailed review, we aim to highlight the current state of aerogel research in the biomedical field and pinpoint key areas where further investigation is needed to ensure their safe and effective use in medical applications. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Chitosan-based self-healing hydrogel mediated by poly(acrylic-methacrylic acid) exhibiting high biocompatibility and anti-tumor activity
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Krishtan Pal; Sandeep Kumar; Paramjeet Yadav; Sheetal Jaiswal; Rajesh Kumar; Arbind Acharya
Multi-responsive, self-healing hydrogels were developed utilizing positively charged polysaccharides, chitosan, and water-soluble chitosan. This fabrication employed free-radical synthesized polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid along with the cross-linker FeCl3, resulting in the generation of polyelectrolyte metal complexes, which enhances the properties of the chitosan-based hydrogels, particularly their mechanical strength, self-healing ability, thermal stability, swelling behavior, porous structure, cell viability, and even anticancer activity. Characterization and stability assessment of the hydrogels were performed using FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, rheometer, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC, and UV spectroscopy. FT-IR measurements indicated that the facile complexation of the cross-linker's metal ions (Fe3+) with the carboxylate (COO−), amino (NH), and hydroxyl (OH) groups of the polymers and chitosan chains facilitated rapid gelation. Furthermore, the sustained release of the drug levofloxacin (up to 80%) was observed to increase with increasing pH due to the hydrogels' anionic nature. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity tests were conducted using the MTT assay on splenocytes and Dalton Lymphoma cancer cell lines. These tests demonstrated the promising potential of these hydrogels for drug delivery applications. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Development of a Self-Healing, Tissue-Adhesive, and Bacteriostatic Guar Gum-Based Hydrogel for Enhanced Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration
(American Chemical Society, 2025) Sheetal Jaiswal; Vijay K. Sharma; Deepak Kumar; Paramjeet Yadav; Biplob Koch; Satish K. Verma; Mayank Varshney; Rajesh Rakesh Kumar
A guar gum (GG)-grafted-(polydimethylamino-co-polyacrylamido sulfonic acid) [GG-g-(PDMAEA-co-PAMPS)] hydrogel was developed as a promising material for wound dressings. The hydrogel was synthesized by grafting poly(dimethylaminoethacrylate) (PDMAEA) and poly(acrylamidopropyl sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) onto guar gum (GG), and its structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Rheological assessments demonstrated its mechanical robustness and self-healing properties while swelling studies revealed pH-sensitive behavior. Biocompatibility was confirmed through cell viability assays, showing minimal cytotoxicity and the hydrogel exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. In a rat full-thickness chronic wound model, the hydrogel significantly accelerated wound healing, enhanced collagen deposition, reduced inflammation, and promoted angiogenesis. These results underscored the potential of the GG-g-(PDMAEA-co-PAMPS) hydrogel as an effective solution for chronic wound management. © 2025 American Chemical Society.
Development of chitosan towards the self-healing and mechanically stronger biocompatible hydrogel
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Shere Afgan; Paramjeet Yadav; Sheetal Jaiswal; Krishtan Pal; Rajesh Kumar; Virendra Singh; Biplob koch
Nontoxic, self-healing and biocompatible Chitosan grafted poly (maleic anhydride) based hydrogel (CSHG) have been developed by using Chitosan (CS) and maleic anhydride (MAH) having reasonable mechanical strength with biocompatibility. The self-healing arises due to the presence of free primary amine group and carboxyl group in grafted chitosan either dynamic imine covalent interaction or non-covalent (H-bonding) interactions. In addition to this, the hydrogel showed tremendous swelling at various pH values viz. - 2, 7 and 9, and morphological study reveals the porous nature of the synthesized CSHG hydrogel. The cell viability (MTT) of CS and CSHG was performed on MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), and phase contrast (cell imaging) of CS and CSHG was taken at 1:5, 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 ratios in both cases which do not induce any significant changes in cellular morphology thus makes it biocompatible and can be used as biological applications. © 2022 Indian Chemical Society
Generation of multicellular tumor spheroids via 3D cell culture utilizing a hydrogel comprising chitosan and allylthiourea
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023) Paramjeet Yadav; Shere Afgan; Virendra Singh; Krishtan Pal; Sheetal Jaiswal; Rajesh Kumar; Biplob Koch
Hydrogels made with chitosan (CS) biopolymer can undergo mechanical and chemical modifications that can lead to new properties and functions in the biomedical field, which can be used for 3D cell culture as well as the formation of tumor spheroids that mimic the microenvironment of a tissue or organ. Chitosan-poly(allylthiourea) (CSATU)-based hydrogels were synthesized, which exhibit self-healing properties, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and reasonable mechanical strength. The ratio of chitosan was varied to synthesize a series of CSATU hydrogels viz. CSATU-1 containing (CS : ATU) in a (2 : 1) ratio, CSATU-2 containing (CS : ATU) in a (1 : 1) ratio, and CSATU-3 containing (CS : ATU) in a (1 : 2) ratio. The swelling of all CSATU hydrogels was found to be maximum in a neutral medium. The maximum mechanical strength was demonstrated by the CSATU-1 hydrogel among all hydrogels. The surface morphology of the hydrogels was analyzed using AFM and SEM, while the thermal stability was determined using TGA, revealing that the hydrogels were stable up to 200 °C, and the Tg values of CS and ATU were observed at approximately 97 °C and 74 °C, respectively. Although there is minimal variation among the Tg values of each hydrogel, a significant endothermic peak was observed at around 60-70 °C for all hydrogels, and the semi-crystalline nature was analyzed using powder XRD. However, the CSATU hydrogels were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the CSATU hydrogels have been explored to investigate the biocompatibility of the cells. Our results revealed that the CSATU hydrogels were nontoxic to the T-cell lymphoma and MCF-7 cells. Additionally, all three hydrogels have successfully established the formation of multicellular tumor spheroids. Overall, our present study demonstrated that the synthesized CSATU hydrogels can be used as a promising platform for spheroid development, which has potential applications in tissue engineering and drug development. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Multi-Responsive Hydrogel Based on Sodium Alginate With Acrylic Acid and Methacrylic Acid: Impact on Normal and Cancerous Cells
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Krishtan Pal; Sheetal Jaiswal; Paramjeet Yadav; Rajesh Rakesh Kumar; Tarun Minocha; Sanjeev Kumar Yadav
The application of sodium alginate (SA) in the field of hydrogels has attracted much attention. However, it remains challenging to fabricate sodium alginate-based biocompatible hydrogels with improved strength, high elasticity, porosity, and extraordinary adhesiveness. Herein, a hydrogel is constructed by SA and a copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) and meth acrylic acid (MAA), was synthesized via a free-radical polymerization (FRP) and reinforced by using dynamic cross-linker (Fe2+/Fe3+) with their carboxylate groups (COO−) like a chelating complex. The XPS validates the presence of dynamic Fe2+ (711 eV)/Fe3+ (714 eV) ions in the hydrogel scaffold. Porous structure contributes to improving the swelling rate (400%) which assists in drug delivery (80%) applications. The hydrogel has a well-interconnected network with a crossover point (G′ = G″) at 120 Pa with 8.52% strain and various factors viz. frequency temperature and time sweep study affect the gelation. The hydrogel exhibits a substantial surface area (25m2/g), pore depth size up to 350 nm, and height distribution histogram average size of 394 nm. The poly(AA-co-MAA) copolymer found actively targeting breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and exhibited biocompatibility against HEK-293 cells and useful in water soluble controlled drug delivery. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Permselective Films of Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized N-Vinylcarbazole Block Copolymers: Optoelectronic Studies and Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine
(American Chemical Society, 2025) Shiwani R. Singh; Smita Singh; Shere Afgan; Paramjeet Yadav; Vellaichamy Ganesan; Rajesh C.Arun Kumar
This study focused on incorporating block copolymers of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) [PNVCz] with three distinct sulfonic acid polymer derivatives. The synthesis of the polymers involved utilizing the xanthate reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. Nanomicelle block copolymers, including poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-b-poly(2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid) [PNVCz-b-PMPSA], poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-b-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) [PNVCz-b-PAMPS], and poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-b-poly(styrenesulfonic acid) [PNVCz-b-PSSA], were synthesized using a xanthate RAFT agent, (2-ethyl isobutyrate)-(O-ethyl xanthate) [EIX]. The linear relationship between molar mass and conversion suggests pseudo-first-order kinetics. The molar mass distribution of the copolymers ranged from 1.17 to 1.30. Characterization of the block copolymers and homopolymers included techniques such as 1H NMR, X-ray diffraction [XRD], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR], scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The block copolymer’s aqueous solution at a concentration of 1 mg/mL demonstrated self-assembly within the 50-150 nm range, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering [DLS] and transmission electron microscopy [TEM]. The permselective properties exhibited by the polymer films were advantageously utilized for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. The optical characteristics of the block copolymers were also assessed using UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence techniques. These block copolymers display captivating self-organization tendencies and exhibit ion-exchange properties facilitating the detection of dopamine. © 2025 American Chemical Society.
Polysaccharide-based Self-healing hydrogels and their diverse Applications
(Association of Carbohydrate Chemists and Technologists, 2021) Shere Afgan; Paramjeet Yadav; Sheetal Jaiswal; Rajesh Kumar
Self-healing or shape-memory is one of the most ultimate characteristics of living tissues. ‘Self-healing hydrogels’ are three-dimensionally cross-linked polymeric materials that have played an important role in numerous fields because of their property to recover itself spontaneously after being damaged. In recent years, the researcher has particularly focused on self-healing hydrogels based on natural polysaccharides due to their promising properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and their ability to self-repair. This self-repair property inspired in nature gives them the possibility of maintaining their integrity even after damage, owing to specific physical interactions or dynamic covalent bonds that provide reversible linkages. In this review, we have covered the different types of polysaccharides based on self-healing hydrogels and their formation mechanism is offered together with the potential applications in the various fields. © 2021. Trends In Carbohydrate Research. All Rights Reserved.
PVA/AMPS hydrogels: Promising adsorbents for wastewater treatment with high efficiency and reusability
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Paramjeet Yadav; Shere Afgan; Shiwani R. Singh; Ravi Prakash; Pralay Maity; Rajesh Rakesh Kumar
A PVAMPS hydrogel was synthesized through chemical cross-linking and semi-interpenetration of Poly (vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) and 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) with glutaraldehyde in distilled water. Various ratios of PVA/AMPS, namely PVAMPS-1 (2:1), PVAMPS-2 (1:1), and PVAMPS-3 (1:2), were examined to understand their individual impacts on gel formation. The synthesis of hydrogels was confirmed using FT-IR and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The PVAMPS hydrogels demonstrated high efficiency as a selective adsorbent for removing cationic dyes, such as Methylene Blue, Safranine-O, and Thionine, from aqueous solutions, with over 90% removal of cationic dyes observed within 18 hours. Regeneration and reusability studies revealed that even after four cycles, the adsorption capacity of the PVAMPS hydrogels remained exceptionally high, with removal rates exceeding 90% for Methylene Blue. However, for Safranine-O and Thionine, the removal rates dropped to 20% and 23%, respectively, after four cycles. These findings underscore the promising potential of PVAMPS hydrogels for the removal of cationic dyes in wastewater treatment. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Synthesis & characterization of amino acid-based acrylamide derived amphiphilic block copolymer using a new xanthate and its influence on cell cytotoxicity & cell viability
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Shere Afgan; Krishtan Pal; Arti Srivastava; Koushik Nandy; Paramjeet Yadav; Sheetal Jaiswal; Rajan Singh; Rakesh K. Singh; Rajesh Kumar
The development of amino acid-based polymers was due to their unique properties and structures like of biocompatible polymers having sensitive effects for numerous medicinal and biological actions like biochemical sensing and controlled release of drugs. To achieve this, poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) and its block copolymer poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly (N-acryloyl-L-phenylalanine) (PNVP-b-PNALP) were synthesized by using a xanthate i.e., ethyl 2-((isopropoxycarbonothioyl)thio)-2-methylpropanoate (IPX), which exhibits good control RAFT polymerization. The plot between molar mass and conversion yields a linear line which confirms the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and molar mass distribution (Ðm) was found between (1.50–1.24). Both polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, DSC, TGA-DTA, GPC, and XRD analysis. TEM and DLS study of the aqueous solution of the block copolymer (PNVP-b-PNALP) exhibited self-assembly (119–160 nm with a few smaller particles of 91 nm). Different concentrations of polymers (200–0.75 μM) were evaluated for their toxicities on macrophages (RAW 264.7) and cancer (MCF7) cell lines. The polymers were found to be nontoxic as we did not observe any significant changes in the rate of proliferation of both cells even at higher concentrations (up to 100 μM). However, the polymers were found to induce apoptosis-like changes in the cancer cells up to 100 μM, albeit not significant. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
Synthesis & characterization of tri arm Indole based ATRP Polymer and antibacterial study with its silver nanocomposite
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Ambika Srivastava; Shere Afgan; Paramjeet Yadav; Rajesh Kumar; Arti Srivastava; Ravindra Nath Kharwar
Hyperbranched poly (tris (1-allyl-1H-indol-3-yl) methane -co- 2-propionyloxy ethyl acrylate [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)] was prepared by self-condensing vinyl copolymerization (SCVCP) of tris (1-allyl-1H-indol-3-yl) methane (TAIM) with 2-(2-bromopropionyloxy) ethyl acrylate (BPEA) via ATRP using the equimolar amount of TAIM and BPEA. In this hyperbranched polymer matrix, silver nanoparticles [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)]N were prepared using a reductive method. The resultant polymer [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)] and its silver nanocomposite [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)]N were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, UV-visible, and TEM. The synthesized polymer has a nanopore size distribution centred at approximately 1.76 nm. Thermal stability of hyperbranched polymer [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)] and its silver nanocomposite [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)]N was studied by TGA/DTA and DSC. Antibacterial activity of porous polymer [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)] and its silver nanocomposite [Poly (TAIM-co-PEA)]N was active against E. fecalis, E. coli, and K. pneumonae bacteria. © 2022, The Polymer Society, Taipei.
Synthetic and natural polymer hydrogels: A review of 3D spheroids and drug delivery
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Paramjeet Yadav; Shiwani Singh; Sheetal Jaiswal; Rajesh Kumar
This review centers on the synthesis and characterization of both natural and synthetic hydrogels, highlighting their diverse applications across various fields. We will delve into the evolution of hydrogels, focusing on the importance of polysaccharide-based and synthetic variants, which have been particularly chosen for 3D spheroid development in cancer research and drug delivery. A detailed background on the research and specific methodologies, including the in-situ free radical polymerization used for synthesizing these hydrogels, will be extensively discussed. Additionally, the review will explore various applications of these hydrogels, such as their self-healing properties, swelling ratios, pH responsiveness, and cell viability. A comprehensive literature review will support this investigation. Ultimately, this review aims to clearly outline the objectives and significance of hydrogel synthesis and their applications. © 2024