Browsing by Author "Prakash Singh"

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Deepti Malviya; Prakash Singh; Udai B. Singh; Surinder Paul; Pradeep Kumar Bisen; Jai P. Rai; Ram Lakhan Verma; R. Abdul Fiyaz; A. Kumar; Poonam Kumari; Sailabala Dei; Mohd. Reyaz Ahmed; D.J. Bagyaraj; Harsh V. Singh
Rhizosphere is the battlefield of beneficial and harmful (so called phytopathogens) microorganisms. Moreover, these microbial communities are struggling for their existence in the soil and playing key roles in plant growth, mineralization, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. In the last few decades, some consistent pattern have been detected so far that link soil community composition and functions with plant growth and development; however, it has not been studied in detail. AM fungi are model organisms, besides potential role in nutrient cycling; they modulate biochemical pathways directly or indirectly which lead to better plant growth under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In the present investigations, we have elucidated the AM fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses against Meloidogyne graminicola causing root-knot disease in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study describes the multifarious effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, and Rhizophagus intraradices inoculated individually or in combination under glasshouse conditions in rice plants. It was found that F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices when applied individually or in combination modulated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice. AM inoculation significantly increased various plant growth attributes in plants with simultaneous decrease in the root-knot intensity. Among these, the combined application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus, and R. intraradices was found to enhance the accumulation and activities of biomolecules and enzymes related to defense priming as well as antioxidation in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice pre-challenged with M. graminicola. The application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, induced the key genes involved in plant defense and signaling and it has been demonstrated for the first time. Results of the present investigation advocated that the application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, particularly a combination of all three, not only helped in the control of root-knot nematodes but also increased plant growth as well as enhances the gene expression in rice. Thus, it proved to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth-promoting agent in rice even when the crop is under biotic stress of the root-knot nematode, M. graminicola. Copyright © 2023 Malviya, Singh, Singh, Paul, Kumar Bisen, Rai, Verma, Fiyaz, Kumar, Kumari, Dei, Ahmed, Bagyaraj and Singh.
Association analysis for yield and quality attributes in Indica rice and screening of hybrids against blast disease (Magnaporthe grisea Barr.)
(Academic Journals Inc., 2013) Mukesh Kumar Singh; Prakash Singh; Ravi P. Singh; Chinmayee Mohapatra
Rice is mostly grown in the Asian subcontinent and known by its good cooking qualities. Its production is, however, often constrained by several biotic factors. The present study may be useful for the development of resistant lines against the blast disease possess high yielding capacity. Thirty nine Indica rice genotypes were used to study the extent of genetic parameter and association analysis for quantitative and qualitative traits. These genotypes were screened against blast disease of rice by artificial inoculation in field. All quantitative and qualitative traits exhibited highly significant difference (p<0.01) among treatments, it indicates the adequate genetic variability among the genotypes under study. Estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were high for filled grains per plant, total grains per plant, panicle initiation and Grain Yield per Plant (GYPP). Heritability was high (>80%) for all the characters except head rice recovery, hulling percentage and kernel breadth; indicates the roles of additive gene action and a good scope of selection using their phenotypic performance. GYPP showed strong positive association with yield contributing traits while non-significant association with rest of the traits. In blast screening, none of the varieties and F1 hybrids found highly resistant. Among the parental lines, Anjali was resistant, HUR3022, Vandana, HUR105 and BPT5204 were moderately resistant and six lines were moderately to highly susceptible. Among the hybrids, only two hybrids (AnjalixBPT 5204 and AnnadaxBPT 5204) were found resistant to rice blast disease. © 2013 Academic Journals Inc.
Biomethanization of coal to obtain clean coal energy: A review
(2012) Asha Singh; Prakash Singh; M. Singh
This paper entails a review on the possibility of methanization of coal using microbial tool. Biomethanization process of coal begins with biodegradation of coal by specific bacteria and fungi. As a result of this, major polymers present in coal like proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids are hydrolyzed to monomers like aminoacids, sugars, purines, pyrimidines and long chain fatty acids. Their subsequent fermentation forms hydrogen, CO2 and a number of reduced compounds like alcohols, short chain fatty acids, organic acids and certain aromatics. The oxidation of these reduced compounds further leads to the formation of acetate, hydrogen and CO 2, methylated compounds and several intermediate compounds. Syntrophic relationship exists between fermenting bacteria and methanogens. The resultant oxidized compounds of fermenting bacteria are gradually utilized by specific methanogens to form methane. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens utilize H2 and convert CO2 into methane. Whereas acetate is utilized by acetoclastic methanogens to generate methane. The methylated compounds are utilized for methane formation by methylotrophic methanogens.
Biotic stress management in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through conventional and molecular approaches
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Prakash Singh; Ram Lakhan Verma; Ravi S. Singh; Ravi P. Singh; H.B. Singh; Pandurang Arsode; Manish Kumar; Pawan Kumar Singh
The rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity is often adversely disturbed by several abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought, submergence, fungal, bacterial, and nematode oriented biotic diseases and pest like brown plant hopper (BPH) and stem borer (SB). The major biotic stresses such as bacterial leaf blight (BLB), sheath blight (ShB), blast, brown spot (BS), false smut (FS), brown plant hopper (BPH), yellow stem borer (YSB), and gall midge (GM) play crucial roles in decreasing the productivity and quality of rice grains. Among the several breeding procedures and various control measures available for mitigating the biotic stresses/factors, the host plant resistance is most effective, economic and eco-friendly which is basically developed by traditional breeding approaches. The related species of rice and wild sources are important for identification of many resistance genes/QTLs, which are successfully introgressed or deployed or pyramided in numerous breeding lines through resistance breeding program and various molecular approaches. In this chapter, an inclusive valuation of the conventional and molecular approaches for mitigating the biotic stresses in rice by imparting major resistance sources has been presented. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020. All rights reserved.
Characterization and identification of pigeonpea [cajanus cajan (L.) millsp.] genotypes based on quality of seed protein
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2020) Ashish Kumar Pandey; Ajai Kumar Singh; Prakash Singh; Rajendra Prasad Vyas; Ravish Kumar Singh; Hemraj Bhandari
Tris-and water-soluble seed protein profiling was used to characterize, identify and differentiate 13 genotypes of pigeonpea via SDS– PAGE based electrophoresis of seed protein. Electropherograms, RM-value and UPGMA based cluster (dendrograms) analysis was used to analyze tris-and water-soluble protein banding patterns of these genotypes. It revealed that RM-value of protein bands have differed from all the genotypes for both soluble proteins. Tris-soluble protein banding pattern exhibited 17 bands including 12-15 variate of RM-value (0.083 to 0.98) and two common bands with RM-value 0.083 and 0.78. However, water-soluble protein banding pattern revealed the presence of 16 bands including 8-12 variate of RM-value (0.16 to 0.95) with four common bands of RM-value 0.43, 048, 0.23 and 0.65, respectively. UPGMA cluster analysis was used to group the 13 genotypes into six distinct clusters. The banding pattern of tris-soluble protein was found to be more distinct than water-soluble protein. The result demonstrated that the electrophoretic profile of tris-soluble protein through SDS-PAGE was more effective than the water-soluble protein. © 2020, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.
Comparative analysis on the effect of trimethoprim and bavistin on direct shoot regeneration in Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) in growth regulator free MS medium
(Triveni Enterprises, 2016) Vaibhav Tiwari; Ravi P. Singh; Brahma D. Singh; Prakash Singh; Mukesh K. Singh; Ravish K. Singh
Leaf, node and internode explants of Brahmi Bacopa monniera L. were cultured on growth regulators free (GR free) MS basal medium to assess the effect of an antibiotic (Trimethoprim-TMP) and an antifungal agent (Bavistin-BVN). Direct shoot regeneration without callus formation was induced by culturing different explants on GR free MS medium at lower concentration of TMP. TMP (antibiotic agent) at 50 mg l was found optimum for shoot regeneration from leaf explants, while higher concentration of TMP did not show any improvement on more than 50 mg l for shoot regeneration in node explants. BVN (antifungal agent) at 100 mg l had the optimum effect on regeneration from inter-node and leaf explants, but node explants showed better regeneration on 150 mg l BVN. The adventitious shoot regenerated from vertically placed nodes on medium containing 150 mg l BVN and horizontally placed node segments showed regeneration at 100 mg l . Increasing upto 200 mg l TMP concentrationsignificantly promoted adventitious shoot bud regeneration in inter-modal explants. The combination of TMP and BVN significantly suppressed root regeneration at higher concentration in internodes and leaf explants, whileTMPat lower concentration showed better root regeneration as compared to culture grown on GR-free MS-medium. Trimethoprim and Bavistin exhibited cytokinin-like activity as they promoted axillary shoots from node and adventitious shoot buds regeneration on the surface of all explants. © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India).
Desulfurization of selected hard and brown coal samples from India and Indonesia with Ralstonia sp and Pseudoxanthomonas sp
(2012) Asha Singh; Prakash Singh; Aniruddha Kumar; M. Singh
The present paper entails the investigations on the removal of total sulfur (St) from the coal samples of four coal and lignite fields of India and Indonesia by Ralstonia sp and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. Minimum desulfurization (in relative%) was observed in Nagaland coals (India) which contain maximum quantity of St (6.86%) among the samples of the studied area while higher removal (in relative%) was observed in coals containing relatively low quantity of St. Nevertheless, a positive correlation exists between St and removal percentage in samples of all coalfields indicating an increase in removal% with increasing concentration of St. The removal percent (with respect to its initial St) by Pseudoxanthomonas sp in the investigated area is in order of: Vastan (mean 41.84%) > Indonesian (mean 34.16%) > Nagaland (mean 18.26) coals. In case of removal by Ralstonia sp the order of removal % can be put as: Vastan (mean 45.50%) > Rajpardi (mean 42.93%) > Indonesian (mean 20.22%) > Nagaland (mean 11.83%) coals.
Estimation of genetics and heterosis for yield components in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars
(Gaurav Publications, 2013) M.K. Singh; R.P. Singh; Prakash Singh; S.P. Singh; R.K. Agrawal; C. Sen
An experiment comprising 39 rice entries (28 F1S hybrids and 11 parents including check) was conducted to examine the extent of genetic parameters (such as variability, heritability, genetic advance, degree of dominance, etc.) and various heterosis in order to identify the promising hybrids for yield and yield attributes. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among treatments for all the traits. Heritability (ns) estimates and expected genetic advance (GA) in response to selection for next generation were high for all desirable traits. It indicated the influence of additive gene action. Assessment of heterobeltiosis (over better parent) and standard heterosis based on check (NDR 97) showed significant heterosis for yield traits in all hybrids. Heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis varied from -40.50 to 14.59% and 10.62 to 86.20% for grain yield per plant, -15.22 to 24.75 and 8.38 to 35.59% for 1000-grain weight, -33.89 to 42.17 and -21.71 to 59.12% for number of effective tillers per plant, and -22.17 to 11.45 and 12.43 to 52.15% for days to maturity, respectively. The most desirable cross combination Anjali x MTU 7029 for grain yield per plant showed desirable heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for 1000- grain weight, days to maturity, number of effective tillers per plant and panicle length.
Gene action analysis and identification of combiners for yield traits in maize
(Society for Plant Research, 2017) Ravish Kumar Singh; Erappa Gangappa; Prakash Singh; Ravi P. Singh; Ashish Kumar Pandey; Mukesh K. Singh
Field experiment was conducted using half diallel analysis involving 14 high yielding drought tolerant inbreds to generate 91 F1 hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) to study the gene action and identify the best combiners for grain yield and its associated traits. The analysis of variances represents significant amounts of variability present among inbreeds for most of the traits studied. The estimates of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were found significant, it indicated the preponderance of both additive and non-additive gene actions for the expression of yield controlling traits in maize. The parent CML-359 and CML-41 were found best general combiners, showing significant GCA effect for grain yield and its associated traits, and also simultaneously possessed high per se performance. However, the hybrids, CML-326 × DMR-N-21, HKI 26-24 (1-2) × CM-500, HKI-26-24(1-2) × CML-411, CML-41 × HKI-164-4(1-3)-2 and CML-41 × CM-500 were found best specific combiners for grain yield and its associated traits. The present study revealed that 5 best identified hybrids among 91 hybrids, may be used directly as hybrids for development of synthetics or composites or high yielding hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). © 2017, SPR, All Rights Reserved.
Identification of good combiners in early maturing × high yielding cultivars of Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Bangladesh Botanical Society, 2013) Mukesh Kumar Singh; Ravi P. Singh; Prakash Singh
Line × tester analysis involving seven early maturing lines and four high yielding testers, made to produce 28 F1s hybrids. The F1 data revealed that both additive and non-additive gene were important in controlling yield contribution in Indica rice. Variances were significant for GCA and SCA effects for all the characters indicating the significance of both additive and non-additive genes. There was high proportion of non-additive genes for the expression of different traits. Cultivars Anjali, MTU-7029 and BPT-5204 were identified as best general combiners for yield and yield traits among the parents. The most promising specific combiners for grain yield and its contributing traits were Govind × HUR 105, NDR 97 × HUR 4-3, Anjali × HUR 4-3, NDR 97 × MTU 7029, Vandana × BPT 5204, Shanthi × HUR 105, Anjali × MTU 7029 and Shanthi × BPT 5204.
Inheritance of blast disease resistance in the cross hur 3022 x tetep of rice (Oryza sativa l.)
(Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 2019) Namrata; R.P. Singh; Ramlakhan Verma; Prashant Bisen; Prakash Singh; Basavaraj Teli
An experiment was carried out using six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of cross HUR 3022 x Tetep in rice at BHU, Varanasi during year 2017-2018 to know the inheritance pattern of leaf blast disease under artificial inoculation with LB-TN-2 isolate of Magnaporthe oryzae in the field condition. The blast disease resistant cultivar ‘Tetep’ showed 9.32% disease severity, while high yielding, early maturing susceptible cultivar HUR 3022 showed 43.65% disease severity against M. oryzae. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of resistance cultivar was observed 127.95 which are significantly less than the susceptible cultivar 605.62. The F1 (HUR 3022 x Tetep) plants were observed to be resistant with an average disease severity and AUDPC are 17.54% and 224.7, respectively. The F2 population was observed to show three distinct phenotypic classes resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible with a ratio of 9:6:1, respectively. Two backcross Populations, B1 and B2 showed different response from each other during evaluation which results in the phenotypic ratio of 1R:2MR:1S in B1 and 1R:0S in B2, respectively. The results showed that blast disease resistance occurs in the cross is due to duplicate cumulative effects or polymeric gene effect of two dominant resistant genes i.e., Pi1 and Pi54. © 2019, Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
Linking Soil Microbial Diversity to Modern Agriculture Practices: A Review
(MDPI, 2022) Amrita Gupta; Udai B. Singh; Pramod K. Sahu; Surinder Paul; Adarsh Kumar; Deepti Malviya; Shailendra Singh; Pandiyan Kuppusamy; Prakash Singh; Diby Paul; Jai P. Rai; Harsh V. Singh; Madhab C. Manna; Theodore C. Crusberg; Arun Kumar; Anil K. Saxena
Agriculture is a multifarious interface between plants and associated microorganisms. In contemporary agriculture, emphasis is being given to environmentally friendly approaches, particularly in developing countries, to enhance sustainability of the system with the least negative effects on produce quality and quantity. Modern agricultural practices such as extensive tillage, the use of harmful agrochemicals, mono-cropping, etc. have been found to influence soil microbial community structure and soil sustainability. On the other hand, the question of feeding the ever-growing global population while ensuring system sustainability largely remains unanswered. Agriculturally important microorganisms are envisaged to play important roles in various measures to raise a healthy and remunerative crop, including integrated nutrient management, as well as disease and pest management to cut down agrochemicals without compromising the agricultural production. These beneficial microorganisms seem to have every potential to provide an alternative opportunity to overcome the ill effects of various components of traditional agriculture being practiced by and large. Despite an increased awareness of the importance of organically produced food, farmers in developing countries still tend to apply inorganic chemical fertilizers and toxic chemical pesticides beyond the recommended doses. Nutrient uptake enhancement, biocontrol of pests and diseases using microbial inoculants may replace/reduce agrochemicals in agricultural production system. The present review aims to examine and discuss the shift in microbial population structure due to current agricultural practices and focuses on the development of a sustainable agricultural system employing the tremendous untapped potential of the microbial world. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Marker-Assisted Improvement for Durable Bacterial Blight Resistance in Aromatic Rice Cultivar HUR 917 Popular in Eastern Parts of India
(MDPI, 2023) Manish Kumar; Ravi Pratap Singh; Debarchana Jena; Vineeta Singh; Diptibala Rout; Panduranga Bhagwan Arsode; Madhu Choudhary; Prakash Singh; Suman Chahar; Sanghamitra Samantaray; Arup Kumar Mukherjee; Chander Mohan; Abhishek Bohra; Goutam Das; Sumana Balo; Onkar Nath Singh; Ramlakhan Verma
Bacterial blight (BB) is a devastating disease of rice in the tropics of Indian sub-continent, where the presence of Xoo races with varying levels of genetic diversity and virulence renders disease management extremely challenging. In this context, marker-assisted improvement of plant resistance has been proven as one of the most promising approaches for the development of sustainable rice cultivars. The present study demonstrates the marker-assisted introgression of the three BB resistant genes (Xa21 + xa13 + xa5) into the background of HUR 917, a popular aromatic short grain (ASG) rice cultivar in India. The performance of the resulting improved products (near isogenic lines (NILs), HR 23-5-37-83-5, HR 23-5-37-121-10, HR 23-5-37-121-14, HR 23-65-6-191-13, HR 23-65-6-237-2, HR 23-65-6-258-10 and HR 23-65-6-258-21) establishes the utility of marker-assisted selection (MAS) approach for accelerated trait introgression in rice. The MAS-bred lines carrying three introgressed genes showed broad spectrum BB resistance (lesion length, LL of 1.06 ± 1.35 cm to 4.61 ± 0.87 cm). Besides, these improved lines showed the complete product profile of recurrent parent HUR 917 along with the enhanced level of durable BB resistance. The improved introgression lines with durable BB resistance would contribute to sustainable rice production in India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plane that has substantial acreage under HUR 917. © 2023 by the authors.
Non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis for grouping of diverse lentil (Lens Culinaris L. Medik.) genotypes
(DAV College, 2014) Prakash Singh; Ranjeet Singh
Two hundred forty five diverse genotypes of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated in Augmented Block Design during Rabi season 2009-10 and 2010-11 for various quantitative traits, which indicated wide genetic variability for all the traits. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the quantitative traits studied, indicating the considerable amount of variation among genotypes for each eleven characters. Heritability (broad sense) estimates were high (>88%) for all the quantitative traits except number of primary branches/plant. These 245 diverse genotypes were grouped into 16 distinct clusters by using nonhierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. Cluster VI contained maximum 36 genotypes followed by cluster IV (31 genotypes), cluster I (25 genotypes), cluster II and XIV having 22 genotypes. The most diverse clusters were cluster XV and IX (34.444) followed by clusters XV and X (30.886), which indicated maximum diversity between the genotypes of these clusters. Cluster IX characterized by high number of secondary branches/plant, number of pods/plant, early maturity and most of the yield related traits, while cluster XV was represented by genotype having extra bold seeded group. The promising genotypes (GM-53, GM-40, L-316, L-6-416, R/5-18, GM-28, GM-212, GM-11, L-324) for seed yield/plant, biological yield, harvest index, number of pods/plant, number of secondary branches/plant and early maturing were identified from different cluster on the basis of better performance, which could be utilized for hybridization programme to produce better recombinants for development of high yielding varieties.
Novel Insights into Understanding the Molecular Dialogues between Bipolaroxin and the Gα and Gβ Subunits of the Wheat Heterotrimeric G-Protein during Host–Pathogen Interaction
(MDPI, 2022) Deepti Malviya; Udai B. Singh; Budheswar Dehury; Prakash Singh; Manoj Kumar; Shailendra Singh; Anurag Chaurasia; Manoj Kumar Yadav; Raja Shankar; Manish Roy; Jai P. Rai; Arup K. Mukherjee; Ishwar Singh Solanki; Arun Kumar; Sunil Kumar; Harsh V. Singh
Spot blotch disease of wheat, caused by the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem., produces several toxins which interact with the plants and thereby increase the blightening of the wheat leaves, and Bipolaroxin is one of them. There is an urgent need to decipher the molecular interaction between wheat and the toxin Bipolaroxin for in-depth understanding of host–pathogen interactions. In the present study, we have developed the three-dimensional structure of G-protein alpha subunit from Triticum aestivum. Molecular docking studies were performed using the active site of the modeled G-protein alpha and cryo-EM structure of beta subunit from T. aestivum and ‘Bipolaroxin’. The study of protein–ligand interactions revealed that six H-bonds are mainly formed by Glu29, Ser30, Lys32, and Ala177 of G-alpha with Bipolaroxin. In the beta subunit, the residues of the core beta strand domain participate in the ligand interaction where Lys256, Phe306, and Leu352 formed seven H-bonds with the ligand Bipolaroxin. All-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were conducted for G-alpha and -beta subunit and Bipolaroxin complexes to explore the stability, conformational flexibility, and dynamic behavior of the complex system. In planta studies clearly indicated that application of Bipolaroxin significantly impacted the physio-biochemical pathways in wheat and led to the blightening of leaves in susceptible cultivars as compared to resistant ones. Further, it interacted with the Gα and Gβ subunits of G-protein, phenylpropanoid, and MAPK pathways, which is clearly supported by the qPCR results. This study gives deeper insights into understanding the molecular dialogues between Bipolaroxin and the Gα and Gβ subunits of the wheat heterotrimeric G-protein during host–pathogen interaction. © 2022 by the authors.
Petrographic and geochemical characterization of coals from Tiru valley, Nagaland, NE India
(2012) Prakash Singh; M. Singh; Alok Singh; A. Naik
In Tiru valley region of Mon district coals occur in Barail Formation and are of Oligocene age. This study is the first investigation on the petrographic and geochemical characterization of these coals. These thinly bedded seams (<2 m) need systematic exploration for proper evaluation of the resource.The coals are bright to moderately bright in appearance and at places look moderately dull. The study reveals that Tiru valley coals are sub-bituminous to bituminous-D in rank. The chemical study reveals that these coals are perhydrous in nature with moderately high volatile matter content. The sulphur content was probably increased with pyrite inclusion as the most abundant mineral. Vitrinite is the most dominant maceral group constituting nearly 98% of all the macerals while liptinite and inertinite occur in very low concentration. Facies-critical models used to decipher the paleodepositional environment suggest that these coals evolved under wet moor with moderately high flooding in the paleomire which allowed the sulphate reducing bacteria to thrive.
Petrographic considerations in demineralization of coal with bacteria: A new dimension in understanding the clean coal technology
(Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, 2014) Prakash Singh; Asha Singh; Aniruddha Kumar; Mahendra Singh
The present study reveals that there is close relation between the petrographic composition of coal and removal of major, minor and trace elements/metals with bacteria. While increase in total huminite concentration has favoured the removal of Cr, Ni, Pb and Mg, there is good removal of Cd and Cu with increase in liptinite content. Inertinite is found to be favourable for the removal of Cd, Fe and K. It is therefore important to take into consideration the petrographic composition of coal when trying for the beneficiation of coal with bacteria. This will be helpful in designing suitable strategy for the removal of environmentally sensitive elements/metals with the help of bacteria and to obtain clean fuel from coal.
Petrological investigations of oligocene coals from foreland basin of northeast India
(Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, 2013) Alok Singh; Mahendra Singh; Prakash Singh
The results of the petrological investigations carried out on coal samples from the Oligocene deposits of Northeastern India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland) have been discussed. These deposits occur in the Tikak Parbat Formation (Barail Group) and were probably deposited in the foreland basin. Petrographically, these coals are enriched in vitrinite macerals (65.8-96.6 vol %, mean 87.2 vol %) with variable concentrations of liptinite macerals (2.7-35.4 vol %, mean 11.9 vol %). They contain low concentration of inertinite (nil-3.3 vol %, mean 0.9 vol %) macerals. The microlithotype is dominated by vitrite (61.5-100 vol %, mean 90.8 vol %). An elevated volatile matter (44.15 - 60.20 wt %, mean 52.90 wt %, d.a.f. basis) and reflectance values (VRr 0.39-0.61%) put their rank as sub-bituminous type 'C' to high volatile bituminous type 'C'. The GI and TPI values favour telmatic conditions of origin with high tree density and prolonged wet conditions. This is in agreement with the paleoenvironment interpreted from the vitrinite and liptinite-rich microlithotypes, which suggested a forest and reed facies. However, the presence of inertinite in some coal seams indicates tectonic upheavals / regression of the sea resulting to periodic and short span dryness of the basin.
Salt‐tolerant compatible microbial inoculants modulate physio‐biochemical responses enhance plant growth, zn biofortification and yield of wheat grown in saline‐sodic soil
(MDPI, 2021) Udai B. Singh; Deepti Malviya; Shailendra Singh; Prakash Singh; Abhijeet Ghatak; Mohd. Imran; Jai P. Rai; Rajiv K. Singh; Madhab Chandra Manna; Arun Kunar Sharma; Anil Kumar Saxena
A wide range of root‐associated mutualistic microorganisms have been successfully applied and documented in the past for growth promotion, biofertilization, biofortification and biotic and abiotic stress amelioration in major crops. These microorganisms include nitrogen fixers, nutrient mobilizers, bio‐remediators and bio‐control agents. The present study aimed to demonstrate the impact of salt‐tolerant compatible microbial inoculants on plant growth; Zn biofortification and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in saline‐sodic soil and insight of the mechanisms involved therein are being shared through this paper. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH‐501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B‐16 on wheat grown in saline‐sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR‐Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India. The population of rhizosphere‐associated microorganisms changed dramatically upon inoculation of the test microbes in the wheat rhizosphere. The co‐inoculation induced a significant accumulation of proline and total soluble sugar in wheat at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing as compared to the uninoculated control. Upon quantitative estimation of organic solutes and antioxidant enzymes, these were found to have increased significantly in co‐inoculated plants under salt‐stressed condi-tions. The application of microbial inoculants enhanced the salt tolerance level significantly in wheat plants grown in saline‐sodic soil. A significant increase in the uptake and translocation of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) was observed in wheat co‐inoculated with the microbial inoculants, while a significant reduction in sodium (Na+) content was recorded in plants treated with both the bio-agents when compared with the respective uninoculated control plants. Results clearly indicated that significantly higher expression of TaHKT‐1 and TaNHX1 in the roots enhances salt tolerance effectively by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance in the plant tissue. It was also observed that co‐inoc-ulation of the test inoculants increased the expression of ZIP transporters (2–3.5‐folds) which ulti-mately led to increased biofortification of Zn in wheat grown in saline‐sodic soil. Results suggested that co‐inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH‐501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B‐16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth. In general, the present investigation demonstrated the feasibility of using salt‐tolerant rhizosphere microbes for plant growth promotion and provides insights into plant-microbe interactions to ameliorate salt stress and increase Zn bio‐fortification in wheat. © 2021 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Screening of Brassica rapa L. var. yellow sarson genotypes against downy mildew Alternaria blight
(Springer India, 2014) Kamlesh Kumar Prajapati; O.P. Verma; Prakash Singh; Sanjeev Singh; Dhirendra K. Singh
The use of resistant varieties is considered to be the best method of disease control. Therefore, the study was carried out to find out the sources of resistance against downy mildew (caused by Peronospora brassicae (Pers. ex. Fr.)) and Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. and Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire) in Brassica rapa. The pathogen is greatly influenced by weather with the highest disease incidence in wet seasons and in areas with relatively high rainfall. A. brassicae can affect host species at all stages of growth, including seed. Symptoms of the disease are characterized by formation of spots on leaves, stem and siliquae. This investigation was conducted under three different environments in randomized block design with three replications. A total of 20 genotypes of yellow sarson were screened for varietal reactions against the diseases under field conditions during rabi 2010 and 2011. None of the genotypes was found free from both the disease, in case of downy mildew disease; only one genotype named Jagrati was found moderately resistant. For Alternaria blight, seven genotypes named, Benoy, Pusa Gold, YSK 09–1, PYS 2008–2, NRCYS-05–02, YSWB-2012 and NDYS-427 were found moderately resistant. © Springer India 2014 This work is subject. All rights reserved.