Browsing by Author "R.K. Saxena"

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Acute Renal Failure Complicating Rifampicin Therapy
(2001) J. Prakash; N.S. Kumar; R.K. Saxena; U. Verma
Background : Since 1971, 55 case-reports of rifampicin-induced acute renal failure (ARF) have been published. Covic et al described 60 consecutive cases of rifampicin-induced ARF during a period of eight years (1987-1995) from Iasi Dialysis Centre, Romania. The systemic data on this condition are not available, in view of the anecdotal nature of the observation from our country. Objective : The aims of study were to analyze clinical features, course and outcome of ARF complicating rifampicin therapy at our centre. Methods : We retrospectively studied prevalence, clinical presentations and renal histology and outcome of 11 cases (eight males, three females, aged 42-72 years) who were referred to Nephrology Unit of University Hospital, Varanasi for acute renal failure following retreatment with rifampicin between period of 1994-1999. Results : The gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting) and 'flu like' (fever, weakness and body ache) syndrome were the most frequent presenting features. The clinical signs of intravascular hemolysis were observed in four cases. The commonest laboratory findings included : Anaemia (7), leukocytosis (5), thrombocytopenia (3) and toxic hepatitis in (2) patients. Toxic hepatitis, hemolysis and ARF was seen in one patient in combination. The typical clinical features of allergic interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis were seen in six and two patients respectively. Renal biopsy in three cases revealed; crescentic GN (1) and ATN in (2) patients. Acute renal failure complicating rifampicin accounted for 1.8% (11/607) of all ARF cases hospitalized in our centre during the study period. Renal function returned to normal in nine cases and one patient died on account of hepatic failure (toxic hepatitis). The patients with crescentic GN remained anuric and became dialysis dependent. Thus, clinical course of rifampicin induced ARF was favourable; with only one mortality, compared to a 18% mortality rate among all ARF patients. Conclusion : Acute renal failure complicating rifampicin therapy is not an uncommon condition, and typically occurs after reintroduction of rifampicin. The renal prognosis is usually favourable. Intermittent or interrupted therapy appears to be a significant risk factor for the development of acute renal failure.
Acute renal failure due to intrinsic renal diseases: Review of 1122 cases
(2003) Jai Prakash; D. Sen; N. Sarat Kumar; H. Kumar; L.K. Tripathi; R.K. Saxena
In this study we have analyzed incidence, causes and clinical course of ARF due to primary intrarenal disease other than acute tubular necrosis. Thousand hundred and twenty two cases of ARF of diverse etiology were studied over a period of 16 years; July 1984 to Dec, 1999. Surgical ARF 231 (20.6%) were not included in the present study. Intrinsic renal diseases were responsible for ARF in 891 (79.4%) of cases. The most common intrinsic renal diseases 705 (79.4%) causing ARF were ischemic/toxic acute tubular necrosis, but not included in this study. Acute renal failure was related to acute glomerulonephritis (9.3%), acute interstitial nephritis (7%), and renal cortical necrosis in (4.6%) of cases. Therefore intrinsic renal diseases other than ATN were the causative factor for acute renal failure in 186 (20.8%) patients in our study. Crescentic (51.8%) and endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (34.9%), were the main glomerular diseases responsible for ARF and 75.9% of GN was related to infectious etiology. Fifty three percent of acute interstitial nephritis was drug induced and in 25 (40%) patients it was related to an infectious etiology. Renal cortical necrosis due to HUS was observed in 16 (39%) children and majority (76.47%) of the cases had a diarrhoeal prodrome. Obstetrical complications were the main causes (61%) of cortical necrosis in adults with acute renal failure. Thus, intrinsic renal diseases other than ATN were responsible for ARF in 186 (20.8%) cases. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis and renal cortical necrosis (complicating HUS in children and obstetrical complications in adult) are the main causes of acute renal failure in our study. Both acute GN and interstitial nephritis had excellent prognosis, however renal cortical necrosis was associated with a very high mortality.
Acute renal failure in Plasmodium vivax malaria
(2003) J. Prakash; A.K. Singh; N.S. Kumar; R.K. Saxena
Objectives: To analyze incidence, clinical feature and outcome of acute renal failure due to Plasmodium vivax malaria. Material & Method: This is retrospective analysis of smear positive Plasmodium vivax patients with acute renal failure between Jan 1995 to Dec 2000. Result: Out of 577 cases of ARF, 93 [falciparum 74 (79.61 %); vivax 19 (20.4%)] were related to complicated malaria. 3.2% (19/577) patients, 16 males and three females with age range 17-72, mean 43.3 ± 13.4 years were due to vivax malaria. Thirteen had only vivax and six had mixed falciparum and vivax infection. The presenting features were fever (100%), jaundice (36.8%), hypotension-eight (42%), encephalopathy-11 (57.9%), sepsis-five (26.3%) and DIC-four (21%). The probable contributory factors for ARF were heavy parasitemia-11 (57.9%), hypotension-six (31.5%), hyperbilirubinerniarseven (36.8%), hemolysis-eight (42%) and DIC-four (21%). Oliguria was present in 47.3%, 13 (68.4%) patients required dialysis. Mortality was noted in 15.7% (3/19) patients. Conclusions: P. vivax malaria can cause ARF, which occurs more commonly in P. falciparum malaria. Renal ischemia is the dominant pathogenic mechanism that results in acute tubular necrosis. The prognosis of ARF in P. vivax malaria is favorable.
Effect of gamma irradiation on microbial load, aflatoxins and phytochemicals present in Trigonella foenum-graecum
(2009) Prakash C. Gupta; Vivek Bajpai; V. Mishra; R.K. Saxena; Surendra Singh
The effects of gamma irradiation on microbial load, total aflatoxins and phytoconstituents content of Trigonella foenum-graecum have been studied. Gamma irradiation at a dose of 2.5 kGy resulted in 2 log reduction of the total aerobic microbial count. A complete sterilization was, however, observed at 10 kGy. The total aflatoxin level decreased gradually with increase in gamma irradiation dose as compared to its un-irradiated counterparts, whereas the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile showed no change in the levels of phytochemicals up to the gamma irradiation dose of 10 kGy. HPLC profiles, however, differed in peak areas, and retention times of the components. These results suggest that gamma irradiation at a dose of 5.0 kGy was very effective for microbial decontamination because it did not adversely affect the active components of T. foenum-graecum. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.
Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa
(Zhongkai University, 2023) K.D. Hyde; M.A. Abdel-Wahab; J. Abdollahzadeh; P.D. Abeywickrama; S. Absalan; N. Afshari; A.M. Ainsworth; O.Y. Akulov; V.V. Aleoshin; A.M. Al-Sadi; P. Alvarado; A. Alves; G. Alves-Silva; M. Amalfi; Y. Amira; T.B. Amuhenage; J.L. Anderson; V. Antonín; S. Aouali; A. Aptroot; C.C.S. Apurillo; J.P.M. Araújo; H.A. Ariyawansa; A. Armand; E. Arumugam; R. Asghari; D.M.A. Assis; V. Atienza; S. Avasthi; E. Azevedo; A.H. Bahkali; M. Bakhshi; Z. Banihashemi; D.F. Bao; H.O. Baral; M. Barata; F.R. Barbosa; R.N. Barbosa; R.W. Barreto; C. Baschien; D.B. Belamesiatseva; M. Bennett Reuel; I. Bera; J.D.P. Bezerra; J.L. Bezerra; D.J. Bhat; C.S. Bhunjun; M.V. Bianchinotti; J. Błaszkowski; A. Blondelle; T. Boekhout; G. Bonito; S. Boonmee; N. Boonyuen; C. Bregant; P. Buchanan; D. Bundhun; G. Burgaud; T. Burgess; B. Buyck; M. Cabarroi-Hernández; M.E.S. Cáceres; M.F. Caeiro; L. Cai; M.F. Cai; M.S. Calabon; F.J.S. Calaça; M. Callalli; M.P.S. Camara; J.F. Cano-Lira; T. Cantillo; B. Cao; J.R. Carlavilla; A. Carvalho; R.F. Castañeda-Ruiz; L. Castlebury; O. Castro-Jauregui; M.D.V. Catania; L.H. Cavalcanti; J. Cazabonne; M.L. Cedeño-Sanchez; S. Chaharmiri-Dokhaharani; N. Chaiwan; N. Chakraborty; P. Chaverri; R. Cheewangkoon; C. Chen; C.Y. Chen; K.H. Chen; J. Chen; Q. Chen; W.H. Chen; Y.P. Chen; K.W.T. Chethana; C. Coleine; T.O. Condé; M.A. Corazon-Guivin; A. Cortés-Pérez; D.H. Costa-Rezende; R. Courtecuisse; J.A. Crouch; P.W. Crous; B.K. Cui; Y.Y. Cui; D.K.A. da Silva; G.A. da Silva; I.R. da Silva; R.M.F. da Silva; A.C. da Silva Santos; D.Q. Dai; Y.C. Dai; U. Damm; V. Darmostuk; Daroodi Zoha; K. Das; K. Das; N. Davoodian; E.A. Davydov; M.C. Dayarathne; C. Decock; M.D. de Groot; A. De Kesel; T.E.E. de la Cruz; R. De Lange; G. Delgado; C.M. Denchev; T.T. Denchev; N.T. de Oliveira; N.I. de Silva; F.A. de Souza; B. Dentinger; B. Devadatha; J.C. Dianese; B. Dima; A.G. Diniz; A.J. Dissanayake; L.S. Dissanayake; H.H. Doğan; M. Doilom; S. Dolatabadi; W. Dong; Z.Y. Dong; L.A. Dos Santos; E.R. Drechsler-Santos; T.Y. Du; M.K. Dubey; A.K. Dutta; E. Egidi; T.F. Elliott; M.S. Elshahed; M. Erdoğdu; D. Ertz; J. Etayo; H.C. Evans; X.L. Fan; Y.G. Fan; A.G. Fedosova; J. Fell; I. Fernandes; A.L. Firmino; P.O. Fiuza; A. Flakus; C. A. Fragoso de Souza; J.C. Frisvad; S.C. Fryar; T. Gabaldón; A.J. Gajanayake; L.J. Galindo; P.B. Gannibal; D. García; S.R. García-Sandoval; I. Garrido-Benavent; L. Garzoli; A.K. Gautam; Z.-W. Ge; D.J. Gené; E. Gentekaki; M. Ghobad-Nejhad; A.J. Giachini; T.B. Gibertoni; A. Góes-Neto; D. Gomdola; A. R. Gomes de Farias; S.P. Gorjón; B.T. Goto; M.M. Granados-Montero; G.W. Griffith; J.Z. Groenewald; M. Groenewald; H.P. Grossart; C. Gueidan; A. Gunarathne; S. Gunaseelan; L.F.P. Gusmão; A.C. Gutierrez; L. Guzmán-Dávalos; D. Haelewaters; R. Halling; Y.F. Han; K.K. Hapuarachchi; C.B. Harder; T.C. Harrington; T. Hattori; M.Q. He; S. He; S.H. He; R. Healy; M. Herández-Restrepo; G. Heredia; K.T. Hodge; M. Holgado-Rojas; S. Hongsanan; E. Horak; T. Hosoya; J. Houbraken; S.K. Huang; N. Huanraluek; J.S. Hur; V.G. Hurdeal; V.P. Hustad; M. Iotti; T. Iturriaga; E. Jafar; P. Janik; J.L. Jany; R.G.U. Jayalal; S.C. Jayasiri; R.S. Jayawardena; R. Jeewon; G.H. Jerônimo; A.L. Jesus; J. Jin; P.R. Johnston; E.B.G. Jones; Y. Joshi; A. Justo; P. Kaishian; M. Kakishima; M. Kaliyaperumal; G.P. Kang; J.C. Kang; J.M. Karakehian; O. Karimi; S.A. Karpov; S.C. Karunarathna; M. Kaufmann; M. Kemler; K. Kezo; S. Khyaju; M. Kirchmair; P.M. Kirk; M.J. Kitaura; I. Klawonn; M. Kolarik; A. Kong; F. Kuhar; M. Kukwa; S. Kumar; I. Kušan; C. Lado; K.H. Larsson; K.P.D. Latha; H.B. Lee; M. Leonardi; D.L. Leontyev; A.S. Lestari; C.J.Y. Li; D.W. Li; H. Li; H.Y. Li; L. Li; Q.R. Li; Q. Li; W.L. Li; Y. Li; Y.C. Li; Y.X. Li; C.F. Liao; K. Liimatainen; Y.W. Lim; C.G. Lin; B.T. Linaldeddu; C.C. Linde; M.M. Linn; F. Liu; J.K. Liu; N.G. Liu; S. Liu; S.L. Liu; X.F. Liu; X.Y. Liu; X.Z. Liu; Z.B. Liu; L. Lu; Y.Z. Lu; T. Luangharn; J.J. Luangsa-ard; H.T. Lumbsch; S. Lumyong; L. Luo; M. Luo; Z.L. Luo; J. Ma; A.R. Machado; A.D. Madagammana; H. Madrid; F. Magurno; D. Magyar; N. Mahadevan; S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura; Y. Maimaiti; E. Malosso; D.S. Manamgoda; I.S. Manawasinghe; A. Mapook; D.S. Marasinghe; M. Mardones; Y. Marin-Felix; R. Márquez; H. Masigol; N. Matočec; T.W. May; E.H.C. McKenzie; A. Meiras-Ottoni; R.F.R. Melo; R.L. Mendes-Alvarenga; S. Mendieta; Q.F. Meng; A. Menkis; N. Menolli; A. Mešić; J. G. Meza Calvo; K.V. Mikhailov; S.L. Miller; B. Moncada; J.M. Moncalvo; J.S. Monteiro; M. Monteiro; H.M. Mora-Montes; P.A. Moreau; G.M. Mueller; S. Mukhopadyay; R. Murugadoss; L.G. Nagy; M. Najafiniya; C.M. Nanayakkara; C.C. Nascimento; Y. Nei; M.A. Neves; S. Neuhauser; A.G.T. Niego; R.H. Nilsson; T. Niskanen; N. Niveiro; M.T. Noorabadi; M.E. Noordeloos; C. Norphanphoun; N. B. Nuñez Otaño; R.P. O’Donnell; F. Oehl; I. Olariaga; O.P. Orlando; K.L. Pang; V. Papp; J. Pawłowska; U. Peintner; D. Pem; O.L. Pereira; R.H. Perera; J. Perez-Moreno; S. Perez-Ortega; G. Péter; A.J.L. Phillips; M. Phonemany; C. Phukhamsakda; K. Phutthacharoen; M. Piepenbring; C.L.A. Pires-Zottarelli; G. Poinar; A. Pošta; M. Prieto; I. Promputtha; C.A. Quandt; R. Radek; K. Rahnama; K.N.A. Raj; K.C. Rajeshkumar; T. Rämä; G. Rambold; V. Ramírez-Cruz; S. Rasconi; A.R. Rathnayaka; M. Raza; G.C. Ren; G.L. Robledo; P. Rodriguez-Flakus; A. Ronikier; W. Rossi; M. Ryberg; L.R. Ryvarden; C.A. Salvador-Montoya; B. Samant; B.C. Samarakoon; M.C. Samarakoon; I. Sánchez-Castro; M. Sánchez-García; M. Sandoval-Denis; B. Santamaria; A.L.C.M.A. Santiago; V.V. Sarma; A. Savchenko; K. Savchenko; R.K. Saxena; M. Scholler; N. Schoutteten; E. Seifollahi; L. Selbmann; F. Selcuk; I.C. Senanayake; T.G. Shabashova; H.W. Shen; Y.M. Shen; A.G.S. Silva-Filho; D.R. Simmons; R. Singh; E.B. Sir; C.G. Song; C.M. Souza-Motta; O.P. Sruthi; M. Stadler; A.M. Stchigel; J. Stemler; S.L. Stephenson; J.F.H. Strassert; H.L. Su; L. Su; S. Suetrong; B. Sulistyo; Y.F. Sun; Y.R. Sun; S. Svantesson; P. Sysouphanthong; S. Takamatsu; T.H. Tan; K. Tanaka; A.M.C. Tang; X. Tang; J.B. Tanney; N.M. Tavakol; J.E. Taylor; P.W.J. Taylor; L. Tedersoo; D.S. Tennakoon; G.K. Thamodini; M. Thines; V. Thiyagaraja; N. Thongklang; P.V. Tiago; Q. Tian; W.H. Tian; L. Tibell; S. Tibell; S. Tibpromma; Z. Tkalčec; M. Tomšovský; M. Toome-Heller; G. Torruella; A. Tsurykau; D. Udayanga; M. Ulukapi; W.A. Untereiner; B.A. Uzunov; L.G. Valle; W. Van Caenegem; S. Van den Wyngaert; N. Van Vooren; P. Velez; R.K. Verma; L.C. Vieira; W.A.S. Vieira; A. Vizzini; A. Walker; A.K. Walker; D.N. Wanasinghe; C.G. Wang; K. Wang; S.X. Wang; X.Y. Wang; Y. Wang; N. Wannasawang; F. Wartchow; D.P. Wei; X.L. Wei; J.F. White; N.N. Wijayawardene; S.N. Wijesinghe; D.S.A. Wijesundara; K. Wisitrassameewong; F.R. Worthy; F. Wu; G. Wu; H.X. Wu; N. Wu; W.P. Wu; C. Wurzbacher; Y.P. Xiao; Y.R. Xiong; B. Xu; L.J. Xu; R. Xu; R.F. Xu; R.J. Xu; T.M. Xu; L. Yakovchenko; J.Y. Yan; H.D. Yang; J. Yang; Z.L. Yang; Y.H. Yang; N. Yapa; E. Yasanthika; N.H. Youssef; F.M. Yu; Q. Yu; X.D. Yu; Y.X. Yu; Z.F. Yu; H.S. Yuan; Y. Yuan; A. Yurkov; D. Zafari; J.C. Zamora; R. Zare; M. Zeng; N.K. Zeng; X.Y. Zeng; F. Zhang; H. Zhang; J.F. Zhang; J.Y. Zhang; Q.Y. Zhang; S.N. Zhang; W. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Y.X. Zhang; C.L. Zhao; H. Zhao; Q. Zhao; R.L. Zhao; L.W. Zhou; M. Zhou; M.P. Zhurbenko; H.H. Zin; L. Zucconi
The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the Outline of Fungi and fungus like taxa, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the Outline of Fungi website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, ‘to promote a more stable taxonomy in Fusarium given the divergences over its generic delimitation’, or ‘are there too many genera in the Boletales?’ and even more importantly, ‘what should be done with the tremendously diverse ‘dark fungal taxa?’ There are undeniable differences in mycologists’ perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms of others’ work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines. © (2023), (Zhongkai University). All Rights Reserved.
Glomerular diseases in the elderly in India
(2003) Jai Prakash; A.K. Singh; R.K. Saxena; A. Usha
Three hundred fifteen (315) elderly (≥60 years) patients with clinical renal diseases were evaluated for the evidence of glomerular diseases between November 1998 to June 2002. Glomerular diseases (GN) were observed in 20.6% (65/315) of the elderly patients. The age of the patients (male 56; female 9) ranged between 60-90 (mean 64.17 ± 3.83) years. The clinical presentation of GN included: nephrotic syndrome 40 (61.5%), acute nephritic syndrome 19 (29.2%), rapidly progressive GN 4 (6.15%) and asymptomatic urinary abnormality 2 (3.0%). Overall, primary and secondary glomerular disease were seen in 47 (72.3% and 18 (27.6%) elderly patients respectively. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy was the most common GN responsible for nephrotic syndrome in 11 (27.5%) of elderly patients. Diabetic Nephropathy related to type 2 diabetes mellitus was the second common cause 9 (22.5%) of nephrotic syndrome. Amyloidosis was noted in 6 (15%) patients. Nephrotic syndrome was related to leprosy in one patient. Amyloidosis occurred in association with multiple myeloma in 5 and carcinoma colon in 1 patient. Thus, primary and secondary GN were responsible for nephrotic syndrome in 60% and 40% of cases respectively. Endocapillary proliferative GN of post infectious etiology was the most prevalent (82.6%) form of acute GN in our elderly patients. Hypertension occurred in 78.2% of cases and edema in 69.5%. Pulmonary congestion (52.2%) and ARF (73.9%) were the dominant presenting feature of acute GN and 39% of patients required dialytic support. Glomerular crescents were seen in 4 (17.4%) patients with acute glomerulonephritis. Pauci-immune crescentic GN which is the commonest type of acute GN in the elderly in western countries was not observed in this study. Renal biopsy revealed mesangiocapillary GN (1) and mesangioproliferative GN (1) in two patients with asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. Thus, overall spectrum of glomerular disease in the Indian elderly population is similar to that of developed countries except in two ways: (1) post infectious endocapillary proliferative GN was the commonest type of acute GN (2) rarity or absence of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Pigeonpea genomics initiative (PGI): An international effort to improve crop productivity of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2010) R.K. Varshney; R.V. Penmetsa; S. Dutta; P.L. Kulwal; R.K. Saxena; S. Datta; T.R. Sharma; B. Rosen; N. Carrasquilla-Garcia; A.D. Farmer; A. Dubey; K.B. Saxena; J. Gao; B. Fakrudin; M.N. Singh; B.P. Singh; K.B. Wanjari; M. Yuan; R.K. Srivastava; A. Kilian; H.D. Upadhyaya; N. Mallikarjuna; C.D. Town; G.E. Bruening; G. He; G.D. May; R. McCombie; S.A. Jackson; N.K. Singh; D.R. Cook
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an important food legume crop in the semi-arid regions of the world and the second most important pulse crop in India, has an average crop productivity of 780 kg/ha. The relatively low crop yields may be attributed to non-availability of improved cultivars, poor crop husbandry and exposure to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses in pigeonpea growing regions. Narrow genetic diversity in cultivated germplasm has further hampered the effective utilization of conventional breeding as well as development and utilization of genomic tools, resulting in pigeonpea being often referred to as an 'orphan crop legume'. To enable genomics-assisted breeding in this crop, the pigeonpea genomics initiative (PGI) was initiated in late 2006 with funding from Indian Council of Agricultural Research under the umbrella of Indo-US agricultural knowledge initiative, which was further expanded with financial support from the US National Science Foundation's Plant Genome Research Program and the Generation Challenge Program. As a result of the PGI, the last 3 years have witnessed significant progress in development of both genetic as well as genomic resources in this crop through effective collaborations and coordination of genomics activities across several institutes and countries. For instance, 25 mapping populations segregating for a number of biotic and abiotic stresses have been developed or are under development. An 11X-genome coverage bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library comprising of 69,120 clones have been developed of which 50,000 clones were end sequenced to generate 87,590 BAC-end sequences (BESs). About 10,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from Sanger sequencing and ca. 2 million short ESTs by 454/FLX sequencing have been generated. A variety of molecular markers have been developed from BESs, microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR)-enriched libraries and mining of ESTs and genomic amplicon sequencing. Of about 21,000 SSRs identified, 6,698 SSRs are under analysis along with 670 orthologous genes using a GoldenGate SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotyping platform, with large scale SNP discovery using Solexa, a next generation sequencing technology, is in progress. Similarly a diversity array technology array comprising of ca. 15,000 features has been developed. In addition, >600 unique nucleotide binding site (NBS) domain containing members of the NBS-leucine rich repeat disease resistance homologs were cloned in pigeonpea; 960 BACs containing these sequences were identified by filter hybridization, BES physical maps developed using high information content fingerprinting. To enrich the genomic resources further, sequenced soybean genome is being analyzed to establish the anchor points between pigeonpea and soybean genomes. In addition, Solexa sequencing is being used to explore the feasibility of generating whole genome sequence. In summary, the collaborative efforts of several research groups under the umbrella of PGI are making significant progress in improving molecular tools in pigeonpea and should significantly benefit pigeonpea genetics and breeding. As these efforts come to fruition, and expanded (depending on funding), pigeonpea would move from an 'orphan legume crop' to one where genomics-assisted breeding approaches for a sustainable crop improvement are routine. © 2009 The Author(s).
The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa
(Zhongkai University, 2024) K.D. Hyde; M.T. Noorabadi; V. Thiyagaraja; M.Q. He; P.R. Johnston; S.N. Wijesinghe; A. Armand; A.Y. Biketova; K.W.T. Chethana; M. Erdoğdu; Z.W. Ge; J.Z. Groenewald; S. Hongsanan; I. Kušan; D.V. Leontyev; D.W. Li; C.G. Lin; N.G. Liu; S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura; N. Matočec; T.W. May; E.H.C. McKenzie; A. Mešić; R.H. Perera; C. Phukhamsakda; M. Piątek; M.C. Samarakoon; F. Selcuk; I.C. Senanayake; J.B. Tanney; Q. Tian; A. Vizzini; D.N. Wanasinghe; N. Wannasawang; N.N. Wijayawardene; R.L. Zhao; M.A. Abdel-Wahab; J. Abdollahzadeh; P.D. Abeywickrama; S. Absalan; K. Acharya; N. Afshari; N.S. Afshan; S. Afzalinia; S.A. Ahmadpour; O. Akulov; A. Alizadeh; M. Alizadeh; A.M. Al-Sadi; A. Alves; V.C.S. Alves; G. Alves-Silva; V. Antonín; S. Aouali; A. Aptroot; C.C.S. Apurillo; R.M. Arias; B. Asgari; R. Asghari; D.M.A. Assis; B. Assyov; V. Atienza; H.D.R. Aumentado; S. Avasthi; E. Azevedo; M. Bakhshi; D.F. Bao; H.O. Baral; M. Barata; K.D. Barbosa; R.N. Barbosa; F.R. Barbosa; R. Baroncelli; G.G. Barreto; C. Baschien; R.M. Bennett; I. Bera; J.D.P. Bezerra; C.S. Bhunjun; M.V. Bianchinotti; J. Błaszkowski; T. Boekhout; G.M. Bonito; S. Boonmee; N. Boonyuen; F.M. Bortnikov; C. Bregant; D. Bundhun; G. Burgaud; B. Buyck; M.F. Caeiro; M. Cabarroi-Hernández; Cai M Feng; L. Cai; M.S. Calabon; F.J.S. Calaça; M. Callalli; M.P.S. Câmara; J. Cano-Lira; B. Cao; J.R. Carlavilla; A. Carvalho; T.G. Carvalho; R.F. Castañeda-Ruiz; M.D.V. Catania; J. Cazabonne; M. Cedeño-Sanchez; S. Chaharmiri-Dokhaharani; N. Chaiwan; N. Chakraborty; R. Cheewankoon; C. Chen; J. Chen; Q. Chen; Y.P. Chen; S. Chinaglia; C.C. Coelho-Nascimento; C. Coleine; D.H. Costa-Rezende; A. Cortés-Pérez; J.A. Crouch; P.W. Crous; R.H.S.F. Cruz; P. Czachura; U. Damm; V. Darmostuk; Z. Daroodi; K. Das; K. Das; N. Davoodian; E.A. Davydov; G.A. daSilva; I.R. daSilva; R.M.F. daSilva; A.C. daSilvaSantos; D.Q. Dai; Y.C. Dai; D. deGrootMichiel; A. DeKesel; R. DeLange; E.V. deMedeiros; C.F.A. deSouza; F.A. deSouza; T.E.E. delaCruz; C. Decock; G. Delgado; C.M. Denchev; T.T. Denchev; Y.L. Deng; B.T.M. Dentinger; B. Devadatha; J.C. Dianese; B. Dima; M. Doilom; A.J. Dissanayake; L.S. Dissanayake; A.G. Diniz; S. Dolatabadi; J.H. Dong; W. Dong; Z.Y. Dong; E.R. Drechsler-Santos; I.S. Druzhinina; T.Y. Du; M.K. Dubey; A.K. Dutta; T.F. Elliott; M.S. Elshahed; E. Egidi; P. Eisvand; L. Fan; X. Fan; X.L. Fan; A.G. Fedosova; L.O. Ferro; P.O. Fiuza; A. Flakus; E.O. Fonseca; S.C. Fryar; T. Gabaldón; A.J. Gajanayake; P.B. Gannibal; F. Gao; D. García-Sánchez; R. García-Sandoval; I. Garrido-Benavent; L. Garzoli; J. Gasca-Pineda; A.K. Gautam; J. Gené; M. Ghobad-Nejhad; A. Ghosh; A.J. Giachini; T.B. Gibertoni; E. Gentekaki; V.I. Gmoshinskiy; A. Góes-Neto; D. Gomdola; S.P. Gorjón; B.T. Goto; M.M. Granados-Montero; G.W. Griffith; M. Groenewald; H.-P. Grossart; Z.R. Gu; C. Gueidan; A. Gunarathne; S. Gunaseelan; S.L. Guo; L.F.P. Gusmão; A.C. Gutierrez; L. Guzmán-Dávalos; D. Haelewaters; H. Haituk; R.E. Halling; S.C. He; G. Heredia; M. Hernández-Restrepo; T. Hosoya; S.D. Hoog; E. Horak; C.L. Hou; J. Houbraken; Z.H. Htet; S.K. Huang; W.J. Huang; V.G. Hurdeal; V.P. Hustad; C.A. Inácio; P. Janik; R.G.U. Jayalal; S.C. Jayasiri; R.S. Jayawardena; R. Jeewon; G.H. Jerônimo; J. Jin; E.B.G. Jones; Y. Joshi; Ž. Jurjević; A. Justo; M. Kakishima; M. Kaliyaperumal; G.P. Kang; J.C. Kang; O. Karimi; S.C. Karunarathna; S.A. Karpov; K. Kezo; A.N. Khalid; M.K. Khan; S. Khuna; S. Khyaju; M. Kirchmair; I. Klawonn; N. Kraisitudomsook; M. Kukwa; N.D. Kularathnage; S. Kumar; M.A. Lachance; C. Lado; K.P.D. Latha; H.B. Lee; M. Leonardi; A.S. Lestari; C. Li; H. Li; J. Li; Q. Li; Y. Li; Y.C. Li; Y.X. Li; C.F. Liao; J.L.R. Lima; J.M.S. Lima; N.B. Lima; L. Lin; B.T. Linaldeddu; M.M. Linn; F. Liu; J.K. Liu; J.W. Liu; S. Liu; S.L. Liu; X.F. Liu; X.Y. Liu; J.E. Longcore; T. Luangharn; J.J. Luangsa-ard; L. Lu; Y.Z. Lu; H.T. Lumbsch; L. Luo; M. Luo; Z.L. Luo; J. Ma; A.D. Madagammana; A. Madhushan; H. Madrid; F. Magurno; D. Magyar; S. Mahadevakumar; E. Malosso; J.M. Malysh; M. Mamarabadi; I.S. Manawasinghe; R.G. Manfrino; P. Manimohan; N. Mao; A. Mapook; P. Marchese; D.S. Marasinghe; M. Mardones; Y. Marin-Felix; H. Masigol; M. Mehrabi; M. Mehrabi-Koushki; Meiras-Ottoni A de; R.F.R. Melo; R.L. Mendes-Alvarenga; S. Mendieta; Q.F. Meng; A. Menkis; N. Menolli; M. Mikšík; S.L. Miller; B. Moncada; J.M. Moncalvo; J.S. Monteiro; M. Monteiro; H.M. Mora-Montes; E.L. Moroz; J.C. Moura; U. Muhammad; S. Mukhopadhyay; G.L. Nagy; A. NajamulSehar; M. Najafiniya; C.M. Nanayakkara; A. Naseer; E.C.R. Nascimento; S.S. Nascimento; S. Neuhauser; M.A. Neves; A.R. Niazi; Nie Yong; R.H. Nilsson; P.T.S. Nogueira; Y.K. Novozhilov; M. Noordeloos; C. Norphanphoun; N. NuñezOtaño; R.P. O’Donnell; F. Oehl; J.A. Oliveira; I. Oliveira; N.V.L. Oliveira; P.H.F. Oliveira; T. Orihara; M. Oset; K.L. Pang; V. Papp; L.S. Pathirana; U. Peintner; D. Pem; O.L. Pereira; J. Pérez-Moreno; S. Pérez-Ortega; G. Péter; C.L.A. Pires-Zottarelli; M. Phonemany; S. Phongeun; A. Pošta; J.F.S.A. Prazeres; Y. Quan; C.A. Quandt; M.B. Queiroz; R. Radek; K. Rahnama; K.N.A. Raj; K.C. Rajeshkumar; Rajwar Soumyadeep; A.B. Ralaiveloarisoa; T. Rämä; V. Ramírez-Cruz; G. Rambold; A.R. Rathnayaka; M. Raza; G.C. Ren; A.C. Rinaldi; M. Rivas-Ferreiro; G.L. Robledo; A. Ronikier; W. Rossi; K. Rusevska; M. Ryberg; A. Safi; F. Salimi; C.A. Salvador-Montoya; B. Samant; N.P. Samaradiwakara; I. Sánchez-Castro; M. Sandoval-Denis; A.L.C.M.A. Santiago; A.C.D.S. Santos; L.A. dos Santos; V.V. Sarma; S. Sarwar; A. Savchenko; K. Savchenko; R.K. Saxena; N. Schoutteten; L. Selbmann; H. Ševčíková; A. Sharma; H.W. Shen; Y.M. Shen; Y.X. Shu; H.F. Silva; A.G.S. Silva-Filho; V.S.H. Silva; D.R. Simmons; R. Singh; E.B. Sir; M. Sohrabi; F.A. Souza; C.M. Souza-Motta; V. Sri-indrasutdhi; O.P. Sruthi; M. Stadler; J. Stemler; S.L. Stephenson; M.P. Stoyneva-Gaertner; J.F.H. Strassert; M. Stryjak-Bogacka; H. Su; Y.R. Sun; S. Svantesson; P. Sysouphanthong; S. Takamatsu; T.H. Tan; K. Tanaka; C. Tang; X. Tang; J.E. Taylor; P.W.J. Taylor; D.S. Tennakoon; S.A.D. Thakshila; K.M. Thambugala; G.K. Thamodini; D. Thilanga; M. Thines; P.V. Tiago; X.G. Tian; W.H. Tian; S. Tibpromma; Z. Tkalčec; Y.S. Tokarev; M. Tomšovský; G. Torruella; A. Tsurykau; D. Udayanga; M. Ulukapı; W.A. Untereiner; M. Usman; B.A. Uzunov; S. Vadthanarat; R. Valenzuela; S. VandenWyngaert; N. VanVooren; P. Velez; R.K. Verma; L.C. Vieira; W.A.S. Vieira; J.M. Vinzelj; A.M.C. Tang; A. Walker; A.K. Walker; Q.M. Wang; Y. Wang; X.Y. Wang; Z.Y. Wang; N. Wannathes; F. Wartchow; G. Weerakoon; D.P. Wei; X. Wei; J.F. White; D.S.A. Wijesundara; K. Wisitrassameewong; G. Worobiec; H.X. Wu; N. Wu; Y.R. Xiong; B. Xu; J.P. Xu; R. Xu; R.F. Xu; R.J. Xu; S. Yadav; L.S. Yakovchenko; H.D. Yang; X. Yang; Y.H. Yang; Y. Yang; Y.Y. Yang; R. Yoshioka; H. YoussefNoha; F.M. Yu; Z.F. Yu; L.L. Yuan; Q. Yuan; D.A. Zabin; J.C. Zamora; C.V. Zapata; R. Zare; M. Zeng; X.Y. Zeng; J.F. Zhang; J.Y. Zhang; S. Zhang; X.C. Zhang; C.L. Zhao; H. Zhao; H.J. Zhao; Q. Zhao; H.M. Zhou; X.Y. Zhu; I.V. Zmitrovich; L. Zucconi; E. Zvyagina
With the simultaneous growth in interest from the mycological community to discover fungal species and classify them, there is also an important need to assemble all taxonomic information onto common platforms. Fungal classification is facing a rapidly evolving landscape and organizing genera into an appropriate taxonomic hierarchy is central to better structure a unified classification scheme and avoid incorrect taxonomic inferences. With this in mind, the Outlines of Fungi and fungus-like taxa (2020, 2022) were published as an open-source taxonomic scheme to assist mycologists to better understand the taxonomic position of species within the Fungal Kingdom as well as to improve the accuracy and consistency of our taxonomic language. In this paper, the third contribution to the series of Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa prepared by the Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is published. The former is updated considering our previous reviews and the taxonomic changes based on recent taxonomic work. In addition, it is more comprehensive and derives more input and consensus from a larger number of mycologists worldwide. Apart from listing the position of a particular genus in a taxonomic level, nearly 1000 notes are provided for newly established genera and higher taxa introduced since 2022. The notes section emphasizes on recent findings with corresponding references, discusses background information to support the current taxonomic status and some controversial taxonomic issues are also highlighted. To elicit maximum taxonomic information, notes/taxa are linked to recognized databases such as Index Fungorum, Faces of Fungi, MycoBank and GenBank, Species Fungorum and others. A new feature includes links to Fungalpedia, offering notes in the Compendium of Fungi and fungus-like Organisms. When specific notes are not provided, links are available to webpages and relevant publications for genera or higher taxa to ease data accessibility. Following the recent synonymization of Caulochytriomycota under Chytridiomycota, with Caulochytriomycetes now classified as a class within the latter, based on formally described and currently accepted data, the Fungi comprises 19 Phyla, 83 classes, 1,220 families, 10,685 genera and ca 140,000 species. Of the genera, 39.5% are monotypic and this begs the question whether mycologists split genera unnecessarily or are we going to find other species in these genera as more parts of the world are surveyed? They are 433 speciose genera with more than 50 species. The document also highlights discussion of some important topics including number of genera categorized as incertae sedis status in higher level fungal classification. The number of species at the higher taxonomic level has always been a contentious issue especially when mycologists consider either a lumping or a splitting approach and herein we provide figures. Herein a summary of updates in the outline of Basidiomycota is provided with discussion on whether there are too many genera of Boletales, Ceratobasidiaceae, and speciose genera such as Colletotrichum. Specific case studies deal with Cortinarius, early diverging fungi, Glomeromycota, a diverse early divergent lineage of symbiotic fungi, Eurotiomycetes, marine fungi, Myxomycetes, Phyllosticta, Hymenochaetaceae and Polyporaceae and the longstanding practice of misapplying intercontinental conspecificity. The outline will aid to better stabilize fungal taxonomy and serves as a necessary tool for mycologists and other scientists interested in the classification of the Fungi. © (2024), (Zhongkai University). All Rights Reserved.