Browsing by Author "R.N. Kharwar"

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Additions to the hyphomycete genus Veronaea as phytoparasitic species
(Elsevier GmbH, 2004) R.N. Kharwar; R.K. Singh
Three new species of Veronaea, V. ficina on Ficus hispida L. (Moraceae), V. grewiicola on Grewia asiatica L. (Tiliaceae), and V. hippocratiae on Hippocratia arborea Willd. (Celastraceae), collected from forests of Nepal and the Terai belt of North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, are described, illustrated and compared with related taxa. © 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Antagonistic potential of fluorescent pseudomonads and control of charcoal rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina
(Triveni Enterprises, 2007) Vinod Kumar; Anuj Kumar; R.N. Kharwar
The effectiveness of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria especially Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were tested against charcoal rot of chickpea both in green house as well as in field conditions. Most of the isolates reduced charcoal rot disease and promoted plant growth in green house. A marked increase in shoot and root length was observed in P. fluorescens treated plants. Among all the P. fluorescens isolates Pf4-99, was found most effective in the improvement of chickpea crop in green house as well as in field. Pf4-99 effectively promoted plant growth and produced indole acetic acid in culture medium. This isolate also inhibited the mycelial growth of the M. phaseolina under in vitro conditions and reduced the disease severity. Potential isolate (Pf4-99) also significantly increased the biomass of the chickpea plants, shoot length, root length and protein content of the chickpea seeds. A part from these, the total number of seeds per plant and their weight were also enhanced. The colonization of Pf4-99 reduced the incidence of seed mycoflora by which indirectly enhanced the seed germination and vigour index of seedlings. The observations revealed that isolate Pf4-99 is quite effective to reduce the charcoal rot disease both in field and greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. Therefore, this isolate appears to be an efficient biocontrol agent against charcoal rot disease as well as yield increasing rhizobacterium.
Asperisporium Pongamiae-pinnatiae, a new foliicolous fungus from India
(2012) R.N. Kharwar; A. Kumar; C. Nakashima; D.J. Bhat
A new foliicolous hyphomycete, Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatiae, isolated from leaf spots of Pongamia pinnata L. (Papilionaceae), collected from Banaras Hindu University campus in Varanasi, U.P., India, is described, illustrated and compared with similar taxa in this paper. Besides light microscopy, conidia and conidiomata were examined using a scanning electron microscope.
Assessment of Bioactive Potential and Characterization of an Anticancer Compound from the Endophytic Fungi of Ocimum sanctum
(Pleiades Publishing, 2024) A. Verma; K. Kumar; U. Talukdar; G. Pal; D. Kumar; P. Shukla; S. Patel; A. Kumar; A. Kumar; R.N. Kharwar; S.K. Verma
Abstract: The goal of this study was to isolate endophytic fungi from Ocimum sanctum L. and to evaluate their biological potential, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzymatic activities and further characterization of the bioactive compounds. Nine endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves and stem tissues of O. sanctum collected from the botanical garden of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. All isolates were identified based on their microscopic structures and molecular sequencing of the ITS rDNA. Aspergillus clavatonanicus (SS7) and Cochliobolus hawaiiensis (SL3) showed the highest colonization frequencies in the stem and leaves (16 and 14%, respectively). All fungal isolates were tested for extracellular enzymatic activities of amylase, cellulase, and pectinase. Of the nine fungal isolates, 60% tested positive for amylase and cellulase, whereas 50% showed pectinase activity. Using a disc diffusion assay, the extracted secondary metabolites were checked for antibacterial activity against three human pathogenic bacteria. Two isolates, SL2 and SS7, exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against all pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Crude extracts of the six fungal isolates showed positive antioxidant activity. The crude extract of Aspergillus allahabadii (isolate SL2) showed strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities and crystallized during purification. X-ray crystallography confirmed the identity of the crystal as citrinin, which also exhibited strong anticancer activity against Dalton’s lymphoma cells. The results of this study suggest that endophytic fungi isolated from the leaf and stem tissues of Ocimum sanctum are potential sources of antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer compounds. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2024. ISSN 0026-2617, Microbiology, 2024, Vol. 93, No. 4, pp. 459–471. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2024.
Bio-control potential in Cladosporium sp. (MCPL - 461), against a noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus L
(Triveni Enterprises, 2009) Anuj Kumar; V.C. Verma; S.K. Gond; V. Kumar; R.N. Kharwar
The phenological survey of Parthenium hysterophorus L., in and around the campus of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was done for about two years (2004-06). During Nov. 2004, a few Parthenium plants were found diseased, and symptoms were restricted to the flowers, buds, and inflorescences. The disease causes sterility and reduces seed viability, which was observed with seed germination test from infected and healthy plants. The fungal pathogen was isolated and identified as Cladosporium sp. (MCPL-461). The severity of pathogen to the reproductive organs led to serious damages of the Parthenium plants. Thus in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to determine the bio-control potential of Cladosporium sp. (MCPL 461) against Parthenium weed. A combinatorial effort of Cladosporium sp. (MCPL 461) bio-control potential was evaluated with different culture media, incubation periods and spores strength. Spore suspension of 105 to 1012 spores ml-1 were used to spray on healthy Parthenium plants, and it was found that severe infection symptoms were appeared at 1010 to 1012 spores ml-1 suspension. LD50 was found at 107 spores ml-1. To enhance the myco-herbicide activity 3% sucrose was added to the spore suspension, which further resolute the bio-control efficacy of the isolates. Only 20-30% seeds of infected plants could germinate. However the safety of non-targeted and wild plants was also tested with Lantana camera, Chromolaena odorata and found that suspension up to 1012 spores ml-1 were not sufficient for disease outbreak in them. © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India).
Biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi of rice crop using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
(Springer India, 2014) Mohamed A. Gad; Manab Deka; Naglaa A. Ibrahim; Sherif S. Mahmoud; R.N. Kharwar; Tarun C. Bora
Rice is widely affected by quite a number of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasma that result in high yield loss. Among the fungal diseases, aggregate sheath spot caused by Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae is an important disease affecting the rice production. Application of beneficial bacteria as seed coat or seedling root dip to protect from these diseases may be an alternative strategy to chemical control. In the present study, out of 200 bacterial strains isolated from plant rhizosphere of cereal crops, one bacterial strain Pseudomonas aurogenosa “NEIST 003” was selected for its antagonistic ability against different rice fungal pathogens under in vitro conditions. The per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of different rice fungal pathogens namely “R. oryzae-sativae, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporium, and Pyricularia grisea by P. aurogenosa “NEIST 003” was 35.11, 21.33, 33.11, 25, 34.22, and 41.67%, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, P. aurogenosa “NEIST 003” promoted plant growth besides inhibiting rice fungal pathogen R. oryzae'sativae and gave highly significant growth improvement compared to the other treatments for all parameters including shoot height, root length, tiller number, number of leaves, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, moisture content, chlorophyll content, and disease incidence at different days of seedlings infection. P. aurogenosa “NEIST 003” has the ability to promote plant growth and suppressed most of the rice fungal pathogens. © Springer India 2014 This work is subject. All rights reserved.
Biosynthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and their application
(2009) V.C. Verma; R.N. Kharwar; A.C. Gange
Nanotechnology is one of the most significant research areas to emerge in the last decade or so. It is based on the concept of creating applications based on nanomaterials at the molecular level, thus we can describe it as the science of 'domesticating molecules'. Although it is a new tool to the scientific community, the importance and impact of this technology is already being felt. As nanotechnology evolves, we are moving beyond simple materials to the nanoscale materials to construct and redesign nanoscale solutions to large-scale problems. Such solutions help us not only in combating problems with size and sophistication but also in improving sensitivity. Synthesizing the nanomaterials is the primary step in addressing all nano needs. Besides the available chemical methods, the biosynthesis of the nanomaterials using microbial strains is now looking promising as a source for mining nanomaterials. 'Green nanomaterials' are now a major objective of research in nanotechnology. Fungal strains such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, Verticillium and some others are well documented for their potential to bioreduce metal ions. Bacteria and actinomycetes have also been evaluated and found promising for microbial mining of nanomaterials. Thus, the microbes may be used at an industrial scale for mining of nanomaterials in an alternative and eco-friendly manner. In this review, we emphasize the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles from micro-organisms and to some extent from plants as alternative sources, and exploring their application in several areas such as agriculture, medicine and in pollution control. The coming era of nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize our lives, in which we can imagine sophisticated nanoscale machines that operate at atomic precision. These include molecular motors that mimic our muscles and can convert chemical to mechanical energy with extraordinary efficiency. Thus, the evolution of nanotechnology is certainly going to lead to far-reaching changes to human society, which we are just starting to feel today. © 2009 CAB International.
Characterization of Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae, an Endophytic Fungus Residing in Photosynthetic Root of Tinospora cordifolia, a Medicinal Plant
(Springer, 2019) Ashish Mishra; Surendra K. Gond; Vijay K. Sharma; Satish K. Verma; Jitendra Kumar; Dheeraj K. Singh; Anuj Kumar; Pooja Pandey; R.N. Kharwar
An endophytic fungus isolated from photosynthetic root of Tinospora cordifolia Miers. was identified as Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae with 100% 18S ITS rRNA partial gene sequence similarity (accession JX951181). The fungus exhibited amylase, lipase and protease activities and was also able to assimilate the galactose, glucose, fructose, lactose and maltose along with l-arginine and alanine. In addition to siderophore production, the fungus was found to be tolerant against various concentrations of NO2 −, NO3 − and NaCl. The maximum biomass and metabolite yield were observed at pH range 5.4–7.0, whereas yield of secondary metabolites was highest in potato dextrose broth (36.66 ± 0.33 mg/100 ml) extracted through ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Interestingly, metabolites extracted through ethyl acetate from PDB and MEB grown cultures were found to be active against all 8 human bacterial pathogens used in this study. The isolation and characterization of P. adansoniae done in this experiment are the initial steps which pave the way for purified isolation of bioactive compounds and enzymes of immense use. © 2018, The National Academy of Sciences, India.
Developments in Endophytic Fungal Research in India
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Anu Gupta; M. Vasundhara; Archana Singh; R.N. Kharwar
Endophytic fungi not only help in the development of the plants but also produce bioactive compounds that have various therapeutic applications. They also improve the health of crops, protect from various diseases, and enable them to tolerate the abiotic as well as biotic stresses. Earlier, the focus of researchers regarding endophytic fungi was mainly confined to study their biodiversity but at present, the center of attention also includes exploration of their various traits or to exploit various activities and also to produce the similar bioactive compounds for which host plants are known. Endophytic fungi are also considered as one of the best sources to produce bioactive compounds on a large scale and also use to enhance the production of bioactive compounds employing epigenetic modification as well as coculture methods. In the future, the endophytic fungi can be exploited for bioremediation and bioleaching purposes. Endophytic fungi could be used in producing the pigments as well as in the field of nanobiotechnology. Modern genomic approaches like genome editing tools may help in exploring the novel aspects related to endophytic fungi. It is suggested that endophytic fungi should be considered as the reservoir of various biotechnological applications which may help in enhancing the bio-economy of our country. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungal community isolated from medicinal plant Cinnamomum camphora
(2012) R.N. Kharwar; A.L. Maurya; V.C. Verma; Anuj Kumar; S.K. Gond; Ashish Mishra
To study the diversity, distribution and community structure of endophytic fungi, a medicinal plant Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl., was selected from ayurvedic garden of Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India. Differences were observed between the endophytic myco-population of young and mature tissues of leaf, stem and petiole. The leaf segments with midrib (43.93 %, Isolation Frequency) were found to have more endophytic isolates than the vein less foliar segments (21.21 %), however, the segments with lateral veins (34.84 %) are comparatively closer to the midrib segments in endophytic recovery. The mature tissues are found to harbor more endophytic diversity than the young ones. It was observed that some endophytes restrict the probable invasion of other endophytes in their respective tissues, and thus defend their tissue specificity. The endophytic microbes obtained in this study are evaluated for their antimicrobial activity, against an array of human and plant pathogens. Pestalotiopsis sp. showed significant inhibitory activity against Phytophthora cryptogea (57.7 %), Pythium aphanidermatum (54.5 %) and Microsporum nanum (51.4), while Phomopsis sp. inhibited P. aphanidermatum moderately. This preliminary work not only resolutes the understanding about plant-endophytes interactions and distribution within the host, but also provides platform for screening and isolation of novel natural antimicrobial compounds, that may be utilized in designing novel drugs for sustainable relief to the mankind. © 2012 The National Academy of Sciences, India.
Diversity and biopotential of endophytic fungal flora isolated from eight medicinal plants of Uttar Pradesh, India
(Springer India, 2014) R.N. Kharwar; Ashish Mishra; Vijay K. Sharma; S.K. Gond; S.K. Verma; A. Kumar; Jitendra Kumar; D.K. Singh; J. Goutam
Endophytic fungi are hidden diversity mines of microbes that reside in the healthy and symptomless interior of plant tissues without causing any harmful effects. This chapter focuses on fungal endophytic diversity of eight medicinal plants of Uttar Pradesh, India with their biopotential ability. Total of 4,002 (38.38 % CF) endophytic isolates were recovered from 10,425 segments representing 131 endophytic fungal species belonging to different fungal classes. Out of 4,002 isolates, hyphomycetes were more pronounced with 71.43 % recovery followed by coelomycetes 16.61 %, ascomycetes 6.59 %, mycelia sterilia or unidentified 5.32 % and least from zygomycetes 0.020 %. Among total endophytic fungal species isolated, Cladosporium cladosporioides (3.39 % CF) was found to be the most dominated taxa followed by Alternaria alternata (2.35 % CF), Curvularia lunata (2.13 % CF), Aspergillus niger (1.95 % CF), Chaetomium globosum (1.85 % CF), Nigrospora oryzae (1.57 % CF) and Phoma glomerata (1.09 % CF). From a total of 131 endophytic species, 101 were tested for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Out of 47 active species, 29.78 % displayed antibacterial activity, 27.65 % showed antifungal activity, 38.29 % exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity both while only 4.25 % displayed antimalarial as well as antioxidant activity. Twenty-one endophytic fungal species were tested for extracellular production of amylase, xylanase and phosphate solubilization where 76.19 % found to produce amylase, 23.80 % for xylanase and 14.28 % exhibited phosphate-solubilization activity. © Springer India 2014 This work is subject. All rights reserved.
Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition, root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) S.K. Verma; P.K. Sahu; K. Kumar; G. Pal; S.K. Gond; R.N. Kharwar; J.F. White
Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in plant development, nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of plant microbiota is endophytes which inhabit plant tissues and help them in various capacities. In this article, we have reviewed what is presently known with regard to how endophytic microbes interact with plants to modulate root development, branching, root hair formation and their implications in overall plant development. Endophytic microbes link the interactions of plants, rhizospheric microbes and soil to promote nutrient solubilization and further vectoring these nutrients to the plant roots making the soil-plant-microbe continuum. Further, plant roots internalize microbes and oxidatively extract nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle. The oxidative interactions between endophytes and plants result in the acquisition of nutrients by plants and are also instrumental in oxidative stress tolerance of plants. It is evident that plants actively cultivate microbes internally, on surfaces and in soils to acquire nutrients, modulate development and improve health. Understanding this continuum could be of greater significance in connecting endophytes with the hidden half of the plant that can also be harnessed in applied terms to enhance nutrient acquisition through the development of favourable root system architecture for sustainable production under stress conditions. © 2021 The Society for Applied Microbiology
Endophytic Fungi: A Cryptic Fountainhead for Biodiversity, Functional Metabolites, Host Stress Tolerance, and Myco-mediated Nanoparticles (Nps) Synthesis
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019) Jay Hind Nishad; Arti Singh; Veer Singh Gautam; Dharmendra Kumar; Jitendra Kumar; R.N. Kharwar
The view on association of higher plants and fungi from past few decades confirms the belief that all plants foster their own endophytic fungal diversity as a host, and all plant species studied till date are found to harbor one or more endophytes. The diversity of endophytic fungi can have deep impressions on plant communities through adding fitness to their concerned host conferring tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses. While endophytes have been outlined to biosynthesize a wide array of molecules, genome sequencing of such organisms has revealed that these have the potential to provide many more secondary metabolites than usual. Recently, various methods have been advanced to aid in the activation of cryptic biosynthetic pathways. Since the most important medicinal compound taxol (paclitaxel) has been isolated from the endophytic fungus therefore, more plant mimetic compounds may be expected from this hidden microbial source. Various enzymes (amylase, lipase, cellulase, protease, lactase, pectinases, peroxidase, catalase, and penicillinase) and toxins (aflatoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin, citrinin, T-2 toxin, and fumonisins) may be isolated from this repertoire. Cell-free extract of many endophytic fungal isolates may also be utilized to synthesize the nanoparticles like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au) from respective metal salt solutions. This chapter also discusses different approaches such as co-culture of microbes, altering growth media and culture conditions, genetic as well as epigenetic strategies for obtaining the biochemical treasure hidden within these unique microbes. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Fungal endophytes: An alternative source of bioactive compounds for plant protection
(CABI Publishing, 2010) R.N. Kharwar; Gary Strobel
Endophytes are a group of microorganisms that represent an abundant and dependable source of bioactive and chemically novel compounds with potential for exploitation in a wide variety of applications. The mechanisms through which endophytes exist and respond to their surroundings must be better understood in order to be more predictive about which higher plants to seek, study and employ in isolating their microfl oral components. This may facilitate the natural product discovery process. Endophytic fungi are now attracting great interest from researchers for an alternative way of controlling plant pathogens. © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved.
History and Developments of Plant Pathology in India: Fungal Aspects
(Springer Singapore, 2021) R.N. Kharwar; Richa Raghuwanshi; Anuj Kumar; Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
The chapter makes a modest attempt to highlight the major achievements of fungal plant pathology in India which had set a milestone in history of fungal plant pathology. The chapter summarizes the historical achievements made in the area of plant pathology with respect to diseases caused by fungal pathogens, disease biology research, epidemiology, fungicide research, disease control strategies and the introduction of plant pathology as a discipline in Indian Universities. It also highlights the present status of plant pathology in India giving an overview of the developments made in the past over years. Though the chapter by no way is a complete account of the vast ocean of information available on various aspects of the subject, it is anticipated that the historical events covered in this tells the story of Indian plant pathology beginning from the Vedic era to the younger generation and motivate for the greater challenges of the pathological problems ahead. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Induction of cryptic metabolite production through epigenetic tailoring in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Syzygium cumini
(Springer International Publishing, 2017) V.K. Sharma; J. Kumar; D.K. Singh; A. Mishra; S.K. Gond; S.K. Verma; A. Kumar; G. Singh; R.N. Kharwar
Recent advancement in the fungal molecular genetics has established that fungi have numerous genes or gene clusters that remain silent or unexpressed under the normal conditions. These genes can be activated through epigenetic modifiers to produce a wide range of potential bioactive metabolites of agricultural and pharmaceutical values. In this study one DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-azacytidine) and one histone deacetylase inhibitor (sodium butyrate) were used for the epigenetic treatment to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from the surface-sterilized leaves of S. cumini. The crude compounds isolated from the epigenetically treated C. Gloeosporioides were observed to exhibit increased antibacterial activity against human bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, and Staphylococcus aureus). In terms of antibacterial efficacy, the secondary metabolites extracted from the culture treated with 5-azacytidine were found to be the most effective against all the tested bacterial pathogens followed by cultures treated with sodium butyrate and the combined treatment of both 5-azacytidine and sodium butyrate compared to control except against the S. Typhi. The HPLC profiling showed that fungal crude metabolite compounds from different treatments of epigenetic modulators activated the production of additional metabolites compared to the untreated control. Further, the total amount of secondary metabolites extracted with ethyl acetate from treated cultures showed severalfold increase. This indicates toward the change in the expression of some cryptic genes or gene cluster through epigenetic modification by 5-azacytidine and/or sodium butyrate treatment(s). © 2017, Springer International Publishing AG. All rights reserved.
Isolation and purification of bioactive metabolites from an endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum of Azadirachta indica
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Puja Kumari; Arti Singh; Dheeraj K. Singh; Vijay K. Sharma; Jitendra Kumar; Vijai Kumar Gupta; S. Bhattacharya; R.N. Kharwar
Endophytic fungi are the plant symbiont with highly diverse nature and poorly defined ecological importance in host fitness. Although there are the reports on the isolation and characterization of fungal endophytes from a variety of hosts, there is still no report of Penicillium citrinum from Azadirachta indica. In this study, an endophytic P. citrinum was isolated from A. indica. The purified fraction of secondary metabolites was characterized by combining TLC, GC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses. The TLC purified fraction was identified as milbemycin. The pure fraction did not show any antioxidant activity while crude extract showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition capacity; IC50 = 52.13 μg ml−1). The secondary metabolites displayed significant antimicrobial activity against human's pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The inhibition zones between 15 and 20 mm were recorded against Gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Gram–ve Aeromonas hydrophila, while maximum inhibition of 29 mm was observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. P. citrinum can be a promising fungus that has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may provide future insight towards the production of bioactive compounds. © 2021 SAAB
Microbial diversity and biotechnology in food security
(Springer India, 2014) R.N. Kharwar; R.S. Upadhyay; N.K. Dubey; Richa Raghuwanshi
The roles of microbes in agriculture, industry and environment have been the point of interest since long time for their potential exploitation. Although only a fraction of microbial diversity was accessed by microbiologists earlier for harnessing them owing to limited techniques available. The molecular techniques have opened new vistas to access the wide field of the unexplored microbes and their exploitation for useful genes and novel metabolites. Sincere efforts have been made in biotechnology using microbes leading to improve our life with respect to agriculture and people health. This comprehensive volume covers different aspects of microbial biotechnology and its management in sustainable agriculture for food security and improved human health. The book comprises four sections: Endophytes and Mycorrhizae, Microbial Diversity and Plant Protection, Microbial Functions and Biotechnology, and Microbes and the Environment, which contain 53 chapters. The book examines the aspects on endophytes and mycorrhizae, bioactive compounds, growth promoting microorganisms, disease management with emphasis on biocontrol, genetics of disease resistance, microbial enzymes, advances in potential of microbes and their industrial as well as pharmaceutical applications. In addition, the use of botanicals, and the etiology and management of medicinal and aromatic plants in the post harvest management have been reviewed in greater depth for the benefit of teaching and research community. The biotechnological developments using microbe potential have enabled us combat the environment and human health problems worldwide in ecofriendly manner. We are sure that this volume will be highly useful to all those concerned with fungi, bacteria, viruses and their biology, including environmental and public health officers and professionals in the field of interest. The volume is an exhaustive coverage of almost all the aspects of microbial biology and biotechnology. © Springer India 2014 This work is subject. All rights reserved.
Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Co(II) complexes of 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol: Synthesis, spectral, structural characterization and thermal studies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2015) M.K. Bharty; R.K. Dani; S.K. Kushawaha; N.K. Singh; R.N. Kharwar; R.J. Butcher
The new complexes [Mn(ptt)2(en)2] (1), [Ni(ptt)2(en)2] (2), [Cu(ptt)2(en)2] (3), [Zn(ptt)2(en)] (4), [Hg(ptt)2(en)] (5), [Cd(ptt)2(en)2] (6), [Cd2(μ-ptt)2(ptt)2(bpy)2] (7) and [Co(phen)3](ptt)2 (8) have been synthesized from 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (Hptt), containing en/bpy/phen as a co-ligand. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis and single crystal X-ray data. The ligand is covalently bonded through a deprotonated tetrazole ring nitrogen atom in complexes 1-4 and via a thiolato sulfur atom in complexes 5 and 6, in which the ligand acts as uninegative monodentate. Complex 7 is dimeric via thiolato bridging, in which two terminal ligands act as uninegative monodentate while the other two ligands act as uninegative bridging bidentate. Complex 8 is ionic, in which the cationic part, [Co(phen)3]2+, is held by two tetrazole anions through hydrogen bonding. The structures of the complexes are stabilized through weak intermolecular C-H⋯S, N-H⋯S and N-H⋯N interactions. Complexes 5 and 7 are also stabilized by π⋯π interactions. Thermogravimetric analyses of the complexes have been investigated by TG-DTA, which indicate the metal sulfide/oxide as the final residue. All the complexes contain extended hydrogen bonding, providing supramolecular frameworks. The bioefficacy of complexes 1-4 and 8 has been examined against the growth of bacteria in vitro to evaluate their anti-microbial potential. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nyssopsoraceae, a new family of Pucciniales to accommodate Nyssopsora spp.
(Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, 2023) S. Yadav; G. Singh; S. Rajwar; S.K. Verma; S.K. Gupta; R. Singh; R.N. Kharwar; S. Kumar
A new species of rust fungi Nyssopsora toonae discovered on living leaves of Toona sinensis (≡ Cedrela sinensis) from Uttarakhand, India, is described and illustrated. N. cedrelae is also reported on the same host plant, but differs from N. toonae which has a wide range of cells (1–4) and diverse teliospores shapes. Such features are not reported in any other species of the Nyssopsora. In a phylogenetic analyses based on partial 28S large subunit (LSU), 18S smaller subunit (SSU), cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, all the Nyssopsora spp. along with N. toonae clustered together and form a separate and independent monophyletic lineage sister to Pucciniaceae in Pucciniales. The new family Nyssopsoraceae is introduced to accommodate this lineage based on the phylogenetic evidence and morphological differences from other known families. Nyssopsoraceae is characterised by its teliospores borne singly on a pedicel, with simple or branched projections all over the surface, composed of 1–4 cells (mostly 3-celled), and diverse shape. The teliospores spherical to subspherical (1-celled), dumbbell (2-celled), linearly arranged to triquetrous (3-celled), or T-shaped to tetrahedron (4-celled). A comparison of the morphological features, host plants and geographical distribution of all validly accepted species of Nyssopsora is provided. © (2023), (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection). All Rights Reserved.