Browsing by Author "Punam Rai"

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Chronic Kidney Disease among Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: A cross-sectional screening in a Hospital Camp in Varanasi, India
(NLM (Medline), 2019) Pradeep Kumar Rai; Punam Rai; Rasika Ganpathi Bhat; Sonam Bedi
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is no longer considered just a health burden, but a major health priority owing to its high treatment costs and poor outcome. The lack of community-based screening programs has led to the detection of CKD patients at advanced stages. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of CKD and patterns of known risk factors among the general population (middle-aged and elderly) attending a screening camp in a community-based setting. The study participants constituted a part of the general population of Varanasi (aged ≥45 years) who volunteered in a screening camp that was organized as part of the World Kidney Day Initiative at Opal Hospital. Information on age, sex, height, weight, smoking and drug history, history of diabetes, hypertension, and family history of kidney disease was extensively interrogated, while laboratory investigations such as urinalysis and serum creatinine levels were recorded. More than three-fifths of the participants were middle-aged adults (i.e., 45-64 years) and the remaining 34.8% were elderly population, i.e., ≥65 years. The overall prevalence of CKD in the 198 studied participants was 29.3%. Higher number of participants (40.6%) of elderly population had CKD (P = 0.011). The serum creatinine, albuminuria, and estimated glomerular filtration rate levels were strongly associated with CKD (P <0.05). Our study suggests that elderly individuals are at risk with higher serum creatinine levels and would benefit from early detection of CKD to prevent disease progression and associated morbidity and mortality.
Interleukin-17 gene polymorphisms and the risk of early miscarriage: A case-control study and meta-analysis
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Priyanka Verma; Rohini R. Nair; Snehil Budhwar; Vertika Singh; Renu Bala; Anuradha Khanna; Nisha R. Agarwal; Punam Rai; Singh Rajender; Kiran Singh
Previous reports clearly suggest that IL-17 have important role in development of systemic and peripheral inflammation in early miscarriage (EM). In the present study, we have investigated the association between genetic variants in IL-17A, IL-17F and susceptibility to EM. We recruited 135 EM patients and 150 controls and used PCR-RFLP method for genotyping the polymorphisms of IL-17A, rs4711998 (−832 A/G), rs8193036 (−692C/T) and IL-17F rs763780 (7488 T/C). No significant difference was observed for all the three polymorphic sites between the EM patients and control group in terms of genotypic (rs4711998, χ2 = 1.95, p = 0.37; rs8193036, χ2 = 1.91, p = 0.38; rs763780, χ2 = 2.45, p = 0.29), and allelic frequencies (rs4711998, OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.67, p = 0.35; rs8193036,OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.58 to 2.06, p = 0.75; rs763780, OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.93 to 2.71, p = 0.11). Further, meta-analysis of IL-17F (rs763780) variant with EM also revealed non-significant association of IL-17F (rs763780) variant with EM in the presence of mutant genotype (CC) via random effect model (p = 0.70, OR = 1.30, 95% CI =0.33–5.11). © 2018
Photoacoustic imaging and detection of breast cancer and cervical cancer
(Elsevier, 2022) Punam Rai; Surya N. Thakur
Breast cancer is a common malignancy occurring in women, and its early diagnosis may prolong the life of the patient. Currently, mammography is the gold standard method to detect breast cancer in its early stages. However, mammography misses many cancers in dense-breasted women. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) leads to high-resolution functional and anatomical breast angiography. In a variety of PAI modalities, sufficient contrast has been achieved at depths beyond 2cm within dense breasts without compromising the real-time imaging performance. Cervical cancer arises from the cervix due to abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The imaging of the cervical canal is a difficult problem for most of the cancer imaging modalities. However, the development of a photoacoustic endoscope with small enough diameter allows for passage through the cervical canal and analysis of both the cervix itself and endometrial pathologic tissues. Photothermal therapy, which converts light energy into thermal energy to ablate tumors with the aid of photothermal agents, has emerged as a prospective method in the precise treatment of cancers. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Photoacoustic imaging instrumentation for life sciences
(Elsevier, 2022) Surya N. Thakur; Vineeta Singh; Punam Rai
Pulsed-laser-generated ultrasonic imaging uses a technology similar to that used in conventional ultrasound imaging in medical science. The transient stress generated in the tissue by selective optical absorption of tissue-chromophore causes a pressure build-up that propagates as thermoelastic waves that are detected by ultrasonic transducers. Photoacoustic images (PAI) reveal the molecules present in the tissue of internal organs using the techniques of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE), and photoacoustic tomography (PAT). In the photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of tissue structure, detectors with a broadband frequency response are employed for ultrasound pressures in the kilo-Pascal range. Knowledge of the depth and thickness of skin cancer (melanoma) is critical to it's treatment and PAM has been used to produce three-dimensional images of subcutaneous melanomas and their surrounding vasculature in nude mice. PAE has been an effective instrument for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. PAT produces histologic, metabolic, and functional imaging through endogenous contrast and molecular and cellular imaging through exogenous contrast. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in overweight and obese population in a tertiary care hospital in North India
(NLM (Medline), 2019) Pradeep Kumar Rai; Punam Rai; Sonam Bedi
Obesity has already been a global epidemic, and its prevalence has been projected to grow by 40% in the next decade. Its increasing prevalence has implications on the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which, in turn, could impact the health system and thereby the society in an adverse manner. Lack of community-based screening programs can lead to missed or late detection of CKD. The current study aims to estimate the prevalence of CKD in overweight and obese general population attending a screening camp in a tertiary care hospital in a North Indian city. In this cross-sectional study, 103 overweight and obese people from a community attending a health camp were screened for serum creatinine, urine analysis, random blood sugar, and uric acid. Demographic and anthropometric parameters were noted. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to find the predictors of CKD in these patients. The median age of the participants was 43 years with a male predominance (68%). More than half (58.4%) of the participants were obese and the remaining 41.6% were overweight. The overall prevalence of CKD was 17.5%. Individuals with obesity and diabetes were more prone to develop CKD (odds ratio = 4.868 and 7.941, respectively). CKD was prevalent in individuals with obesity. Obesity and diabetes were the significant predictors for the development of CKD. All the overweight and obese individuals should be periodically screened for kidney diseases.