Browsing by Author "Pranjal Chandra"

Now showing 1 - 19 of 19

Analogue and structure based approaches for modelling HIV-1 integrase inhibitors
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Anurag Upadhyaya; Bhavana Panthi; Shubham Verma; Suresh Kumar; Satish Kumar Rajouria; Hemant Kumar Srivastava; Pranjal Chandra
A set of 220 inhibitors belonging to different structure classes and having HIV-1 integrase activity were collected along with their experimental pIC50 values. Geometries of all the inhibitors were fully optimized using B3LYP/6-31 + G(d) level of theory. These ligands were docked against 4 different HIV-1 integrase receptors (PDB IDs: 4LH5, 5KRS, 3ZSQ and 3ZSV). 30 docked poses were generated for all 220 inhibitors and ligand interaction of the first docked pose and the docked pose with the highest score were analysed. Residue GLU170 of 4LH5 receptor shows the highest number of interactions followed by ALA169, GLN168, HIS171 and ASP167 residues. Hydrogen bonding and stacking are mainly responsible for the interactions of these inhibitors with the receptor. We performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to observe the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), for measure the average change of displacement between the atoms for a particular frame with respect to a reference and The Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) for characterization of local changes along the protein chain of the docked complexes. Analogue based models were generated to predict the pIC50 values for integrase inhibitors using various types of descriptors such as constitutional, geometrical, topological, quantum chemical and docking based descriptors. The best models were selected on the basis of statistical parameters and were validated by training and test set division. A few new inhibitors were designed on the basis of structure activity relationship and their pIC50 values were predicted using the generated models. All the designed new inhibitors a very high potential and may be used as potent inhibitors of HIV integrase. These models may be useful for further design and development of new and potent HIV integrase inhibitors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Bimetallic Copper/Zinc Metal Organic Framework-MoS2Nanohybrid based Electrochemical Sensor
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Divya; Shubhangi; Pranjal Chandra
Acetaminophen is a globally used antipyretic analgesic drug to relieve pain. The excess usage of acetaminophen leads to various health implications including cardiovascular ailments, asthma, liver and kidney damage. Bimetallic MOFs are emerging materials in the field of electrochemical sensing domain utilizing the synergistic effect of both the metal ions present within. In this study, we report a sensing matrix comprising of an electrochemically fabricated novel bimetallic MOF (CoZn) conjugated with Mos2nanosheets to form an electroconductive nanocomposite. Layer-by-layer characterization of CoZn-MOF/MoS2modified electrode surface was done through different electrochemical analytical techniques like CV and EIS. The composite (GCE/CoZn-MOF/MoS2) can find its applications in sensing a plethora of analytes based on the catalytic potential of the metal nodes. In this work we have attempted the application of the developed nanocomposite probe in the electrochemical oxidation and thereby detection of acetaminophen. The developed nanocomposite was able to detect acetaminophen with enhancement in signal, proving the improved electroconductivity of the surface due to synergistic effect of CoZn-MOF and Mos2. © 2024 IEEE.
Clinically Deployable Electro-Immunosensing Device Comprising Bioactive Glass-MWCNT for Alkaline Phosphatase Detection in Human Serum Samples
(American Chemical Society, 2025) None Darshna; Indrani Nandi; Pradeep Kumar Srivastava; Pranjal Chandra
Bone is a dynamic tissue that serves several purposes in the human body, including storing calcium, forming blood cells, and protecting and supporting the body’s organs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is secreted into the circulation by osteoblasts, the cells responsible for making bone. It attaches to the surface of osteoblast cells or matrix vesicles. Accordingly, ALP is present in serum and is a popular biomarker for the evaluation of bone disease and other disorders in clinical evaluations. In this study, a composite probe made of bioactive glass (BG) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was used to detect ALP through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) without the need for labels. By combination of physical methods with electrochemical analysis, the biosensor probe was characterized. The analytical performance of the biosensor was evaluated using EIS, and the results revealed that it has a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.29 ± 0.35 U/L and a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 25-600 U/L; both of which are within the acceptable range for ALP detection in clinics. When tested against serum interfering chemicals, the biosensor probe that was designed shows a strong selectivity for ALP (Ksel < 0.06). In addition, human serum and fetal bovine serum were used to test the system’s ability to detect ALP in biological samples. © 2025 American Chemical Society.
Editorial: Integrated biosensors towards clinical and point-of-care diagnostics
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Can Dincer; Pranjal Chandra; Eden Morales-Narváez
[No abstract available]
Electroanalytical techniques for investigating biofilms: Applications in biosensing and biomolecular interfacing
(Elsevier, 2020) Nagaraj P. Shetti; Shweta J. Malode; Sharmili Roy; Pranjal Chandra; Kakarla Raghava Reddy; Sanghamitra Chatterjee
Biofilms, which are widespread in the natural world and have a complex composition, have demonstrated significant performance capabilities in the field of biosensing diagnostics. Biofilms provide an excellent surface for both living and nonliving microbes to develop, thus allowing different microorganisms to become viable and later utilized in biosensor detection strategies. Biofilms formed by bacteria have created numerous problems in areas such as the medical, food, and water industries. A thorough analysis of biofilm is difficult because these collections of microorganisms present concerns in both the microbiological and hygiene fields. As a result, these methods are aimed at analyzing biofilm formations and their progress at diverse phases. Performing research on biofilm employs both qualitative and quantitative techniques to understand their properties. Electrochemically active biofilms, which are environmentally friendly, help transfer electrons to generate conductivity and to measure the growth kinetics of biofilms. The electrochemical sensors not only cooperate to detect and characterize bacterial biofilms, but also to reduce their electrical impedance by increasing the electrochemical signals. The charge transfer resistance and capacity of biofilm growth can also be successfully detected. This chapter highlights the advantages, limits, and analysis techniques to assist the researcher in assay selection. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
Emerging 3D nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for water splitting reactions
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Rohini Kumari; Aditi Sammi; Shubhangi; Ananya Srivastava; Uday Pratap Azad; Pranjal Chandra
Electrochemical water splitting is an ideal alternative to obtain hydrogen, which is a renewable and clean source of energy with a high calorific value. Designing a highly stable and affordable catalyst is a critical need for achieving the desired electrocatalytic efficacy. Three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials (NMs) have a hierarchical or interconnected network or framework-like structure with commendable mechanical stability. They possess large surface area and electroactive sites, which have garnered immense scientific interest in the past few years. Different 3D NMs that have been used for electrocatalysis of water are the central focus of this review. There are only a handful of reports discussing them in the literature, but none of them comprehensively cover various 3D NMs as water-splitting catalysts. In addition, the basic concepts of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as well as various metrics affecting water splitting kinetics, have been highlighted in detail. In the end, hurdles in the design and commercialization of highly stable water-splitting catalysts and their possible remedies have been discussed along with. © 2024 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC
Engineered Cobalt/Molybedum Bimetallic MOF as Electrochemical Signal Transducer for Uric Acid Detection
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Shubhangi; Ruchita Chaudhari; S.K. Rai; Pranjal Chandra
Electrochemical signal transduction systems involving metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are new buzz words in sensing due to their astounding functional capabilities and catalytic potential. In this work, creation of one such novel sensing platform comprising of cobalt/molybdenum (Co/Mo) bimetallic MOF has been attempted for the sensitive detection of uric acid (UA) in clinical ranges. Conventionally, UA is detected through an enzyme called uricase which converts UA to allantoin. However, the enzyme-based diagnostic solutions are prone to chemical and thermal instabilities making the process cumbersome and tedious. To eliminate such challenges, the developed non-enzymatic detection system uses a highly catalytic bimetallic sensing module which electrochemically facilitates conversion of UA to allantoin, and yields electrochemical signal outcomes. The developed sensing probe was characterized through physical and electrochemical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and, cyclic voltammetry (CV). Here, UA has been used as the sample target analyte to validate the efficacy of the bimetallic system using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The preliminary results hold immense promise for the developed system in application for sensing a wide range of analytes through electrochemical methods in clinical settings. © 2024 IEEE.
Exploring the Potential Applications of Engineered Borophene in Nanobiosensing and Theranostics
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Ananya Srivastava; Daphika S. Dkhar; Nandita Singh; Uday Pratap Azad; Pranjal Chandra
A monolayer of boron known as borophene has emerged as a novel and fascinating two-dimensional (2D) material with exceptional features, such as anisotropic metallic behavior and supple mechanical and optical capabilities. The engineering of smart functionalized opto-electric 2D materials is essential to obtain biosensors or biodevices of desired performance. Borophene is one of the most emerging 2D materials, and owing to its excellent electroactive surface area, high electron transport, anisotropic behavior, controllable optical and electrochemical properties, ability to be deposited on thin films, and potential to create surface functionalities, it has recently become one of the sophisticated platforms. Despite the difficulty of production, borophene may be immobilized utilizing chemistries, be functionalized on a flexible substrate, and be controlled over electro-optical properties to create a highly sensitive biosensor system that could be used for point-of-care diagnostics. Its electrochemical properties can be tailored by using appropriate nanomaterials, redox mediators, conducting polymers, etc., which will be quite useful for the detection of biomolecules at even trace levels with a high sensitivity and less detection time. This will be quite helpful in developing biosensing devices with a very high sensitivity and with less response time. So, this review will be a crucial foundation as we have discussed the basic properties, synthesis, and potential applications of borophene in nanobiosensing, as well as therapeutic applications. © 2023 by the authors.
Fabrication of Advanced Nanohybrid Materials and Their Deployment in Electrochemical Sensing of Diverse Analytes
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Nandita Singh; Uday Pratap Azad; Ananya Srivastava; Rohini Kumari; Rajendra Prasad; Pranjal Chandra
The term “nanohybrid” materials refers to materials made of artificial organic and inorganic components joined at the nanoscale level in a covalent or non-covalent way. The contribution of the inorganic groups, that act as functional groups raises the chemical reactivity of the organic basis material. At the vanguard of a new discipline that combines material science, biology, and nanotechnology is the creation of these novel materials. This is an interdisciplinary subject that is at the forefront of technological development. The hybrid material’s remarkable multifunctionality is enhanced by its nanoscale size, structure, shape, and surface chemistry. In recent years, electrochemical biosensor design has evolved to include a range of nanohybrid materials (NHMs) for target analyte detection. Electrochemical biosensors based on NHMs provide better analytical performance in terms of fast reaction times, reasonably priced transducer surface designs, and extended stability. This chapter focuses on the fabrication of several advanced nanohybrid materials and their implementation in the electrochemical sensing of diverse analytes. Potential directions for future research include investigating novel materials to create a new and smart nanohybrid materials-based platform with unique and remarkable features. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Label-Free Bioelectronic Impedimetric Immunosensing Device for Alkaline Phosphatase Detection Using Graphene Oxide and Chitosan-Silk Fibroin-Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite-Based Hybrid
(American Chemical Society, 2024) None Darshna; Daphika S Dkhar; Pradeep Srivastava; Pranjal Chandra
Bone, a dynamic tissue with diverse functions in the human body, plays vital roles, such as providing structural support and protection to organs, serving as the site for blood cell formation, and acting as the primary storage site for calcium. Osteoblasts, bone-forming cells, express alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which binds to the cell surface or matrix vesicles and can be released into the bloodstream. Consequently, ALP can be found in the serum and is commonly used as a biomarker in clinical studies to assess conditions related to bone diseases as well as other disorders. This study presents a label-free approach for detecting ALP using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a composite probe consisting of graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (Ch)-silk fibroin (SF)-polycaprolactone (PCL)-hydroxyapatite (HAp) matrix. The GO and composite Ch-SF-PCL-HAp matrix are sequentially deposited on the glassy carbon electrode and further immobilized with anti-ALP antibodies. The biosensor probe is characterized using physical techniques and electrochemical analysis. The biosensor’s analytical performance is assessed using EIS, and it shows a limit of detection of 1.74 (±0.26) U/L with a linear dynamic range of 30-500 U/L, which falls well within the clinical range of ALP detection. The developed biosensor probe exhibits high selectivity for ALP (ksel < 0.04) when tested against interfering molecules in serum. Furthermore, the system is tested with fetal bovine serum and human serum to detect ALP in biological samples. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
Ligand conjugated lipid-based nanocarriers for cancer theranostics
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Rahul Kumar; Daphika S. Dkhar; Rohini Kumari; Divya; Supratim Mahapatra; Ananya Srivastava; Vikash Kumar Dubey; Pranjal Chandra
Cancer is one of the major health-related issues affecting the population worldwide and subsequently accounts for the second-largest death. Genetic and epigenetic modifications in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes affect the regulatory systems that lead to the initiation and progression of cancer. Conventional methods, including chemotherapy/radiotherapy/appropriate combinational therapy and surgery, are being widely used for theranostics of cancer patients. Surgery is useful in treating localized tumors, but it is ineffective in treating metastatic tumors, which spread to other organs and result in a high recurrence rate and death. Also, the therapeutic application of free drugs is related to substantial issues such as poor absorption, solubility, bioavailability, high degradation rate, short shelf-life, and low therapeutic index. Therefore, these issues can be sorted out using nano lipid-based carriers (NLBCs) as promising drug delivery carriers. Still, at most, they fail to achieve site-targeted drug delivery and detection. This can be achieved by selecting a specific ligand/antibody for its cognate receptor molecule expressed on the surface of the cancer cells. In this review, we have mainly discussed the various types of ligands used to decorate NLBCs. A list of the ligands used to design nanocarriers to target malignant cells has been extensively undertaken. The approved ligand-decorated lipid-based nanomedicines with their clinical status have been explained in tabulated form to provide a wider scope to the readers regarding ligand-coupled NLBCs. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
MOF-based nanocomposites as transduction matrices for optical and electrochemical sensing
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Shubhangi; Indrani Nandi; S.K. Rai; Pranjal Chandra
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of crystalline microporous materials have been into research limelight lately due to their commendable physio-chemical properties and easy fabrication methods. They have enormous surface area which can be a working ground for innumerable molecule adhesions and site for potential sensor matrices. Their biocompatibility makes them valuable for in vitro detection systems but a compromised conductivity requires a lot of surface engineering of these molecules for their usage in electrochemical biosensors. However, they are not just restricted to a single type of transduction system rather can also be modified to achieve feat as optical (colorimetry, luminescence) and electro-luminescent biosensors. This review emphasizes on recent advancements in the area of MOF-based biosensors with focus on various MOF synthesis methods and their general properties along with selective attention to electrochemical, optical and opto-electrochemical hybrid biosensors. It also summarizes MOF-based biosensors for monitoring free radicals, metal ions, small molecules, macromolecules and cells in a wide range of real matrices. Extensive tables have been included for understanding recent trends in the field of MOF-composite probe fabrication. The article sums up the future scope of these materials in the field of biosensors and enlightens the reader with recent trends for future research scope. © 2023
Nano-fibers fabrication using biological macromolecules: Application in biosensing and biomedicine
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Darshna; Daphika S. Dkhar; Pradeep Kumar Srivastava; Pranjal Chandra
Nanofibers, a type of nanomaterial, have been widely use in a variety of fields, both research and commercial applications. They are a material of choice in a diverse range of applications due to their characteristics and unique physicochemical properties. Nanofibers have cross-sectional dimeters varying between 1 nm and 100 nm, the nano range dimensions providing them characteristics such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, highly porous as well as interconnected networks. There are various types of materials which have been used to synthesize nanofibers both biological (namely, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, fibrin, collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, gums, and cellulose) as well as synthetic (namely, poly(lactic acid), poly(1-caprolactone), poly(vinyl alcohol), and polyurethane) polymers which have been briefly discussed in the present review. The review also explores various fabrication techniques for producing nanofibers, such as physical/chemical/biological techniques as well as electrospinning/non-spinning techniques. Due to their distinctive physicochemical qualities, nanofibers have become intriguing one-dimensional nanomaterials with applications in a wide range of biomedical fields. In line with this, the review discusses about various applications of nanofibers, namely, wound dressing, drug delivery, implants, diagnostic devices, tissue engineering, and biosensing. Furthermore, having an insight of the distinctive characteristics of nanofibers materials which could have immense potential in various biosensing applications, this review emphasizes on application of nanofibrous materials in the field of biosensing. However, despite these advances, there remain some challenges that need to be addressed before nanofiber technology can be widely adopted for its commercial use in biomedical as well as biosensing applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Photothermally Active Quantum Dots in Cancer Imaging and Therapeutics: Nanotheranostics Perspective
(American Chemical Society, 2024) Monalisha Debnath; Sayoni Sarkar; Sujit Kumar Debnath; Daphika S Dkhar; Rohini Kumari; Geetha Satya Sainaga Jyothi Vaskuri; Ananya Srivastava; Pranjal Chandra; Rajendra Prasad; Rohit Srivastava
Cancer is becoming a global threat, as the cancerous cells manipulate themselves frequently, resulting in mutants and more abnormalities. Early-stage and real-time detection of cancer biomarkers can provide insight into designing cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Nanoparticle and quantum dot (QD)-based approaches have been recognized as clinically relevant methods to detect disease biomarkers at the molecular level. Over decades, as an emergent noninvasive approach, photothermal therapy has evolved to eradicate cancer. Moreover, various structures, viz., nanoparticles, clusters, quantum dots, etc., have been tested as bioimaging and photothermal agents to identify tumor cells selectively. Among them, QDs have been recognized as versatile probes. They have attracted enormous attention for imaging and therapeutic applications due to their unique colloidal stability, optical and physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, easy surface conjugation, scalable production, etc. However, a few critical concerns of QDs, viz., precise engineering for molecular imaging and sensing, selective interaction with the biological system, and their associated toxicity, restrict their potential intervention in curing cancer and are yet to be explored. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there is no specific regulation for the approval of nanomedicines. Therefore, these nanomedicines undergo the traditional drug, biological, and device approval process. However, the market survey of QDs is increasing, and their prospects in translational nanomedicine are very promising. From this perspective, we discuss the importance of QDs for imaging, sensing, and therapeutic usage pertinent to cancer, especially in its early stages. Moreover, we also discuss the rapidly growing translational view of QDs. The long-term safety studies and cellular interaction of these QDs could enhance their visibility and bring photothermally active QDs to the clinical stage and concurrently to FDA approval. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
Pristine NiMOF Sandwiched between 1D and 3D Engineered Au Particles and Dendrites for Ultraswift Folic Acid Sensing in Cellular Microenvironment
(American Chemical Society, 2024) N. Shubhangi; Rohini Kumari; Kajal Kachhawaha; Sumit K. Singh; Sanjay Kumar Rai; Pranjal Chandra
Catalytic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based sensor matrices can act synergistically with Au metallic nanostructures to generate amplified signal readouts by causing the electro-oxidation of the target analyte. Folic acid (FA), an essential water-soluble vitamin and a precursor for enzymes, requires timely and precise monitoring in the serum of individuals with varying clinical diagnoses. An attempt has been made in this direction through our work, where the rapid detection of FA through its oxidation at metal centers from hybrid nanomaterials is deployed for signal generation. A nonenzymatic, nonimmunometric approach involving a sandwich model, comprising NiMOF layered between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and gold nanodendrites (AuNDs) incorporated within a sensor matrix, has been deployed for this purpose. The probe displayed great analytical performance with a linear dynamic range (LDR) from 1 × 10-11 M to 1 × 10-3 M and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.43 × 10-11 M. The probe’s average response time with respect to changes in FA concentration was recorded as less than 2.1 s, making it a rapid sensing platform for FA detection. The real-life applicability of the developed sensor was tested in serum, followed by analysis in a breast cancer cellular microenvironment, which yielded a current recovery between 95.11 and 98.17%. The in vitro analysis was further validated through live-cell imaging using the standard method of fluorescence. The shorter fabrication time of the developed sensor compared to existing ones makes it a facile and efficient sensing platform for FA detection in clinical settings. This study represents the first report on the conjunction of 1D, 2D, and 3D materials as a sensing matrix for molecular detection applications. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
Shifting paradigm in electrochemical biosensing matrices comprising metal organic frameworks and their composites in disease diagnosis
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Shubhangi; Divya; Sanjay K. Rai; Pranjal Chandra
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are an evolving category of crystalline microporous materials that have grabbed the research interest for quite some time due to their admirable physio-chemical properties and easy fabrication methods. Their enormous surface area can be a working ground for innumerable molecular adhesions and site for potential sensor matrices. They have been explored in the last decade for incorporation in electrochemical sensor matrices as diagnostic solutions for a plethora of diseases. This review emphasizes on some of the recent advancements in the area of MOF-based electrochemical biosensors with focus on various important diseases and their significance in upgrading the sensor performance. It summarizes MOF-based biosensors for monitoring biomarkers relevant to diabetes, viral and bacterial sepsis infections, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer in a wide range of real matrices. The discussion has been supplemented with extensive tables elaborating recent trends in the field of MOF-composite probe fabrication strategies with their respective sensing parameters. The article sums up the future scope of these materials in the field of biosensors and enlightens the reader with recent trends for future research scope. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Thiazole-Based Silver Ion Sensor for Sequential Colorimetric Visualization of Epinephrine in the Brain Tissues of an Alzheimer’s Disease Model of Mouse
(American Chemical Society, 2024) Ananya Srivastava; Gautam Kumar; Prabhat Kumar; S. Srikrishna; Pranjal Chandra; Vinod P. Singh
A thiazole-based probe, N′-((2-aminothiazol-5-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (TBH), has been efficiently synthesized and characterized for the selective and sensitive detection of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (EP). The sensing strategy is based on the use of TBH for sequential colorimetric sensing of Ag+ and EP via in situ formation of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from the TBH-Ag+ complex. The generated Ag NPs lead to a bathochromic shift in absorption maximum and a change in color of the solution from light brown to reddish brown. TBH-Ag+ shows remarkable selectivity toward EP versus other drugs, common cations, anions, and some biomolecules. Moreover, TBH-Ag+ has a low detection limit for EP at 1.2 nM. The coordination of TBH-Ag+ has been proposed based on Job’s plot, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1H NMR titration, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and density functional theory (DFT) studies. The composition and morphology of the generated Ag NPs have been analyzed by XPS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The proposed sensing mechanism for EP has been supported by XPS of Ag after the reaction. Further, the sensitivity of TBH-Ag+ toward EP in brain tissues of an Alzheimer’s disease model of mouse has been evaluated. A thorough comparison was done for evaluation of the proposed method. © 2024 American Chemical Society
Versatile Approaches of Quantum Dots in Biosensing and Imaging
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Daphika S. Dkhar; Rohini Kumari; Vinay Patel; Ananya Srivastava; Rajendra Prasad; Rohit Srivastava; Pranjal Chandra
Cancer is considered a formidable global health threat, despite substantial strides in diagnosis, detection, and therapeutic strategies. Remarkable progress has been achieved in these realms, yet the survival rates for cancer patients have persisted at suboptimal levels over decades. Acknowledging the need to address the ongoing challenges in cancer survival rates, research efforts are being made to push the boundaries of innovation in diagnostic techniques, bioimaging, and drug delivery technologies. Over the past few years, nano(bio)technology-based approaches have been applied for biosensing and imaging applications to detect biochemical substances in various matrices. Among various nanoengineered particulates, quantum dots (QDs) have been recognized as versatile agents for these applications. QDs, often called artificial atoms, are characterized by the remarkable optical and electrical features which are essential for cytosensing, localized bioimaging and therapeutics. Here in this review, we have discussed various QDs as sensitive and selective agents for precise sensing and imaging of cancer cells. Both electrochemical and optical approaches have been used to describe the cytosensing detection methods. Furthermore, the bioimaging of malignant tumor cells and the drug delivery with therapeutic responses of QDs have also been highlighted. This review also lists the several kinds of QDs that are frequently used for such kinds of applications, such as carbon, graphene, zinc, and other types of hybrid-based QDs. Finally, to shed insight on prospective research, the advantages and potential of QDs are also highlighted. In this article, we also emphasize the limitations and address the difficulties associated with QDs in clinical applications in order to provide insights for potential solutions. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Watermelon Derived Urease Immobilized Gold Nanoparticles-Graphene Oxide Transducer for Direct Detection of Urea in Milk Samples
(American Chemical Society, 2024) Prince Kumar; Daphika S. Dkhar; Pranjal Chandra; Arvind M. Kayastha
Urea contamination in milk poses significant health risks, including kidney failure, urinary tract obstruction, fluid loss, shock, and gastrointestinal bleeding. This highlights the need for sensitive, rapid, and reliable methods to detect traces amount of urea in milk. In this study, we designed an electrochemical transducer for urea detection by utilizing purified watermelon urease (Urs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and graphene oxide (GO). The nanomaterials and biosensor probe were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, XPS, TEM, XRD, FTIR, AFM, CV, EIS, and DPV. The engineered probe (GCE/AuNPs/GO/Urs) demonstrated a broad linear detection range of 5 to 90 mg/dL and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.037 (±0.012) mg/dL (RSD < 3.7%). The biosensor was tested for potential interferents that may be present in adulterated milk and an exceptionally low coefficient of selectivity (ksel <0.1) was obtained. Evaluation of milk samples from a local dairy farm showed good recovery rates from 93.13% to. 98.79% (RSD < 4.28%, n = 3), indicating reliable detection capabilities. Stability tests confirmed the sensor’s reproducibility and consistent performance. Additionally, a comparison study of the system was carried out using the purified watermelon urease and the commercially available urease. Herein, the results obtained using the sensor probe was finally validated with the gold standard method. © 2024 American Chemical Society.