Browsing by Author "Prabhakar Nishad"

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Concept, Status, and Progress of Affordable Housing in Urban India
(Springer, 2021) Braj Raj Kumar Sinha; Prabhakar Nishad
In urban area, the prices of real estate and land are very high. This forced the economically weaker section of the society to live in a marginal land with pitiable housing condition in combination with congestion and lack of basic amenities. The poor people can only afford cost of house up to five times of their annual income, and Equated Monthly Installment (EMI) or rent should be less than 30% of their monthly income. The high land price and cost of building materials are rising year by year especially in urban areas. So, making affordable housing and providing it to poor becomes a daunting task. The objectives of this paper are to i. throw light on the concept of affordable housing with special reference to India, ii. find out shortage of affordable urban housing among different economic categories, iii. demonstrate variation in the spatial pattern of shortage of affordable urban housing across different states in India, iv. map out progress of “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)—Housing for All” across different states in India, and v. point out problem and its possible solution relating to affordable housing for urban poor in India. Findings show that 88% of total shortage of affordable urban housing pertains to Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and another 11% for Lower-Income Groups (LIG). There is state-wise variation in the shortage of affordable housing in urban India. The present rate of growth of PMAY-U is very less. Therefore, there is need for accelerating the present growth rate to achieve the target of building 18 million houses. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Status of Elementary Educational Facilities in Slums Across Different States of India
(Springer, 2021) Prabhakar Nishad; Braj Raj Kumar Sinha
Education is an important ingredient of human resource development. It contributes to well-being of individuals by improving income and standard of living. Elementary education in India, in general, has shown considerable improvement over the past few decades, but the educational level of slum residents in India is very low, and there is an urgent need to improve the educational achievement of urban slums. The objectives of this paper are to: find out the availability of the government primary school in slums across different states of India, analyze the improvement in the condition of primary level educational facilities during 2007–2012, and demonstrate the sources of improvement in the condition of educational facilities at primary level in slums of India. The results show that 59.40% of slums were within the distance of half kilometer from the government primary schools. Improvement in the educational facilities at primary level during 2007–2012 was reported by 30% of slums, and “no improvement” by 57% of slums. At India Level, less than 1% and in West Bengal 4% of the total slums reported decline in the elementary level educational facilities. Out of the total improvement at the primary level educational facilities in slums in India has been found by the effort of government of India and 17% by the NGOs; however, some variations have also been noted across different states of India. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.