Browsing by Author "R.M. Singh"

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A study of coal facies in the Korba sub-basin, Mahanadi Valley, India
(1994) R.M. Singh; C.S. Dwivedi
In the Korba sub-basin an effort has been made to study the coal facies with the help of maceral content, microlithotypes, chemical constituents of coal and by depositional milieu. Macerals like vitrinite when associated with sporinite strongly characterised freshwater conditions, i.e., limnic and telmatic. Microlithotypes of this sub-basin mostly reflect conditions of a high groundwater level in a swamp forest. Microlayering observed in clarites suggest a certain phase of stagnant water conditions in a subsiding sub-basin. Durite indicates sub-aquatic facies. Carbominerite is more useful in studying lateral facies and the decrease of carbominerite content towards the eastern part of the sub-basin points to the existence of eutropic swamp conditions. The low concentration of boron, low sulphur content and the presence of germanium in all blocks of the sub-basin reflects limnic and telmatic coal facies in freshwater swamps. The depositional milieu favoured the existence of limnic and adjacent telmatic conditions. © 1994.
Application of GIS for soil erosion modeling in Bina River Basin
(Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2015) Garima Jhariya; Shive Raj Singh; T.R. Nayak; R.M. Singh; Rajeev Ranjan
Soil erosion is a major environmental problem that threatens the sustainability and productivity of agricultural areas. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), originally developed by the USDA for agricultural lands and then used throughout the world. With the advance of Remote Sensing technique it becomes possible to measure hydrologic parameters on spatial scales while Geographic Information System integrates the spatial analytical functionality for spatially distributed data. This study was performed in the Bina River Basin having outlet at dam side. USLE model and ILWIS 3.0 GIS has been used for determining the quantity of soil erosion. ILWIS 3.0 GIS package has been used as the core of the spatial database and analysis. Results obtained from USLE model has been compared with existing empirical equation namely Joglekar's Curve developed for Central India and Khosla's method. It is observed that the mean annual soil loss estimated by using USLE method has been found to be 12.63 tons ha-1 year-14 for the Bina river watershed.
Base catalysed methanolysis of 4-anilinomethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one: Unexpected formation of N-benzoylaminoacetanilide
(2000) R.S. Singh; M.K. Singh; R.M. Singh
The reaction of 4-anilinomethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one 1 with 3.0 equivalents of sodium methoxide in methanol affords N-benzoylaminoacetanilide 3. Further, methyl 3-anilino-2-benzoylaminopropenoate 2 also affords product 3, when treated with sodium methoxide in methanol at reflux temperature. A plausible mechanism for this conversion has been proposed.
Comparison of contrasts in rainfall and drought characteristics in the Chambal basin in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
(IWA Publishing, 2021) Gaurav Sharma; T. Thomas; R.M. Singh
The availability of water resources is under stress due to its unsustainable exploitation. The Chambal basin is located in the water-scarce region in India with average annual rainfall varying between 687.1 mm in the Rajasthan (RJ) region and 938.2 mm in the Madhya Pradesh (MP) region. On average, there are 48 rainy days in the MP region and 39 rainy days in the RJ region of the Chambal basin. Fourteen drought years have been identified during the period spanning 34 years (1985–2018). 44% of basin area located in the MP region and 54% of basin area located in the RJ are found to be drought-prone. The Standardized Precipitation Index-based evaluation of drought characteristics indicated higher drought frequency in the RJ region varying between 1 in 3 years and 1 in 4 years and between 1 in 3 years and 1 in 5 years in the MP region, which has also been substantiated by the Relative Departure Index (RDI), namely average RDI for RJ (0.69) and MP (0.58). The understanding of the contrasts in rainfall and drought characteristics in upper reaches (MP region) and lower reaches (RJ region) of the Chambal basin will help in holistic management and sharing of water resources based on these contrasts and constraints. © 2021 by the authors.
Cytomorphological Behaviour and Origin of Aneuploids in Tetraploid Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum)
(1983) R. Sai Kumar; U.P. Singh; R.B. Singh; R.M. Singh
Aneuploids with 27- to 30-chromosomes were isolated in the progenies of induced tetraploids of pearl millet in a lower frequency in C2 generation. These aneuploids were apparently recovered through female transmission, which varied for aneuploid gametes with different chromosome numbers. Aneuploids could be distinguished from eu-tetraploids on a morphological basis. Cytological study showed that 27-chromosomes variant was characterized by a high frequency of univalents and their precocious splitting at AI followed by the formation of bivalents in addition to rare presence of trivalents and quadrivalents/cell. But bivalents were highly frequent in both hypertetraploids. Thus, a frequency of bivalent is suggestive of “preferential pairing”. Moreover, the induced bivalentization noted in both eu-and aneuploids of advanced generation tetraploids of pearl millet may be accounted to high selection pressure. © 1983, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.
Cytomorphological Behaviour and Origin of Unusual Chromosomal Variants in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum)
(1987) R. Sai Kumar; U.P. Singh; R.M. Singh; R.B. Singh
Cytogenetic manipulation induced in a crop may be useful in understanding the degree of tolerance of a crop to chromosomal changes, isolation of mutants, study of phylogeny and genetic nature of traits and productions of new cytogenetic stocks useful to the breeders. Cytogenetic studies on aneuploids (Sears 1956, Riley and Law 1965) are highly useful in crop improvement. Aneuploids have been used extensively in genetical and plant breeding researches (Hermsen 1970, Khush 1973, Rajhathy 1975 and Meijer and Ahloowalia 1981) and trisomics are the main aneuploids produced in case of diploids. In addition to different trisomics, other types of chromosome variants have been isolated in the progeny of triploid, translocation and other cytogenetical stocks of different plants (Gill et al. 1970, Jauhar 1970 in pearl millet; Ahloowalia 1966, 1970, 1971, 1982 in ryegrass; Ellerstrom and Sjodin 1966 in red clover; Rommel 1963 in barley and sugarbeet; Hagberg and Ellerstrom 1959 and Aastveit 1963 in rye). © 1987, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.
CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF DOUBLE TRISOMIC IN PEARL MILLET [PENNISETUM AMERICANUM (L.) K. SCHUM]
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 1981) R. Sai Kumar; U.P. Singh; R.B. Singh; R.M. Singh
[No abstract available]
Cytomorphological Behaviour of Primary Trisomics in Pearl Millet (Pennnisefum americanum (L.) Leeke)
(1982) R. Sai Kumar; U.P. Singh; R.B. Singh; R.M. Singh
The desynaptic plant showed univalents ranging from 0 to 13 at diakinesis and metaphase I. In triploid plant 36 per cent of the cells showed eight chromosomes separating to one pole at anaphase I. The morphology, cytology and sterility studies were conducted in all the trisomics isolated. All the primary trisomics showed 6II + lIII or 7II+lI at diakinesis and metaphase I. The frequency of trivalents was reduced at metaphase I. The trivalent resumed in chain of 3, V-, Y-, frying pan, S-, J- and 4-shape configurations. Based on cytomorphological distinction, the 16 trisomies were grouped in five classes as bushy, awned, slender, dark green and tiny. © 1982, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.
Divergent gene pools in rice improvement
(Springer-Verlag, 1983) K.S. Kanwal; R.M. Singh; J. Singh
The objective of the present study was to investigate the genetic architecture of yield in diverse populations of rice. Multivariate analysis by Mahalanobis's D2 statistic and canonical (vector) analysis revealed that panicle weight, days to maturity, plant height and seed size were the important forces contributing towards divergence. One hundred rice strains were grouped into nine clusters with the help of D2 and canonical analysis. The grouping pattern of the varieties were quite at random indicating that the geographical and genetic diversity were not related. © 1983 Springer-Verlag.
Diverse effects of formate on the assimilatory metabolism of nitrate and nitrite in Rhizobium
(Springer India, 1984) R.K. Singh; R.M. Singh
Two strains of Rhizobium, cowpea Rhizobium 32H1 and Rhizobium japonicum CB 1809, showed a marked stimulation in growth on addition of formate to the minimal medium containing nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. The amount of accumulated nitrite and specific nitrate reductase activity was much higher in cultures supplemented with formate than in the control medium. In contrast, growth, consumption of nitrite and specific nitrite reductase activity in minimal medium + nitrite was greatly reduced by the addition of formate. A chlorate resistant mutant (Chl-16) was isolated spontaneously which contained a nitrite reductase which was not inhibited by formate. The results suggest that formate serves as an electron donor for nitrate reductase and inhibits nitrite assimilation in Rhizobium © 1984 Indian Academy of Sciences.
Effect of insecticides on germination, early growth and cytogenetic behavior of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
(1979) B.D. Singh; R.B. Singh; R.M. Singh; Y. Singh; J. Singh
Seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. "Ratna") were treated for 3 hr with 0.1% solutions of the active ingredients of commercial formulas of six systemic (Dimecron, Citrolane, Thimet, Counter, Furadon and Disyston) and three nonsystemic (Endrin, Cythion and Ambithion) insecticides, and ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS). In general, insecticide treatments did not reduce germination (except for Ambithion), but did reduce seedling height, pollen fertility and chiasma frequency. Different cytological aberrations, viz., chromosome fragments at mitotic metaphase; chromatin bridges, fragments, laggards, bridges with fragments and/or laggards at mitotic anaphase; univalents, precocious separation and nonorientation of bivalents at meiotic metaphase I; and laggards, bridges, bridges with laggards, tripolar divisions and unequal separation of chromosomes at anaphase I, were observed in the treated populations in frequencies significantly higher than those in the control. Some insecticides induced significantly greater cytological aberrations and other detrimental effects, such as reduction in germination, seedling height and pollen fertility, than EMS. © 1979.
Effect of planting pattern on productivity and water use efficiency of pearl millet in the Indian semi-arid region
(IndianJournals.com, 2015) Babloo Sharma; Reena Kumari; Pratibha Kumari; Santosh K. Meena; R.M. Singh
In the semi-arid regions of India, profitable cropping systems must make efficient use of limited and highly variable precipitation. Hence, new planting patterns (ridge, bed and seeddrill system that act as the in-situ soil moisture conservation) were evaluated for the pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) r. br] crop during 2009 under semi-arid tropical (SAT) region of India. The broadcast method is commonly used for planting of pearl millet. During the crop growth period (July to October, 2009), total rainfall was 718.5 mm and 21.0% of the total rainfall consisted of the effective rainfall for all plots. Ridge, bed and seeddrill planting patterns increased soil moisture by 37.1, 27.0 and 13.5 per cent, respectively, compared to broadcast pattern in 45 cm depth of root zone. Consequently, grain yield and water use efficiency increased significantly under ridge, bed and seeddrill method of sowing compared to the broadcasting method. Grain yield under ridge pattern increased by 11.6 per cent over broadcast method (1.65 t ha-1). Since rainfall is often below average of ten years (1059 mm), we recommend ridge method of planting for SAT region of India, to mitigate the effect of drought stress and crop failure. © 2015, IndianJournals.com. All rights reserved.
Estimation of groundwater recharge using well recharging unit in Parasai-Sindh watershed of sat region of India
(Ecological Society of India, 2014) Reena Kumari; Babloo Sharma; Ramesh Singh; R.M. Singh; R.K. Tewari
Field study was undertaken in Parasai - Sindh watershed to investigate the ground water recharge possibilities of shallow dug well by well recharging unit. Water table rise of about 14.87 per cent was recorded as compared to control well after getting rainfall of 100 mm of cumulative rainfall. At 270 mm cumulative rainfall, the water column of treated well was recorded 32 per cent higher as compared to control. When cumulative rainfall of watershed was 506 mm, the water column of treated well was found 21 per cent higher than control well and at 700 mm of cumulative rainfall the difference in water level of both treated and control well was found very less. The change in ground water storage volume of watershed during pre and post monsoon by treated and control well was observed 1143 and 1023 m3.
Evaluation of soft computing and regression-based techniques for the estimation of evaporation
(IWA Publishing, 2021) Aparajita Singh; R.M. Singh; A.R. Senthil Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Subodh Hanwat; V.K. Tripathi
The estimation of evaporation in the field as well as the regional level is required for the efficient planning and management of water resources. In the present study, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR)-based models were developed to estimate the pan evaporation on the basis of one day-lagged rainfall (Pt 1), one day-lagged relative humidity (RHt 1), current day maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin). These were selected as the most effective parameters on the basis of cross-correlation. The performance of models was evaluated using correlation coefficient (r), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (coefficient of efficiency, CE) during calibration and validation periods. Based on the comparison, the ANN model (4-9-1), with sigmoid as activation function and Levenberg–Marquardt as a learning algorithm, was selected as the best performing model among all ANN models. The values of r, CE and RMSE for training and validation periods were found as 0.885, 0.785 and 1.00 mm/day and 0.889, 0.782 and 1.01 mm/day, respectively, through the ANN model (4-9-1). The values of r, CE and RMSE for training and validation periods were found as 0.835, 0.698 and 1.19 mm/day and 0.866, 0.750 and 1.15 mm/day, respectively, through the selected MLR model. Based on the sensitivity analysis, RHt 1 is selected as the most effective parameter followed by Pt 1, Tmax and Tmin. The developed model can be utilized as an alternative for the estimation of the evaporation at the regional level with limited input data. © 2021 The Authors.
Genetic analysis of yield and yield components in field peas
(1987) B.B. Singh; U.P. Singh; R.M. Singh; B. Rai
The genetic parameters controlling the expression of seed yield and the yield components have been studied using both generation mean and triple test cross (TTC) analyses in two crosses of field pea. From generation mean analysis, it is obvious that in addition to significant estimates of additive and dominance components, epistatic components of mean [(i) and (l) types] were also important and duplicate type of epistasis was predominant for all the traits in both sets of crosses. In the TTC analysis, the major genetic component of variance was the additive component, though the dominance component was also found to be significant. There was evidence of epistasis for most of the characters studied. In fact, the overall epistasis (i type) was the major component of epistasis, but the parameter F was found in the non-significant range. The mean performance of the characters studied was higher in randomly-mated biparental progenies (BIPs) but there were more desirable transgressive segregants in the TTC population. Thus the genetic information obtained from both analyses seems to be complementary rather than alternative modes of inheritance in governing the expression of these useful economic traits. © 1987, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
Genetics of ear traits and grain yield in quality protein maize (Zea mays L.)
(Indian Society of Plant Breeders, 2014) V.K. Agrawal; R.M. Singh; J.P. Shahi; R.K. Agrawal
Hayman's component analysis was employed to ascertain the gene actions conditioning the ear related traits viz., ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row and grain yield per plant in quality protein maize.Eight yellow seeded quality protein maize (QPM) inbred lines were crossed in diallel mating design, including reciprocals. Theinbreds and their 56 crosses were evaluated in randomized block design with 3 replications across the three environments. Significant differences among genotypes observed for all the traits over the environments. Influence of epistasis found for all the traits in one or more seasons except ear length. Ear length exhibited importance of additive gene effects across the seasons. Over-dominance showed in all the characters. The range of narrow sense heritability was low over the environments for most of the traits i.e. for ear length (15.1-19.3%), ear diameter (12.1-17.7%), kernels per row(23.6-30.5%) and grain yield per plant (13.6-19.5%) whereas kernel rows per ear exhibited moderate narrow sense heritability ranging from 44.3-66.5% over the environments. In general, narrow sense heritability estimates were higher in rabi environment as compared to kharif environment. © Indian Society of Plant Breeders.
Genetics of leaf blight resistance in wheat
(Springer-Verlag, 1991) B. Sinha; R.M. Singh; U.P. Singh
Studies on the genetics of leaf blight caused by Alternaria triticina using generation mean analysis revealed that additive components played a major role, but that dominance components also contributed significantly in controlling the variability for leaf blight resistance in wheat crosses. Furthermore, the additive x additive type of epistasis was predominant in the first three crosses, whereas in the fourth cross additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (1) components of epistasis were most significant. Because of this it may be desirable to follow a simple recurrent selection scheme for higher tolerance, to isolate resistant plants from the segregating populations derived from crosses of parents of diverse origin following the pedigree method of breeding. CPAN-1887 was very tolerant to leaf blight in the present study and should be utilized in hybridization programs to develop leaf-blight-resistant varieties. © 1991 Springer-Verlag.
Harnessing genetic resources in field crops for developing resilience to climate change
(Elsevier, 2018) Awnindra K. Singh; R.M. Singh; Ayyam Velmurugan; R. Rahul Kumar; Utpal Biswas
The three major challenges of the 21st century are managing climate change, overcoming poverty and food insecurity. Global population has reached 7.0 billion in 2011 at the same, in contrary to the popular belief, the world food production has also increased and kept pace with population. But the percapita food availability interms of all essential food grains and access to food has come down. The challenging situation is further aggravated by global climate change. This necessitates multidimensional approach to solve the issue of food grain production. In this context biodiversity is the most important the basic resources on which human scope lies. However, biodiversity is negatively impacted by climate change. Conversely, biodiversity through ecosystem services contributes to climate-change adaptation and mitigation. Selection of suitable food crops and their varieties for a given edaphic and biotic conditions is a sensible decision because it provides scope for utilisation of genetic variability to enhance yield and adaptability. In this chapter, different breeding techniques and biotechnological tools available for exploiting genetic resources in field crops so as to address the climate change are discussed. It is also prudent to mention conservation methods for field crops so that the benefit of biodiversity is passed on to the future generations. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hydrological assessment of Haveli-based traditional water harvesting system for the Bundelkhand Region, Uttar Pradesh, India
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2023) Liansangpuii; Ramesh Singh; R.M. Singh; K.N. Singh; S.K. Kar
Water harvesting is a critical component of any ap-proach to alleviating India’s water crisis. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems are found in every region of the country. Haveli is one such system found in almost every village in the Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India. A defunct Haveli in the Parasai–Sindh watershed of Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh, was rejuvenated by providing a cement concrete core wall to the earthen embankment to address the problem of breaching, and the existing outlet was also expanded. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 to analyse the hydrology of the rejuvenated Haveli and to understand its impact on surface-water availability and recharging ground-water. The study period was divided based on long-term southwest monsoon (SWM) as wet (SWM > 20%), nor-mal (SWM ± 20%) and dry (SWM < 20%) years. It was found that the Haveli could harvest about 1.91–2.0 times, 1.13–1.72 times and 0.2 times its capacity during a wet, normal and dry year, respectively. There was a 1.41 m difference in hydraulic head between pre and post-Haveli rejuvenation in a wet year, whereas, a normal year, the difference was 2.71 m. © 2023, Current Science. All Rights Reserved.
Impact assessment of rainwater management interventions on land use land cover changes in Parasai-Sindh watershed of Bundelkhand Region, Central India
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Liansangpuii; Ramesh Singh; R.M. Singh; K.N. Singh; S.K. Kar
Rainwater Management (RWM) interventions were implemented to address the scarcity of water and to restrict the degradation of land resources in the Parasai-Sindh watershed covering an areal extent of 1246 ha located in Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region, Central India. The region is constrained by several factors, the most significant of which is its high vulnerability to natural disasters and poor infrastructure development, resulting in low agricultural production and precarious livelihoods. This study's goal was to evaluate the impact of RWM intervention on groundwater dynamics and the changes in LULC that it has brought about. A total of 380 dug wells were monitored to investigate the ground water dynamics. Integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to prepare LULC maps using Landsat images. The changes in LULC were studied before and after the implementation of RWM interventions. The study revealed enhanced groundwater availability for agricultural and domestic applications. Due to increased water availability, a significant portion of fallow land was converted into cropland. Built-up land coverings have also increased in the watershed. A decrease in the areal extent of barren rocky and scrubland was witnessed over the study period. The area under plantation was also increased.The study underlines the relevance of RWM interventions in restoring watershed land cover, assisting in poverty alleviation, and providing long-term livelihood. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.