Browsing by Author "Prabhat Upadhyay"

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A Dual Therapeutic Approach to Diabetes Mellitus via Bioactive Phytochemicals Found in a Poly Herbal Extract by Restoration of Favorable Gut Flora and Related Short-Chain Fatty Acids
(Springer, 2024) Amit Kumar Singh; Pradeep Kumar; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Vishnu D. Rajput; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; Anand Kumar Singh; Tatiana Minkina; Ajay Kumar Pandey; Prabhat Upadhyay
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic and endocrine condition, poses a serious threat to human health and longevity. The emerging role of gut microbiome associated with bioactive compounds has recently created a new hope for DM treatment. UHPLC-HRMS methods were used to identify these compounds in a poly herbal ethanolic extract (PHE). The effects of PHE on body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, and the correlation between DM-related indices and gut microbes, in rats were investigated. Chebulic acid (0.368%), gallic acid (0.469%), andrographolide (1.304%), berberine (6.442%), and numerous polysaccharides were the most representative constituents in PHE. A more significant BW gain and a reduction in FBG level towards normal of PHE 600 mg/kg treated rats group were resulted at the end of 28th days of the study. Moreover, the composition of the gut microbiota corroborated the study’s hypothesis, as evidenced by an increased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and some beneficial microbial species, including Prevotella copri and Lactobacillus hamster. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Ruminococcus bromii, and Blautia producta was found to decline in PHE treatment groups as compared to diabetic group. The abundance of beneficial bacteria in PHE 600 mg/kg treatment group was concurrently associated with increased SCFAs concentrations of acetate and propionate (7.26 nmol/g and 4.13 nmol/g). The findings of this study suggest a promising approach to prevent DM by demonstrating that these naturally occurring compounds decreased FBG levels by increasing SCFAs content and SCFAs producing gut microbiota. Graphical Abstract: Flow chart summarizing research on the dual therapeutic approach to diabetes mellitus via bioactive chemicals found in a poly herbal extract and the management of gut microbiota in relation to DM. (SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; SMB53, a genus of bacterial microbiota of small intestine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide) (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in rats
(Elsevier Masson SAS, 2019) Prabhat Upadhyay; Rashmi Shukla; Sunil Kumar Mishra
The present study was to assess the toxicity of hydro alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute study. In the acute study, rats were treated orally with single dose and for sub-acute study different doses were given orally for 28 consecutive days. At the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group was also used for 6 weeks as per OECD guidelines-407. General behavioral parameters were assessed in acute toxicity and found no mortality or exterior signs of toxicity. While in the sub-acute study; biochemical, hematological and histopathology along with the body weight, food, and water consumptions parameters were screened in the animals after 14 & 28 days. The study reveals the insignificant (P < 0.05) change in treated group in comparison to the control. The hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica was found non-toxic up to 5000 mg/kg in acute study whereas up to 2000 mg/kg dose level in the sub-acute study. © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS
Ameliorative activity of ethanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (L.) against scopolamine-induced amnestic effect and profiling of active compounds using gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2018) Awadhesh Kumar Mishra; Prabhat Upadhyay; Jyoti Dixit; Pradeep Kumar; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Raghunath More; Jasmeet Singh
Background: Amnesia state damages the hippocampus and leads to the loss of short-term memory. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (L.) is used in traditional medicines to treat various ailments. Objective: In the present investigation, we evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extract of flowers of N. arbor-tristis against scopolamine-induced amnestic effect in male Wister rats and intended to identify the major compounds present in the extract. Materials and Methods: The anti-amnestic profile of flower extract was screened by elevated plus maze (EPM), passive avoidance (PA), and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Results: EPM test confirmed the anxiolytic effect of the extract in rats and decreased the transfer latency in the protected arm of the EPM. During PA test, the extract resulted significant increase in step-down latencies during both the acquisition and retention sessions. In MWM task, the scopolamine injection significantly prolonged the escape latency time, whereas this time was shortened in flower extract-treated group. For the confirmation of anti-amnestic effect of extract, acetylcholine (Ach) content, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in hippocampus brain were evaluated. The extract significantly increased ACh content and decreased the activity of AChE in the hippocampus of the brain. Similarly, the extract declined the MDA and increased the GSH and SOD levels in brain tissues. The phytol (RT 19.69) and loliolide (RT 23.50) were identified in the extract through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The four major compounds such as 4-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid hemihydrate, chalcone, and melatonin were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Conclusion: The anti-amnestic effect of ethanolic extract of the flower was confirmed. It contains several compounds which might be useful in the treatment and to control several neurodegenerative diseases. © 2019 Pharmacognosy Magazine Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using flavonoid rich alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2019) Prabhat Upadhyay; Sunil K. Mishra; Suresh Purohit; G.P. Dubey; Brijesh Singh Chauhan; S. Srikrishna
The present work discusses the establishment of a green route for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an alcoholic extract of Reinwardtia indica (AERI) leaves which act as a reducing as well as a capping agent. The change in color from yellowish green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. A characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm advocated the presence of AgNPs. The synthesis process was optimized using one factor at a time approach where 1.0 mM AgNO 3 concentration, 5 mL 0.4% (v/v) of AER inoculum dose and 30 min of sunlight exposure were found to be the optimum conditions. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by several characterizing techniques such as HR- TEM, SAED, HR-SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and AFM analysis. For evaluation and comparison of AgNPs with AERI used human pathogen E. coli, P. aeurogenosa, S. aeurus and C. albicans for antimicrobial, for cytotoxicity study SiHa cell line at concentration of (10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg mL −1 ) and for enzymatic assay superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase method were used. The size of nanoparticle in the range of 3–15 nm was confirmed TEM, spherical shape by SEM and crystal lattice nature by XRD. AFM results revealed the 2 D and 3 D pattern of particle scatter nature on the surface. This protocol as simple, rapid, one step, eco-friendly, nontoxic and AgNPs showed strong antimicrobial activity as well as cytotoxic potential in comparison to AERI. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Applying the Taguchi method to the optimization of anticancer activity of bacterial alginate-CuO bionanocomposite
(Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019) Amin Golshah; Mojtaba Taran; Mohsen Safaei; Hamid Reza Mozaffari; Mohammad Moslem Imani; Roohollah Sharifi; Hedaiat Moradpoor; Prabhat Upadhyay
AIM: In recent decades, despite various types of cancer inflicting many people worldwide, the existing therapies are not satisfactory and have many side effects. The present study was conducted to optimise the synthesis of novel alginate-CuO nanocomposite with utmost anticancer activity. METHODS: In this study, 9 nanocomposites were designed using Taguchi method and three factors including copper oxide nanoparticles, alginate biopolymer and stirring times were assessed at three different levels. The anticancer activity of the synthesised nanocomposites was evaluated on the MCF-7 cell line using the MTT method. Using the Qulitek-4 software, we determined the optimum conditions for the synthesis of alginate-CuO nanocomposite with the highest anticancer activity. RESULTS: The results indicated that all three factors (copper oxide, alginate and stirring time) were effective on the anticancer activity of the alginate-CuO nanocomposite. Also, the nanocomposite produced under the conditions of experiment 9 (8 mg/ml of copper oxide, 2 mg/ml of alginate and 60 min of stirring time) provided the highest growth inhibition rate as 75.63% against cancer cells. CONCLUSION: The synthesised alginate-copper oxide nanocomposites in this study showed a significant anticancer effect. Therefore, the synthesised nanocomposite under optimal conditions can be used in the design of new anticancer drugs. © 2019 Amin Golshah, Mojtaba Taran, Mohsen Safaei, Hamid Reza Mozaffari, Mohammad Moslem Imani, Roohollah Sharifi, Hedaiat Moradpoor, Prabhat Upadhyay.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of a novel Himalayan plant Reinwardtia indica dumort: Scientifically unexplored
(Academic Press, 2019) Prabhat Upadhyay; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Awadhesh Kumar Mishra; Pradeep Kumar; Nidhi Pandey; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; Ragini Tilak; Suresh Purohit; G.P. Dubey
Reinwardtia indica (Lineceae) is a medicinal plant cultivated in the Himalayan region. It is effectively used in folk medicines for the treatment of various health complications. In the present study, the shade dried leaves and stem were extracted in three different solvents such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, and hydro-alcoholic. The antioxidant efficacy of these extracts was confirmed by using different in vitro assays: DPPH free radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, metal ion chelating capability and reducing power determination. Total phenol content was maximum in hydro alcoholic extract of leaf (540.37 mg per g of gallic acid equivalents) and stem (330.51 mg per g of gallic acid equivalents) while flavonoid content was maximum in ethanolic extract of leaf (305 mg per gram of rutin equivalents) and ethyl acetate extract of stem (170.6 mg per gram of rutin equivalents). The antioxidant activity of these extracts was positively correlated with their total phenol and flavonoid content. Among all tested extracts, ethanolic extract of leaf exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against all tested clinical isolates of bacterial (E. coli 11.00 ± 1.73 mm, P. aeurogenosa 11.67 ± 0.58 mm and S. aureus 10.33 ± 1.53 mm) and fungal (C. albicans 11.33 ± 1.10 mm) pathogens, while ethyl acetate extracts of the leaf and stem showed minimum inhibitory concentration against all tested microorganisms. Thus, R. indica extracts can be used as potent natural antioxidant having antifungal and antibacterial action. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Ascophyllum Nodosum Silver Nanoparticles
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Sunil Kumar Mishra; Saket Sinha; Amit Kumar Singh; Prabhat Upadhyay; Diya Kalra; Pradeep Kumar; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; Rajan Singh; Rakesh Kumar Singh; Arvind Kumar; Alok Tripathi; Brijesh Singh Chauhan; S. Srikrishna
Purpose: Green nanotechnology as a field has emerged and gained popularity amongst biologists due to its cost-effective and environment-friendly advancements. The most preferred is the biological method which involves plants and their extracts. Methods: The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a sunlight-driven aqueous extract (AE) of whole plant powder of Ascophyllum nodosum. Advanced techniques like high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and particle size analysis were used to determine the nature of nanoparticles. Antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-leishmanial activities were evaluated. Result: The techniques confirmed the formation of spherical particles of the desired range of size. Silver nanoparticles exhibited a much greater DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazine-hydrate) radical scavenging activity which was almost six to seven folds more than that exhibited by the AE alone. The anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic activities were evaluated on Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote. Conclusion: The synthesized AgNPs showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging ability owing to their antioxidant properties. The anti-leishmanial activity was exceptionally viable in both AE and AgNPs. The findings all together support the tendency of Ascophyllum nodosum to efficiently synthesized AgNPs which could be utilized for its anti-leishmanial properties. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Regenerative Engineering Society.
In vitro evaluation of anticancer activity of sodium hyaluronate-titanium dioxide bionanocomposite
(Sciendo, 2019) Mohsen Safaei; Mojtaba Taran; Mohammad Moslem Imani; Hedaiat Moradpoor; Amin Golshah; Prabhat Upadhyay
The purpose of the current research is to optimize the synthesis of sodium hyaluronatetitanium dioxide nanocomposite with the highest anticancer activity. To this end, the Taguchi method was followed to design nine experiments with different ratios of sodium hyaluronate biopolymer, titanium dioxide nanoparticles and stirring times. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the synthesis of the nanoparticle and nanocomposite. The comparison of anticancer activity level of synthesized nanocomposites using MTT assay showed that the nanocomposite synthesized in the conditions of experiment 9 (8 mg/ml of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, 2 mg/ml of sodium hyaluronate biopolymer and 60 min stirring time) had the maximum anticancer activity against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. According to the results, the Taguchi method can be employed as an effective and useful strategy to save time and cost in order to determine the optimal conditions for the synthesis of sodium hyaluronate-titanium dioxide nanocomposite with the most favorable anticancer activity. © 2019 Mohsen Safaei et al., published by Sciendo.
Management of Cognitive Determinants in Senile Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type: Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Polyherbal Drug Product
(Springer International Publishing, 2014) Ananya Sadhu; Prabhat Upadhyay; Aruna Agrawal; Kaliappan Ilango; Dipankar Karmakar; Gur Prit Inder Singh; Govind Prasad Dubey
Background and Objective: The enigmatic etiology of neurodegenerative diseases poses a challenge for the development of novel and efficient drugs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a polyherbal (test) formulation on cognitive functions, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in healthy elderly as well as senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type (SDAT) patients.; Method: A randomized double-blind placebo- and active-controlled clinical trial was performed in healthy elderly subjects and SDAT patients with an age range of 60–75 years. The polyherbal test formulation along with a placebo was given to healthy elderly subjects while the SDAT patients received either the test formulation containing extracts of Bacopa monnieri (whole plant), Hippophae rhamnoides (leaves and fruits) and Dioscorea bulbifera (bulbils) at a dose of 500 mg or donepezil drug (Aricept) at a dose of 10 mg, twice daily, for a period of 12 months. After every three months, cognitive functions were assessed by determining the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, digital symbol substitution (DSS; subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised), immediate and delayed word recall (digital memory apparatus—Medicaid systems, Chandigarh, India), attention span (Attention Span Apparatus—Medicaid systems, Chandigarh, India), functional activity questionnaire (FAQ) and depression (geriatric depression scale) scores. Further inflammatory markers and level of oxidative stress were analyzed using standard biochemical tests.; Results: The trial was performed in 109 healthy subjects and 123 SDAT patients of whom 97 healthy subjects and 104 SDAT patients completed the study. Administration of the test formulation for a period of 12 months was effective in improving cognitive functions in the SDAT patients, when compared to the donepezil-treated group, as determined by the DSS (38.984 ± 3.016 vs 35.852 ± 4.906, P = 0.0001), word recall immediate (3.594 ± 1.003 vs 2.794 ± 0.593, P < 0.0001) and attention span (4.918 ± 1.239 vs 4.396 ± 0.913, P = 0.0208) scores. A significant improvement in the FAQ (11.873 ± 2.751 vs 9.801 ± 1.458, P < 0.0001) and depression (16.387 ± 2.116 vs 21.006 ± 2.778, P < 0.0001) scores was also observed, whereas no significant differences were observed in the MMSE and word recall delayed scores. The level of inflammation and oxidative stress was markedly reduced in the SDAT patients treated with the test formulation when compared to the donepezil-treated group indicating a likely mechanism of action of the test formulation (homocysteine 30.22 ± 3.87 vs 44.73 ± 7.11 nmol/L, P < 0.0001; C-reactive protein [CRP] 4.751 ± 1.149 vs 5.887 ± 1.049 mg/L, P < 0.0001; tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF–α] 1139.45 ± 198.87 vs 1598.77 ± 298.52 pg/ml, P < 0.0001; superoxide dismutase [SOD] 1145.92 ± 228.75 vs 1296 ± 225.72 U/g Hb, P = 0.0013; glutathione peroxidase [GPx] 20.78 ± 3.14 vs 25.99 ± 4.11 U/g Hb, P < 0.0001; glutathione [GSH] 9.358 ± 2.139 vs 6.831 ± 1.139 U/g Hb, P < 0.0001; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS] 131.62 ± 29.68 vs 176.40 ± 68.11 nmol/g Hb, P < 0.0001). Similarly, when healthy elderly subjects treated with the test formulation for 12 months were compared to the placebo group, a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in cognitive measures (MMSE, DSS, word recall delayed but not immediate, attention span, FAQ and depression scores) and a reduction in inflammation (reduction in homocysteine, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α levels) and oxidative stress levels (reduction in SOD, GPx and TBARS and increase in GSH) was observed. This indicated a protective effect of the test formulation in managing cognitive decline associated with the ageing process.; Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this novel polyherbal formulation for the management and treatment of SDAT. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Neuroprotective effect of Reinwardtia indica against scopolamine induced memory-impairment in rat by attenuating oxidative stress
(Springer, 2020) Prabhat Upadhyay; Rashmi Shukla; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; G.P. Dubey; Sunil Kumar Mishra
Reinwardtia indica belongs to Linaceae family and used as a folk medicine in Asian countries. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of paralysis and anti-microbial in wound healing, etc. The current study was undertaken in order to investigate the antioxidant and memory protective effect of the alcoholic (99.90%) (AERI) and hydro-alcoholic (70:30) leaves extract (HAERI) of Reinwardtia indica, against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in animals and also tried to determine the possible mechanism of action. In addition, phytochemical profiling of alcoholic leaves extract was also conducted through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Rats were pretreated with AERI, HAERI (dose 250 and 500 mg/kg) and Donepezil (standard drug) along with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) for a period of 14 days followed by different test like elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze to assess learning and memory ability. Acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT & GSH), histopathology of the brain and biochemical test were also performed at the end of the treatment period. The scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the AERI at higher dose among other doses of extracts. The AERI at higher dose also counteracted the scopolamine-induced decrease in acetylcholine levels, increase in AChE activity, and decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities. No significant changes observed in the biochemical estimation of all dose of extracts. Histology of brain tissue showed the marked cellular changes in only scopolamine treated group while the standard, AERI and HAERI treated group were showing less damage at hippocampus region of the brain. The phytochemicals found after chemical profiling through GC-MS also supported the activity because of the presence of chemicals already reported for the neuroprotective, memory-enhancing and antioxidant activity, etc. The results demonstrated that the ability of the AERI at higher dose among all doses of extracts has more potential to revert the scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats by attenuating the decreased level of acetylcholine and antioxidant enzymes. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Pharmacognostic standardization of Asian folk medicinal plant Reinwardtia Indica Dumort
(BRNSS Publication Hub, 2018) Prabhat Upadhyay; Suresh Purohit; S.K. Mishra; K.N. Tiwari; G.P. Dubey; Harish Shah
Background: Recent scenario and global trends are moving toward the medicinal plant used as health-care product for the treatment of different disease or disorder, but the critical and essential issue to be considered in assuring the therapeutic efficacy and safety. Thus standardization of plant parts need to standardized according to the standard guideline for global acceptance of the product. Reinwardtia indica belongs to Linaceae family used as folk medicine in Asia in the treatment and management of boils, carbuncle, and as an antimicrobial agent in wound healing traditionally. Objective: The present study aimed at physicochemical standardization of R. indica leaves and stem part of the plant. Materials and Methods: In our investigation, leaves and stem part of R. indica were standardized based on microscopy, powder microscopy, physicochemical evaluations, extractive yields, and heavy metal analysis as per the International Regulatory Norms. Results: The results revealed that the pharmacognostic parameters have shown the leaves and stem part of the R. indica plant found within the standard limit as per regulatory norms. Conclusion: The data found after standardization can be adopted as a standard of the plant R. indica, and it can be used in the formulation of the health care product after pre-clinical and clinical investigations. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights reserved.
Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Mucuna pruriens: A review
(BRNSS Publication Hub, 2017) Mukesh Kumar Yadav; Prabhat Upadhyay; Suresh Purohit; B.L. Pandey; Harish Shah
The plant Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) is an established herbal drug, widely known as "velvet bean," a vigorous annual climbing legume originally from Southern China and Eastern India, where it was at one time widely cultivated as a green vegetable crop. It has been shown that its seeds are potentially of substantial medicinal importance. The ancient Indian medical system, Ayurveda, traditionally used M. pruriens, even to treat such things as Parkinson's disease. M. pruriens has been shown to have antiparkinson and neuroprotective effects, which may be related to its antioxidant activity and used for the management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac.
Quantitative analysis of heavy metals in medicinal plants collected from environmentally diverse locations in India for use in a novel phytopharmaceutical product
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2015) Ananya Sadhu; Prabhat Upadhyay; Praveen K. Singh; Aruna Agrawal; Kaliappan Ilango; Dipankar Karmakar; Gur Prit Inder Singh; Govind Prasad Dubey
It is important to monitor the quality of the phytopharmaceutical product as its therapeutic potential depends on standardized delivery of active ingredients present in the botanical source. Minimal presence of toxic impurities like heavy metals (HMs) is warranted to ensure product safety and prevent hazardous health impacts. In the present study, conducted as part of the development of a novel phytopharmaceutical product, the chemical profile of 13 heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co, Mo, V, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, and Cd) was studied in the whole plant, fruit, and rhizome of Bacopa monnieri, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Dioscorea bulbifera, respectively, from environmentally diverse regions in India. Most samples had HM profiles within permissible limits as established by regulatory authorities, with the exception of Cd and Hg in low-altitude regions. This study indicates geographical regions in India suitable for procuring raw materials to develop and manufacture phytopharmaceutical products. © 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Revalidation of the neuroprotective effects of a United States patented polyherbal formulation on scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment in rats
(Elsevier Masson SAS, 2018) Prabhat Upadhyay; Ananya Sadhu; Praveen K. Singh; Aruna Agrawal; K. Ilango; Suresh Purohit; Govind Prasad Dubey
Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia yet treatment options are extremely limited. The disease is associated with cognitive impairment as well as structural irregularities, accumulation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, diminished levels of acetylcholine, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the brain. We have previously reported on the positive effects of a united states patented (US 7,273,626 B2) poly herbal test formulation, consisting of Bacopa monnieri, Hippophae rhamnoides and Dioscorea bulbifera extracts, on cognitive deficits in AD patients. The present study was conducted to investigate the mechanism(s) of action of the formulation using scopolamine treated rats as an AD model. Method The formulation was administered daily along with scopolamine for a period of 14 days following which the elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests were performed to assess learning and memory. Rats treated with scopolamine or vehicle only were also included in the experiment. Acetylcholine levels and activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and anti-oxidant enzymes in the brain were also measured at the end of the treatment period. Results The study demonstrate that scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the formulation. The formulation also counteracted scopolamine-induced decreases in acetylcholine levels, increases in AChE activity, and decreases in activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion The study demonstrates the ability of the test formulation to reverse scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats which may at least partially be explained by the reversal of scopolamine-induced reductions in brain acetylcholine levels and antioxidant activities by the test formulation. © 2017
Toxicity assessment of the alcoholic leaves extract of reinwardtia indica
(Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas (Biblioteca), 2019) Prabhat Upadhyay; Rashmi Shukla; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; G.P. Dubey; Sunil Kumar Mishra
The present study aimed to evaluate the safety of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute oral administration.For assessment of acute oral toxicity test, ratswere orally treated with single dose of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, using the OECD guidelines no. 407, the extract was administered at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days and at the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group also used for 6 weeks.In acute toxicity above mentioned doses neither showed mortality nor exterior signs of toxicity. In sub-acute, study no significant changes found in haematological and biochemical level ofthe treated rat after 14 days and 28 days in comparison to control. The histopathology of rat brain, kidney, liver, and heart also showed the no cellular changes after extract treated rat.The alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica was found non-toxic in single drug dose administration up to 5000 mg/kg (acute study) and in sub-acute administration up to 2000 mg/kg. © 2019, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas (Biblioteca). All rights reserved.