Browsing by Author "Prabhjot Kaur"

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Biotechnological interventions and genetic diversity assessment in Swertia sp.: a myriad source of valuable secondary metabolites
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Prabhjot Kaur; Devendra Kumar Pandey; R.C. Gupta; Vijay Kumar; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Rupa Sanyal; Abhijit Dey
Abstract: The genus Swertia (Family: Gentianaceae) has cosmopolitan distribution which is present in almost all the continents except South America and Australia. Swertia genus has been renowned as one of the potent herbal drugs in the British, American, and Chinese Pharmacopeias as well as well-documented in the Indian traditional medicinal systems, viz. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Many species of this genus have therapeutic properties and have been used traditionally in the treatment of a number of health ailments viz. hepatitis, diabetes, inflammation, bacillary dysentery, cancer, malaria, fever etc. This genus is industrially important medicinal plant that has been used as a principal component in numerous marketed herbal/ polyherbal formulations. Medicinal usage of Swertia is endorsed to the miscellaneous compounds viz. xanthones, irridoids, seco-irridoids, and triterpenoids. A chain of systematic isolation of bio-active compounds and their diverse range of pharmacological effects during last 15–20 years proved this genus as industrially important plant. Due to the various practices of the Swertia species, annual demand is more than 100 tons per year for this important herb which is continuously increasing 10% annually. The market value rises 10% by the year as there is increased demand in national and international market resulted in adulteration of many Swertia spp. due to paucity of agricultural practices, exomorphological, phytochemical, and molecular characterization. Thus, efficient biotechnology methods are prerequisite for the mass production of authentic species, sustainable production of bio-active compounds and ex situ conservation. A chain of systematic biotechnological interventions in Swertia herb during last 20 years cover the assessment of genetic diversity, in vitro sustainable production of bio-active compounds and mass propagation of elite genotypes via direct and indirect organogenesis. This review attempts to present the comprehensive assessment on biotechnological process made in Swertia over the past few years. Key points: • Critical and updated assessment on biotechnological aspects of Swertia spp. • In vitro propagation and genetic diversity assessment in Swertia spp. • Biosynthesis and sustainable production of secondary metabolites in Swertia spp. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Biotechnological interventions of in vitro propagation and production of valuable secondary metabolites in Stevia rebaudiana
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Shahnawaz; Devendra Kumar Pandey; Merinashwari Konjengbam; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Prabhjot Kaur; Vijay Kumar; Durga Ray; Puja Ray; Romaan Nazir; Harmeet Kaur; Sidharth Parida; Abhijit Dey
Abstract: Plant cell and tissue culture makes provision of a sustainable and nature-friendly strategy for the production of secondary metabolites, and modern progress in gene editing and genome engineering provides novel possibilities to improve both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of such phytochemicals. The ever-expanding quest for plant-based medicine to treat diabetes facilitates large-scale cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana to enhance the yield of its much-coveted low-calorie sweetener glycosides. The potential to process stevia as a “natural” product should enhance the acceptance of steviosides as a natural calorie-free sweetener especially suitable for use in diabetic and weight control drinks and foods. Besides sweetener agents, S. rebaudiana is a potent source of many antioxidant compounds and is used to cure immunodeficiencies, neurologic disorders, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. This comprehensive review presents the research outcomes of the many biotechnological interventions implicated to upscale the yield of steviol glycosides and its derivatives in in vitro cell, callus, tissue, and organ cultures with notes on the use of bioreactor and genetic engineering in relation to the production of these valuable compounds in S. rebaudiana. Key points: • Critical and updated assessment on sustainable production of steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. • In vitro propagation of S. rebaudiana and elicitation of steviol glycosides production. • Genetic fidelity and diversity assessment of S. rebaudiana using molecular markers. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Biotechnological strategies for production of camptothecin from fungal and bacterial endophytes
(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Prabhjot Kaur; Vijay Kumar; Ranjit Singh; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Abhijit Dey; Devendra Kumar Pandey
The horrifying impact of emergence of cancer as an endemic disease worldwide associated with accelerated mortality rate caused significant boost in anticancer drug discovery. The most successful broad spectrum anti-neoplastic monoterpene indole alkaloid camptothecin (CPT) is the product of such natural product based therapeutic approach. This promising anticancer compound, currently approved against cancer, was first isolated from Camptotheca acuminata of Nyssaceae family and was reported as a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic topoisomerase I. Despite its continuous success under clinical studies, low accumulation, slow growth and over-exploitation of Camptotheca acuminata, high extraction cost, complex nature of total, semi and chemical synthesis has failed to meet the industrial demand. As an alternative bio-prospecting route, fermentation of endophytic microbial culture and co-culture of CPT producing plant cell suspension with endophytes have evolved. Endophytes are reported for their contribution in plant growth, disease resistance, stress tolerance and agricultural productivity which may have contributed to scale up the CPT production. This review sums up the current trend in endophytic microbes-based CPT biosynthesis and biotechnological strategies for optimization of CPT yield. Moreover, interaction of endophytic fungi with different host plants under experimental variables, their mode of elicitation, possibility of microbial strain improvement via application of biotechnological strategies and respective lacunas are also being elucidated. © 2020
Corrigendum to “Screening of elite germplasms for industrially valuable medicinal crop Stevia rebaudiana for stevioside and rebaudioside A production: An HPTLC-linked chemotaxonomic assessment” (South African Journal of Botany (2022) 150 (1159–1167), (S0254629922004823), (10.1016/j.sajb.2022.09.004))
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Shah Nawaz; Prabhjot Kaur; Merinaswari Konjengbam; Vijay Kumar; R.C. Gupta; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Babita Patni; Babita Pandey; Abhijit Dey; Devendra Kumar Pandey
The authors regret that the incorrect Fig. 3 was published in the original article. The correct Fig. 3 is provided herein and this will not affect the results and conclusion of the manuscript. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. © 2023 South African Association of Botanists
Exploring the role of elicitors in enhancing medicinal values of plants under in vitro condition
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Akankhya Guru; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Prabhjot Kaur; Devendra Kumar Pandey
Plants have been scrutinized as the great repository of various natural compounds referred to as secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites possess diverse organic effects that uplift the usage of medicinal herbs by humans. In vitro culture system, being a promising and efficient platform for the production of plant bioactive products has been gaining prominence throughout the world. However, it's difficult to produce a large quantity of secondary metabolites from differentiated or undifferentiated cultures of plants. To avoid such obstructions, a promising biotechnological tool, ‘elicitation’ has been in use for the last four decades. There has been successful employment of various types of abiotic and biotic elicitors in culture media to elicit pharmacologically important plant secondary metabolites and their release to the culture medium. These in vitro established plants of high medicinal value have sustained many changes at distinct levels of morpho-physiology, biochemistry and gene expression, responding to elicitors' application. This review aims at understanding the mechanism of improving the medicinal attributes of in vitro plants through the elicitation strategy. Besides, this also highlights the contribution of some elicitors in relation to significant morphological, biochemical and metabolic variations in culture medium and stress tolerance under aseptically controlled conditions. © 2021 SAAB
Genome-wide association study for powdery mildew resistance in CIMMYT's spring wheat germplasm
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Deepa Bhadana; Prabhjot Kaur; Ramandeep P. Kaur; Vikas Kumar Ravat; Ashutosh; Rahul Kumar; Neeraj Kumar Vasistha
Powdery mildew (PM), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that adversely affects both grain yield and quality. Growing resistant cultivars offers an effective and environmentally sustainable solution to managing PM. However, relying on the same genetic source of resistance can lead to resistance breakdown as Bgt isolates rapidly evolve. To mitigate this, identifying novel resistance sources is crucial. In this study, 225 diverse wheat genotypes were evaluated at adult plant stage in disease nurseries over the three crop seasons (2018/2019, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021). Using disease and genotyping data from 12,160 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify novel resistance loci. We identified 22 marker loci significantly (at p < 0.005) associated with PM resistance, distributed across 14 wheat chromosomes (1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5D, 6A, 7A and 7B). Of these, seven loci overlap with previously identified regions, while the remaining 15 loci represent novel regions reported for the first time in this study. The identified SNP markers have significant potential for wheat breeding programmes, as they can accelerate the development of PM-resistant cultivars through marker-assisted selection. © 2024 British Society for Plant Pathology.
Molecular study of the KCNJ11 gene and its correlation with Prakriti to preventing and managing type 2 diabetes
(National Taiwan University, 2024) Shriti Singh; Sangeeta Gehlot; Neeraj Kumar Agrawal; Girish Singh; Devshree Singh; Prabhjot Kaur; Santosh Kumar Singh; Rajesh Singh
In Ayurveda, every individual is believed to possess a unique entity known as Prakriti, which distinguishes them from others physically, physiologically, and psychologically. This entity also determines an individual's response to a particular stimulus, and it is believed that such responses are not solely determined by genetics. The present research aims to validate the Ayurvedic concept of Prakriti from a modern molecular perspective to strengthen the personalized and precise treatment approach. A study was conducted to investigate the role of the KCNJ11gene in the susceptibility of individuals to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with their metabolic status. The research involved allele mining on three major Prakriti groups - Vata, Pitta, and Kapha - in 112 patients with T2DM and 112 healthy individuals. The KCNJ11 gene, responsible for insulin secretion membrane pore formation, was analyzed to determine the susceptibility of different Prakriti types to T2DM. The MutPred tool predicted the molecular cause of disease-related amino acid substitution. According to the study, only Pitta and Kapha Prakriti were diagnosed with diabetes, while all three Prakriti types were present in the control group of healthy individuals. A protein model was prepared, and the changes resulting from mutations were observed for each group in their protein sequence, both as synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. Ultimately, these changes contributed to the manifestation of T2DM. Based on the findings, it appears that Prakriti groups may experience changes in protein function due to nonsynonymous mutations and differences in amino acids at the protein level. © 2024 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University
Nonmedical factors and health-related quality of life in CKD in India
(American Society of Nephrology, 2020) Gopesh K. Modi; Ashok K. Yadav; Arpita Ghosh; Kajal Kamboj; Prabhjot Kaur; Vivek Kumar; Shobhit Bhansali; Narayan Prasad; Manisha Sahay; Sreejith Parameswaran; Santosh Varughese; Sishir Gang; Shivendra Singh; Dipankar Sircar; Natarajan Gopalakrishnan; Ajay Jaryal; Sanjay Vikrant; Seema Baid Agarwal; Vivekanand Jha
Background and objectives Patient-reported outcomes have gained prominence in the management of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Measurement of health-related quality of life is being increasingly incorporated into medical decision making and health care delivery processes. Design, setting, participants, & measurements The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease Study is a prospective cohort of participants with mild to moderate CKD. Baseline health-related quality of life scores, determined by the standardized Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36 item instrument, are presented for the inception cohort (n52919). Scores are presented on five subscales: mental component summary, physical component summary, burden, effect of kidney disease, and symptom and problems; each is scored 0–100. The associations of socioeconomic and clinical parameters with the five subscale scores and lower quality of life (defined as subscale score <1 SD of the sample mean) were examined. The main socioeconomic factors studied were sex, education, occupation, and income. The key medical factors studied were age, eGFR, diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Results The mean (SD) subscale scores were physical component summary score, 4369; mental component summary score, 48610; burden, 61633; effects, 87613; and symptoms, 90620. Among the socioeconomic variables, women, lower education, and lower income were negatively associated with reduced scores across all subscales. For instance, the respective b-coefficients (SD) for association with the physical component summary subscale were 22.6 (23.4 to 21.8), 21.5 (22.2 to 20.7), and 21.6 (22.7 to 20.5). Medical factors had inconsistent or no association with subscale scores. The quality of life scores also displayed regional variations. Conclusions In this first of its kind analysis from India, predominantly socioeconomic factors were associated with quality of life scores in patients with CKD. © 2020 by the American Society of Nephrology.
Prescription Practices in Patients With Mild to Moderate CKD in India
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Narayan Prasad; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Monica Kundu; Jasmin Sethi; Ajay Jaryal; Dipankar Sircar; Gopesh K. Modi; Kajal Kamboj; Manisha Sahay; Natarajan Gopalakrishnan; Prabhjot Kaur; Sanjay Vikrant; Santosh Varughese; Seema Baid-Agrawal; Shivendra Singh; Sishir Gang; Sreejith Parameswaran; Vivek Kumar; Arpita Ghosh; Vivekanand Jha
Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require multiple medications. There is no information on prescription patterns or the use of evidence-based therapies for management of CKD from low-middle-income countries. Using baseline data from the Indian CKD (ICKD) cohort, we describe the drug prescription practices in patients with mild to moderate CKD. Methods: The ICKD study is a prospective, observational cohort study of mild to moderate kidney disease across 11 centers in India. We analyzed all the prescriptions captured at enrollment in the ICKD study. Drugs were categorized into 11 different groups. We provide descriptive data on prescription details and evaluate the appropriateness of medication use. Results: Complete prescription data were available in 3966 out of 4056 (97.8%) subjects enrolled in the ICKD database. Most patients had stage 3 CKD, 24.9% had diabetic kidney disease, 87% had hypertension, and 25.5% had moderate to severe proteinuria. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers were prescribed in less than half (47.9%) and in 58.8% of patients with proteinuric CKD. Metformin was prescribed in 25.7% of diabetic subjects with CKD. Only 40.4% of patients were taking statins; 31.1% and 2.8% subjects with anemia were receiving iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, respectively. Conclusion: This study highlights the missed opportunities for improving outcomes through appropriate prescriptions of drugs in patients with CKD. There is need for dissemination of evidence-based guidelines and institution of sustainable implementation practices for improving the overall health of patients with CKD. © 2021 International Society of Nephrology
Recent advances and future prospects of indole alkaloids producing endophytes from Catharanthus roseus
(Elsevier, 2021) Prabhjot Kaur; Abhijit Dey; Vijay Kumar; Padmanabh Dwivedi; R.M. Banik; Ranjit Singh; Devendra Kumar Pandey
Endophytes play a vital role in the survival of host plants by aiding defense responses by producing bioactive compounds similar to their host plants. To fulfill the ever-increasing demand for herbal drugs to cure human ailments, researchers are searching for the various sources of bioactive compounds besides medicinal plants. It was reported that in the international market, the demand of 3 kg dry leaves are required) to develop powerful plant-derived anticancer drugs. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the endophytes residing in Catharanthus roseus (family: Apocynaceae), capable of synthesizing indole alkaloids, vinblastine, vincristine, vindoline, vinflunine, vincamine, ajmalicine, ajmaline, serpentine, and reserpine used to control cancer, diabetes, malaria, vascular dementia, cardiac diseases, etc. In the search to fulfill the demand, there is urgent need to develop an efficient method of isolation, identification of endophytes, and the down-streaming process for more efficient and sustainable production of vinca alkaloids from endophytic fungus for the cancer treatment products. Microbial fermentation by optimizing media composition, precursors, inducers, and the metabolic bypass inhibitors would be a promising method in the production of vinca alkaloids at industrial scale. Furthermore, different biotechnological strategies such as gene cloning, gene transformation, and mutations can widely be used on endophytic fungi and bacteria in order to increase the productivity of the vinca alkaloids. Thus, advancements in science and technology have increased the extraction yield from vinca alkaloid producing endophytes, thereby improving the overall efficiency of alkaloid production. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling for optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction and rapid HPTLC analysis of asiaticoside from Centella asiatica
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Poonam Kumari; Prabhjot Kaur; Vijay Kumar; Babita Pandey; Romaan Nazir; Kajal Katoch; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Abhijit Dey; Devendra Kumar Pandey
The present study optimizes various extraction conditions for better yield of asiaticoside in Centellaasiatica. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used for the first time here in order to model and optimize the ultrasonic extraction parameters of asiaticoside from C.asiaticaleaves for comparing and establishment of effective prediction models.The quantitative determination of asiaticoside was carried out on silica gel 60 F254HPTLC plates by using the mobile phase consisting of butanol: ethyl acetate: water (4:1:5). The optimum sonication parameters solid:solvent ratio (1:15), sonication time (18 min), solvent composition (35% aqueous-ethanol), the experimental maximum yield obtained for asiaticoside were 0.198% and the maximum predicted yield were found to be 0.201% i.e closely related to the experimental yield. The results showed that RBF gives better performance as compared to MLP and RSM. The study suggests that RSM and ANN model system can be manipulated for the optimization and production of valuable bioactive compounds. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: A response surface-based approach to optimize elicitation conditions in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni shoot cultures for the enhancement of steviol glycosides(Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, (2023), 155, 6, (1-11))
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Shah Nawaz; Prabhjot Kaur; Merinaswari Konjengbam; Vijay Kumar; Romaan Nazir; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Tuyelee Das; Abhijit Dey; Devendra Kumar Pandey
The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article because of signifcant concerns regarding two fgures presented in this work, which question the integrity of the data. After publication, a number of overlaps were detected within Figure 1 of this article, and some of the images in this fgure appear to have been cropped to give the appearance of being diferent samples. Specifcally:• samples 2, 6, and 9 appear to be identical• samples 3, 7, and 10 appear to be identical• samples 5 and 8 appear to be identical Also, in Figure 6, lines 17–20 seem identical to lines 9–12.The Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confdence in the integrity of the data in this article.All authors agree with this retraction. © 2023 Springer Nature B.V.
Screening of elite germplasms for industrially valuable medicinal crop Stevia rebaudiana for stevioside and rebaudioside A production: An HPTLC-linked chemotaxonomic assessment
(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Shah Nawaz; Prabhjot Kaur; Merinaswari Konjengbam; Vijay Kumar; R.C. Gupta; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Babita Patni; Babita Pandey; Abhijit Dey; Devendra Kumar Pandey
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae) is a South American perennial herb native to the Paraguay region. It is high-value commercial crop in the food industry because of an array of bioactive diterpenoid glycosides, the most important of which are the steviol glycosides, stevioside (Stev) and rebaudioside A (Reb A). Standardized extract from Stevia leaves, which is high in steviol glycosides, can be used as a high-potency sweetener. The current study proposes a high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) approach for estimating stevioside and rebaudioside that is rapid, verified, and repeatable. A collection of 32 chemotypes of Stevia rebaudiana were collected from 32 districts across nine Indian states. Stevioside and rebaudioside A content ranged between 1.43 - 5.88 % and 0.77 - 1.95 % respectively across 32 chemotypes of S. rebaudiana. Among all the studied samples, SrP1 chemotype was found to possess the highest quantity of stevioside (5.88 %) and rebaudioside A (1.95 %), followed by SrH11 (5.28 % Stev; 1.89 % Reb A) chemotypes obtained from Jalandhar, Punjab and Palampur, Himachal Pradesh respectively. Chemotype SrWb32 (1.43 % Stev; 0.77 % Reb A) collected from Bardhaman, West Bengal exhibited least amount of stevioside and rebaudioside A. The current fast, reproducible, and validated HPTLC method presents an efficacious toolkit to explore the quantitative variation in the stevioside and rebaudioside A contents in natural S. rebaudiana chemotypes. This methodology may be employed to screen high stevioside and rebaudioside A yielding elite genotypes for future propagation as well as commercialization of these highly potent sweeteners to deal with the ever-expanding demand for alternative yet natural sweeteners in food industries. © 2022 SAAB
Swertia spp.: A potential source of high-value bioactive components, pharmacology, and analytical techniques
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Prabhjot Kaur; Devendra Kumar Pandey; Abhijit Dey; Padmanabh Dwivedi; Tabarak Malik; R.C. Gupta
Swertia (Gentianaceae), a diverse genus, is mentioned as a potential herbal drug in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha traditional systems of medicine. Since time immemorial, 70 Swertia species have been used worldwide to cure several health illnesses associated with malaria, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, liver complications, different kinds of fever, etc. Swertia herb is used as the principal component in several marketed herbal/polyherbal formulations. Medicinal usage of Swertia is endorsed to the miscellaneous compounds, viz. xanthones, iridoids, seco-iridoids, and triterpenoids. Swertia is one of the most imperative trade herbs since its market value rises by 10% yearly. A chain of systematic isolation of bioactive compounds and their diverse range of pharmacological effects during the last 10-15 years proved this genus as an industrially important plant. This chapter makes an effort to present the comprehensive assessment on distribution, ethnopharmacology, biological activities, phytochemistry, extraction, and analysis of major bioactive compounds in selected species of Swertia in the past few years, and thus to explore the conventional and nonconventional ways of isolation and evaluation of pharmacologically significant bioactive compounds and to screen out the elite variety of Swertia spp. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.
The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) study: baseline characteristics
(Oxford University Press, 2022) Vivek Kumar; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Jasmine Sethi; Arpita Ghosh; Manisha Sahay; Narayan Prasad; Santosh Varughese; Sreejith Parameswaran; Natarajan Gopalakrishnan; Prabhjot Kaur; Gopesh K. Modi; Kajal Kamboj; Monica Kundu; Vivek Sood; Neeraj Inamdar; Ajay Jaryal; Sanjay Vikrant; Saurabh Nayak; Shivendra Singh; Sishir Gang; Seema Baid-Agrawal; Vivekanand Jha
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a lack of information on epidemiology and progression of CKD in low-middle income countries. The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) study aims to identify factors that associate with CKD progression, and development of kidney failure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Indian patients with CKD. Methods: ICKD study is prospective, multicentric cohort study enrolling patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15-60 mL/min/1.73 m2, or >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with proteinuria. Clinical details and biological samples are collected at annual visits. We analysed the baseline characteristics including socio-demographic details, risk factors, disease characteristics and laboratory measurements. In addition, we compared characteristics between urban and rural participants. Results: A total of 4056 patients have been enrolled up to 31 March 2020. The mean ± SD age was 50.3 ± 11.8 years, 67.2% were males, two-thirds of patients lived in rural areas and the median eGFR was 40 mL/min/1.73 m2. About 87% were hypertensive, 37% had diabetes, 22% had CVD, 6.7% had past history of acute kidney injury and 23% reported prior use of alternative drugs. Diabetic kidney disease, chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN) and CKD-cause unknown (CKDu) were the leading causes. Rural participants had more occupational exposure and tobacco use but lower educational status and income. CIN and unknown categories were leading causes in rural participants. Conclusions: The ICKD study is the only large cohort study of patients with mild-to-moderate CKD in a lower middle income country. Baseline characteristics of study population reveal differences as compared with other cohorts from high-income countries. © 2021 The Author(s) 2021.